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One-party state

Topic: Social

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 19 min
Short description: State in which only one party has the right to form the government
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A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a governance structure in which only a single political party controls the ruling system.[1] All other parties are either outlawed or only enjoy limited and controlled participation in elections. Sometimes the term "de facto one-party state" is used to describe a dominant-party system that, unlike the one-party state, allows (at least nominally) democratic multiparty elections, but the existing practices or balance of political power effectively prevent the opposition from winning power.

Although it is predated by the 1714 to 1783 "age of the Whig oligarchy" in Great Britain,[2] the rule of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) over the Ottoman Empire following the 1913 coup d'état is often considered the first one-party state.[3]

Concept

One-party states justify themselves through various methods. Most often, proponents of a one-party state argue that the existence of separate parties runs counter to national unity. Others argue that the one party is the vanguard of the people, being its most politically aware members, and therefore the party's right to rule cannot be legitimately questioned. The Soviet government argued that the existence of multiple political parties would perpetuate class struggle, so only a single party could lead a classless proletariat; it therefore made the Communist Party of the Soviet Union the only authorised political party.

Conversely, Russian historian Vadim Rogovin attributed the establishment of the one-party system to the conditions which were “imposed on Bolshevism by hostile political forces”. Rogovin highlighted the fact that the Bolsheviks made strenuous efforts to preserve the Soviet parties such as the Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, and other left parties within the bounds of Soviet legality and their participation in the Soviets on the condition of abandoning armed struggle against the Bolsheviks.[4]

Some one-party states only outlaw opposition parties, while allowing allied parties to exist as part of a permanent coalition (such as a popular front). However, these allied parties are largely or completely subservient to the ruling party and must accept the ruling party's monopoly of power as a condition of their existence. Examples of this are the National Front in former East Germany and the Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea in North Korea. Other states outlaw all other parties yet allow non-party members to run for legislative seats as independents, as was the case with Taiwan's Tangwai movement in the 1970s and 1980s, as well as the elections in the former Soviet Union. Still others have only a single legal party, membership of which is a prerequisite for holding public office, such as in Turkmenistan under the rule of Saparmurat Niyazov or Zaire under Mobutu Sese Seko.

Within their own countries, dominant parties ruling over one-party states are often referred to simply as the Party. For example, in reference to the Soviet Union, the Party meant the Communist Party of the Soviet Union; in reference to the pre-1991 Republic of Zambia, it referred to the United National Independence Party.

Most one-party states have been ruled by one of the following:

  1. A party which supports the ideology of Marxism–Leninism and vanguardism (sometimes described as "communist states", such as the Soviet Union)
  2. A party which supports a nationalist or fascist ideology (such as the Kingdom of Italy under the National Fascist Party or Germany under the Nazi Party)
  3. A party that came to power in the wake of independence from colonial rule. One-party systems often arise from decolonization because a single party gains an overwhelmingly dominant role in liberation or in independence struggles.

With such a small winning coalition, leaders in one-party states usually lack the incentive to care about the well-being of citizens.[5]  Rather, they give out private goods to fellow elites to ensure continued support.  One-party, compared to dominant-party dictatorships, structure themselves unlike democracies.  They also turn into democracies at a lower rate than dominant-party dictatorships.[6] While one-party states prohibit opposition parties, some allow for elections at the smallest local level. One-party states lack any legitimate competition. Therefore, they place elites and sympathetic candidates in key administrative races.[7]  For example, the Chinese Communist Party exercises political control by infiltrating village administrations.[8]  They view these positions as crucial for gathering information on the population and maintaining a presence in the far reaches of their borders.[9]  One-party states recognize the trade-off between election victory and gathering valuable data.[10]  To account for this, the regimes have been observed placing local nobility in easy-to-win races.[11]  One-party states have also been observed using elections to ensure that only the most popular elites get chosen to office.[12]  They also gather data from elections to indicate if a local official is performing poorly in the eyes of the residents.[12]  This gives locals the opportunity to monitor local officials and communicate satisfaction with the local government.[12]   Throughout the country, members of the one party hold key political positions.[6]  In doing so, the party avoids committing outright fraud and rather sustains their power at the local level with strategic appointment of elites.[9]  It is also worth noting that it is difficult to gather clear data on these regimes, given their private nature.[7] 

One-party states are usually considered to be authoritarian,[13] to the extent that they are occasionally totalitarian. On the other hand, not all authoritarian or totalitarian states operate upon one-party rule. Some, especially amongst absolute monarchies and military dictatorships, have no need for a ruling party, and therefore make all political parties illegal.

Current one-party states

As of the following countries are legally constituted as one-party states:

Country Head of party Leader title Party Ideology Date of establishment Duration Notes
China [14]
Xi Jinping 2016.jpg
Xi Jinping 		General Secretary Socialism with Chinese characteristics 1 October 1949 74 years, 285 days
Cuba[15]
Miguel Díaz-Canel (cropped).jpg
Miguel Díaz-Canel 		First Secretary Communist Party of Cuba Marxism–Leninism, Castroism, Guevarism, Left-wing nationalism 16 April 1961 63 years, 87 days
Eritrea[16]
Isaias Afwerki in 2002.jpg
Isaias Afwerki 		Chairperson People's Front for Democracy and Justice Eritrean nationalism, Statism 24 May 1993 31 years, 49 days
Laos[17]
Mr. Thongloun Sisoulith.jpg
Thongloun Sisoulith 		General Secretary Lao People's Revolutionary Party Kaysone Phomvihane Thought 2 December 1975 48 years, 223 days
North Korea[18]
Kim Jong-un April 2019 (cropped).jpg
Kim Jong-un 		General Secretary Workers' Party of Korea Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism 9 September 1948 75 years, 307 days Leads the Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Brahim Ghali.jpg
Brahim Ghali 		Secretary General Polisario Front Sahrawi nationalism, Social democracy 27 February 1976 48 years, 136 days Non-member state of the United Nations, headquartered in Algeria
Vietnam[19]
Mr. Nguyen Phu Trong.jpg
Nguyễn Phú Trọng 		General Secretary Communist Party of Vietnam Ho Chi Minh Thought 2 July 1976 48 years, 10 days

De facto one-party states

A de facto one-party system is one that, while not officially linking a single political party to governmental power, utilizes some means of political manipulation to ensure only one party stays in power.[20] Many different countries have been claimed to be de facto one-party states, with differing levels of agreement between scholars, although most agree that the African continent is marked by this political system.[21][22] Below are just a few examples of governments that have been claimed to have single party rule due to political manipulation.

Country Party Date of

establishment

Information
 Angola People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola 11 November 1975 The MPLA has ruled Angola since its declaration of independence from Portugal, starting as a de jure one-party state, then initiating a multiparty system in 1991.
 Cambodia Cambodian People's Party 7 January 1979 The CPP has ruled since victory in Cambodian–Vietnamese War
 Republic of the Congo Congolese Party of Labour 31 December 1968 The People's Republic of the Congo was a one-party state, until the establishment of a multiparty system in 1990 and the subsequent loss of the PCT, leading to a civil war in 1997, from which point the PCT has been the sole ruling party since.
 Equatorial Guinea Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea 11 October 1987 Despite not having any constitutional relation between the government and the PDGE, there is a link between the 1982 constitution and Theodoro Obiang, leader of the PDGE, leading Equatorial Guinea since 1979, and having won every election by at least 92% approval, with all "opposition" parties adamantly supporting Obiang, and never holding more than 32% of seats in any house.
 Singapore People's Action Party 30 May 1959 The PAP is currently the longest ruling party in the world. While it does not have much electoral controversy, the PAP is essentially linked to governance in Singapore.
 Japan Liberal Democratic Party 15 November 1955 After the signing of the Treaty of San Francisco, the estranged right wing parties began gaining power, and with incentives from the CIA,[23] they formed the LDP, counteracting the formation of the JSP, establishing the 1955 System (also known as the One and a Half Party System), in which the LDP has ruled in all but 4 years.
 Mozambique Liberation Front of Mozambique 25 June 1975 The FRELIMO has ruled Mozambique since its declaration of independence from Portugal, starting as a de jure one-party state, then initiating a multiparty system in 1994.
 Paraguay Colorado Party (Paraguay) 11 September 1887 Since 1947, the Colorado party has been dominant in Paraguayan politics, ruling as the only legal party between 1947 and 1962, and has controlled the presidency since 1948 notwithstanding a brief interruption between 2008 and 2013. With almost 2 million members, it is the largest political party in the country. Despite the party’s grip on power, the government still sustains the defining characteristics of a procedural democracy [24]
 Rwanda Rwandan Patriotic Front In power since 1994

Former one-party states

Country Party Ideology Date of establishment Date of dissolution Duration Continent
Republic of Afghanistan National Revolutionary Party Pashtun nationalism, Pashtunization, Republicanism, Secularism 1977[25][26] 1978 1 year, 73 days Asia
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan-Khalq Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Stalinism, Pashtun nationalism, Anti-imperialism 1978 1979 1 year, 238 days Asia
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan/Republic of Afghanistan People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan-Parcham (National Fatherland Front) Communism (until 1990), Marxism–Leninism (until 1990), Afghan nationalism, Anti-imperialism 1979 1992 12 years, 217 days Asia
Albanian Kingdom Albanian Fascist Party Albanian nationalism, Greater Albania, Fascism, Italophilia, Serbophobia, Hellenophobia 1939 1943 4 years, 55 days Europe
Albanian Kingdom Guard of Greater Albania Albanian nationalism, Fascism 1943 1943 43 days Europe
Albanian Kingdom National Front Albanian nationalism, Greater Albania, Anti-communism, Republicanism, Big tent, Agrarian socialism 1943 1943 76 days Europe
Democratic Government of Albania Party of Labour of Albania (National Liberation Movement) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Hoxhaism, Anti-revisionism 1944 1945 289 days Europe
Democratic Government of Albania Party of Labour of Albania (Democratic Front) 1945 1946 159 days Europe
Albania 1946 1990 44 years, 334 days Europe
 Algeria National Liberation Front Arab socialism, Algerian nationalism, Pan-Arabism, Anti-imperialism 1962 1989 26 years, 235 days Africa
Angola People's Republic of Angola People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola Communism, Left-wing nationalism, Marxism–Leninism 1975 1991 15 years, 200 days Africa
Armenia Communist Party of Armenia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 1920 1922 2 years, 28 days Asia
Transcaucasia Communist Party of Armenia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 1922 1922 293 days Asia
Federal State of Austria Fatherland Front Clerical fascism 1934 1938 3 years, 316 days Europe
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 1920 1922 2 years, 244 days Asia
Transcaucasia Azerbaijan Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 1922 1922 293 days Asia
 Bangladesh Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League Mujibism, Bengali nationalism, Socialism 1975 1975 203 days Asia
Dahomey Dahomeyan Democratic Party African nationalism 1963 1965 1 year, 354 days Africa
Benin Benin People's Revolutionary Party of Benin Communism, Marxism–Leninism (nominally) 1975 1990 14 years, 91 days Africa
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia National Partnership Collaborationism, Nazism 1939 1945 6 years, 33 days Europe
Bulgaria Bulgarian Communist Party (Fatherland Front) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 1946 1990 43 years, 122 days Europe
State of Burma Dobama Sinyetha Asi Ayon[27] 1943 1944 1 year, 0 days Asia
State of Burma 1944 1945 1 year, 0 days Asia
Myanmar Burma Burma Socialist Programme Party Burmese Way to Socialism 1962 1988 26 years, 200 days Asia
Republic of Burundi Union for National Progress Burundian nationalism, Tutsi interests 1974 1992 17 years, 246 days Africa
Byelorussia Communist Party of Byelorussia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 1920 1922 2 years, 152 days Europe
 Cambodia (Sangkum era) Sangkum Khmer nationalism, National conservatism, Royalism, Statism, Buddhist socialism, Economic nationalism 1955 1970 14 years, 361 days Asia
Kampuchea Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party Communism, Socialism, Marxism–Leninism, Revisionism, Left-wing nationalism 1979 1989 10 years, 114 days Asia
Republic of Cameroon Cameroonian National Union Big tent 1966[28] 1985 18 years, 204 days Africa
 Cameroon Cameroon People's Democratic Movement Big tent, Nationalism, Francophilia 1975 1990 15 years, 0 days Africa
 Cape Verde African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1975 1981 5 years, 203 days Africa
 Cape Verde African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1981 1990 9 years, 251 days Africa
Carpatho-Ukraine Ukrainian National Union[29] Nationalism[30] 1939[31] 1939 60 days Europe
 Central African Republic Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa African nationalism, Anti-colonialism, Progressivism, Anti-imperialism 1962 1980 18 years, 0 days Africa
 Central African Republic Central African Democratic Union African nationalism, Republicanism 1980 1981 1 year, 185 days Africa
 Central African Republic Central African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Democratic socialism, Social democracy, Republicanism 1987 1991[32] 4 years, 75 days Africa
Chad Chadian Progressive Party African nationalism, Pan-Africanism, Anti-imperialism, African socialism, Federalism 1962 1973 10 years, 355 days Africa
 Chad National Movement for the Cultural and Social Revolution African nationalism, Pan-Africanism, Anti-imperialism, African socialism, Federalism 1973 1975 2 years, 7 days Africa
 Chad National Union for Independence and Revolution Nationalism 1984 1990 6 years, 162 days Africa
Guangzhou Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 1927 1927 Asia
Hunan Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 1927 1927 Asia
Jinggang Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 1927 1928 1 year, 0 days Asia
Southwest Jiangxi Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 1930 1931 1 year, 0 days Asia
Chinese Soviet Republic Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 1931 1937 5 years, 319 days Asia
Xinjiang People's Anti-Imperialist Association Six Great Policies 1935 1942 6 years, 243 days Asia
 Republic of China[note 1]/Taiwan Kuomintang Tridemism Template:DTS Template:DTS 62 years, 14 days Asia
Yan'an Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 1937 1949 12 years, 0 days Asia
 Comoros Comorian Union for Progress Nationalism 1982 1990 8 years, 0 days Africa
Republic of the Congo People's Republic of the Congo Congolese Party of Labour Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1969 1992 23 years, 47 days Africa
Tinoquista Costa Rica Peliquista Party Nationalism, Personalism, Authoritarianism 1917 1919 2 years, 197 days North America
Template:Country data Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Czechoslovakia Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (National Front) Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism, Husakism 1948 1989 41 years, 278 days Europe
Dahomey Dahomeyan Unity Party African nationalism, Republicanism 1961 1963 2 years, 216 days Africa
Danzig Nazi Party Nazism 1937[33][34] 1939 1 year, 315 days Europe
 Djibouti People's Rally for Progress Issa interests 1981 1992 10 years, 339 days Africa
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Dominican Party Trujillism, National conservatism, Right-wing populism, Antihaitianismo 1931 1961 30 years, 148 days North America
East Germany East Germany Socialist Unity Party of Germany (Democratic Bloc) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 1949 1950 174 days Europe
East Germany East Germany Socialist Unity Party of Germany (National Front of the German Democratic Republic) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 1950 1989 39 years, 246 days Europe
 Egypt Liberation Rally Egyptian nationalism, Pan-Arabism, Socialism 1953 1957 4 years, 0 days Africa
 Egypt National Union Nasserism, Pan-Arabism, Socialism 1957 1962 5 years, 0 days Africa
 Egypt Arab Socialist Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism, Nasserism 1961 1976 15 years, 0 days Africa
 Egypt National Democractic Party Egyptian nationalism, Big-Tent, Neo-liberalism 1976 2011 35 years, 0 days Africa
El Salvador El Salvador National Pro Patria Party Fascism, Anti-communism, Conservatism, Agrarian oligarchy 1933 1944 11 years, 0 days Central America
 Equatorial Guinea United National Workers' Party African nationalism, Personalism, Anti-imperialism, Anti-colonialism, Anti-racism, Pan-Africanism, Anti-intellectualism, Totalitarianism 1970 1979 9 years, 49 days Africa
 Equatorial Guinea Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea African nationalism, Militarism 1987 1991 4 years, 36 days Africa
 Eritrea Eritrean People's Liberation Front Left-wing nationalism 1991 (Provisional government)

1993 (Recognized state)

1994 3 years, 0 days Africa
Estonia Patriotic League (National Front for the Implementation of the Constitution) Estonian nationalism, Personalism 1935 1940 5 years, 134 days Europe
Estonia Communist Party of Estonia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 1940 1940 19 days Europe
Ethiopia Commission for Organizing the Party of the Working People of Ethiopia Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1984 1987 2 years, 163 days Africa
Ethiopia Workers' Party of Ethiopia Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1987 1991 4 years, 65 days Africa
 Gabon Gabonese Democratic Party Conservatism 1968 1990 22 years, 71 days Africa
Georgia Communist Party of Georgia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 1921 1922 1 year, 308 days Asia
Transcaucasia Communist Party of Georgia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 1922 1922 293 days Asia
Nazi Germany National Socialist German Workers' Party Nazism 1933 1945 11 years, 313 days Europe
Reich Commissariat for the Occupied Dutch Territories National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands Collaborationism, Dutch irredentism, Dutch nationalism and Nazism 1941 1945 3 years, 143 days Europe
 Ghana Convention People's Party Nkrumaism, African socialism, African nationalism, Pan-Africanism 1964 1966 2 years, 24 days Africa
Grenada Grenada New Jewel Movement Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1979 1983 4 years, 226 days North America
Guatemala Guatemala Progressive Liberal Party Ubicoism, Liberalism, Nationalism, Anti-communism 1931 1944 Central America
 Guinea Democratic Party of Guinea – African Democratic Rally African nationalism, African socialism, Pan-Africanism 1960 1984 Africa
 Guinea-Bissau African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1974 1991 Africa
Haiti Haiti National Unity Party Black nationalism, Haitian nationalism, Right-wing populism, Anti-communism, Anti-Americanism 1957 1985 28 years, 38 days North America
Hawaii Reform Party Americanisation, Annexationism 1894 1898 4 years, 39 days North America
Government of National Unity Arrow Cross Party Hungarism, Fascism, Collaborationism, Agrarianism 1944 1945 203 days Europe
Template:FlagdTemplate:FlagdTemplate:Flagd Hungary Hungarian Working People's Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Stalinism 1949 1956 7 years, 72 days Europe
Template:FlagdTemplate:Flagd Hungary Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Kádárism 1956 1989 32 years, 350 days Europe
 Indonesia Indonesian National Party Nationalism, Marhaenism 1945 1945 78 days Asia
Iran Imperial State of Iran Rastakhiz Party Monarchism, Populism, Secularism, Democratic centralism, Third Position 1975 1978 3 years, 244 days Asia
 Iran Islamic Republican Party Velyât-e Faqih, Anti-imperialism, Iranian nationalism, Shi'ite Islamism, Anti-Monarchism, Anti-Americanism, Anti-communism, Anti-Sovietism, Anti-Zionism, Islamic fundamentalism, Homophobia, Anti-Western sentiment 1981 1987 Asia
Iraq Iraqi Arab Socialist Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism, Nasserism 1964 1968 Asia
Iraq Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (National Progressive Front) Saddamist Ba'athism 1968 2003 Asia
Kingdom of Italy
  • Libya
 National Fascist Party
  • Muslim Association of the Lictor
 Fascism, Corporatism, Ultranationalism, Totalitarianism 1928[35]
  • 1939
 1943 Europe
  • Africa
Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Fascism, Corporatism, Ultranationalism, Totalitarianism, Antisemitism, Collaborationism 1943 1945 Europe
 Ivory Coast Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Conservatism, Populism, Houphouëtism, Pan-Africanism 1960 1990 Africa
Empire of Japan Imperial Rule Assistance Association Shōwa statism 1940 1945 Asia
Philippine Executive Commission Association for Service to the New Philippines Filipino nationalism, National conservatism, Fascism, Japanophilia, collaborationism 1942 1943 Asia
Kampuchea Communist Party of Kampuchea Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Agrarianism, Autarky, Khmer nationalism, Ultranationalism 1975 1982 Asia
 Kenya Kenya African National Union Kenyan nationalism, Conservatism 1982 1991 Africa
Independent State of Croatia Ustaša – Croatian Revolutionary Movement Croatian irredentism, Croatian ultranationalism, National conservatism, Social conservatism, Clerical fascism, Fascist corporatism, Political Catholicism, Anti-communism 1941 1945 Europe
Latvia Communist Party of Latvia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 1918 1920 Europe
Latvia Communist Party of Latvia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 1940 1940 Europe
Libya Libya Arab Socialist Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism, Nasserism, Nationalism 1971 1977 Africa
Lithuania–Byelorussia Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 1919 1919 Europe
Lithuania Lithuania Lithuanian Nationalist Union Lithuanian nationalism, National conservatism, Social conservatism, Fascist corporatism, Anti-communism 1936[36] 1940 Europe
Lithuania Communist Party of Lithuania Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 1940 1940 Europe
Madagascar Democratic Republic of Madagascar National Front for the Defense of the Revolution Left-wing nationalism, Scientific socialism 1976 1989 Africa
 Malawi Malawi Congress Party Ubuntu, Conservatism, African nationalism, Anti-colonialism 1964 1993 Africa
 Mali Sudanese Union – African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Pan-Africanism, African socialism 1960 1968 Africa
 Mali Democratic Union of the Malian People African socialism, Democratic centralism 1976 1991 Africa
Manchukuo Concordia Association Fascism, Monarchism, Manchurian nationalism, Pan-Asianism, Anti-communism, Personalism, collaborationism 1932[37] 1945[37] Asia
 Mauritania Mauritanian People's Party Nationalism, Centralism, Islamic socialism 1961 1978 Africa
 Mexico Institutional Revolutionary Party Revolutionary nationalism, Big tent Template:DTS Template:DTS 71 years, 120 days North America
Mongolia Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1921 1990 Asia
Mozambique FRELIMO Marxism–Leninism 1975 1990 Africa
 Niger Nigerien Progressive Party – African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Pan-Africanism 1960 1974 Africa
 Niger National Movement for the Development of Society Conservatism 1989 1991 Africa
 Vietnam (partially) Workers' Party of North Vietnam (League for the Independence of Vietnam) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Ho Chi Minh Thought 1945 Asia
 North Vietnam Workers' Party of North Vietnam (Vietnamese Fatherland Front) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Ho Chi Minh Thought 1955 1976 Asia
 North Yemen General People's Congress Yemeni nationalism, Arab nationalism, Pan-Arabism, Big tent 1982 1988 Asia
Norway National Government National Rally Fascism, Nazism, Fascist corporatism, Anti-communism, Collaborationism 1940 1945 Europe
 Ottoman Empire Union and Progress Party[38] İttihadism Template:DTS 1918 Asia/Europe
Paraguay Paraguay Colorado Party Conservatism, national conservatism 1947 1962 South America
Persia Communist Party of Persia Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1920 1921 Asia
Republic of the Philippines Association for Service to the New Philippines Filipino nationalism, National conservatism, Fascism, Japanophilia, collaborationism 1943 1945 Asia
Poland Polish United Workers' Party (Front of National Unity) Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 1947 1982 Europe
Poland Polish United Workers' Party (Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth) Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 1982 1989 Europe
Portugal Portugal National Union Salazarism, corporatism, Integralismo Lusitano 1930[39] 1945[39] Europe
Portugal Portugal National Union Salazarism, corporatism, Integralismo Lusitano 1948[40] 1969[note 2] Europe
Portugal Portugal People's National Action (formerly National Union) Corporatism, Integralismo Lusitano 1970 1974 Europe
Romania Romania Party of the Nation Big tent, Romanian nationalism, Monarchism 1938 1940 Europe
Romania National Legionary State Iron Guard Legionarism, clerical fascism, Christian nationalism 1940 1941 Europe
Romania Romanian Communist Party (People's Democratic Front) Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1948 1968 Europe
Romania Romanian Communist Party (Front of Socialist Unity) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, National Communism 1968 1980 Europe
Romania Romanian Communist Party (Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, National Communism 1980 1989 Europe
 Rwanda Parmehutu Hutu Power 1965 1973 Africa
 Rwanda National Revolutionary Movement for Development Hutu Power, Ultranationalism, Social conservatism, Anti-communism 1978 1991 Africa
San Marino San Marino Sammarinese Fascist Party Italian fascism, Corporatism 1926 1943 Europe
 San Marino Republican Fascist Party of San Marino Italian fascism 1943 1944 Europe
 Senegal Socialist Party of Senegal African nationalism, African socialism 1966 1974 Africa
 Seychelles Seychelles People's Progressive Front Communism, Marxism-Leninism 1977 1991 Africa
 Sierra Leone All People's Congress African nationalism, Democratic socialism 1978 1991 Africa
Slovak Republic Hlinka's Slovak People's Party – Party of Slovak National Unity Clerical fascism, Slovak nationalism 1939 1945 Europe
Somalia Somalia Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party Islamic socialism, Marxism–Leninism, Pan-Somalism

Scientific socialism, Somali nationalism

1976 1991 Africa
 South Yemen National Liberation Front Arab nationalism, Arab socialism 1967 1978 Asia
 South Yemen Yemeni Socialist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1978 1990 Asia
Yemen Yemeni Socialist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1994 1994 Asia
Estonia Russian Communist Party (Central Committee of the Estonian Sections) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 1918 1919 188 days Europe
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Russian Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 1918[41] 1922 4 years, 297 days Europe/Asia
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 1918 1918[41] 48 days Europe/Asia
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Russian Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 1922 1925[41] 3 years, 1 day Europe/Asia
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics All-Union Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism, Stalinism 1925[41] 1952[41] 26 years, 287 days Europe/Asia
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Communist Party of the Soviet Union Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 1952[41] 1990[42] 37 years, 361 days Europe/Asia
Kingdom of Spain Patriotic Union Spanish nationalism, Political Catholicism, Monarchism, Conservatism 1924 1930 Europe
Spanish State FET y de las JONS Francoism, Falangism, Spanish nationalism, traditionalism, National Catholicism, anti-liberalism, corporatism 1939 1976[43] Europe
Sudan Democratic Republic of the Sudan Sudanese Socialist Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Anti-communism 1971 1985 Africa
 Sudan National Congress Party Islamism, Arab nationalism, Salafism, Social conservatism 1989 2005 Africa
Syrian Republic Arab Liberation Movement Pan-Arabism, Modernization, Pro-Western 1953 1954 Asia
 Syria Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (National Progressive Front) Neo-Ba'athism 1963 2012[44][45] Asia
 São Tomé and Príncipe Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe – Social Democratic Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1975 1990 Africa
Template:Country data Tanganyika (1961–1964) Tanganyika African National Union African nationalism, African socialism, Ujamaa 1961 1977 Africa
 Tanzania Chama Cha Mapinduzi Ujamaa, African socialism 1977 1992 Africa
 Togo Party of Togolese Unity African nationalism 1962 1963 Africa
 Togo Rally of the Togolese People African nationalism, Right-wing populism 1969 1991 Africa
 Tunisia Neo Destour Tunisian nationalism, Bourguibism 1963 1964 Africa
 Tunisia Socialist Destourian Party Tunisian nationalism, Secularism, Bourguibism 1964 1981 Africa
 Turkey (one-party period) Republican People's Party Kemalism 1923 1945 Asia/Europe
 Turkmenistan Democratic Party of Turkmenistan Turkmen nationalism, Secularism, Social conservatism, Catch-all party 1992 2008 Asia
Tuva Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 1921 1944 Asia
 Uganda Uganda People's Congress Social democracy, African nationalism, Pan-Africanism 1969 1971 Africa
Ukraine Communist Party of Ukraine Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 1919 1922 Europe
Template:Country data United Arab Republic National Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism 1958 1961 Africa
Template:Country data Upper Volta Upper Volta Voltaic Democratic Union-African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Pan-Africanism 1960 1966 Africa
Yugoslavia Yugoslav Radical Peasants' Democracy Royalism, Yugoslav nationalism, Agrarianism, Centralism, Anti-liberalism 1929 1931 Europe
Yugoslavia League of Communists of Yugoslavia (Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia) Marxism–Leninism, Titoism, Yugoslavism 1945 1990 Europe
Zaire Zaire Popular Movement of the Revolution Mobutism, Zairean nationalism, Authenticité 1970 1990 Africa
 Zambia United National Independence Party African socialism, African nationalism 1972 1990 Africa
 Zanzibar Afro-Shirazi Party African nationalism, Marxism–Leninism 1964 1977 Africa

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The Republic of China controlled the mainland from 1912 to 1949 and the island of Taiwan since 1945, in which the ROC currently administers the Free area. This government served China in the United Nations from 1945 to 1971. See Political status of Taiwan and the One-China policy for various viewpoints.
  2. ↑ Following the appointment of Marcelo Caetano as Prime Minister in 1968, the opposition was allowed to run to the 1969 Portuguese legislative election, before being banned.

Further reading

References

  1. ↑ Clark, William Roberts; Golder, Matt; Golder, Sona Nadenichek (23 March 2012) (in en). Principles of Comparative Politics. SAGE. pp. 611. ISBN 9781608716791. https://books.google.com/books?id=2KFvJwi8_jwC&pg=PA611. 
  2. ↑ Holmes, Geoffrey; and Szechi, D. (2014). The Age of Oligarchy: Pre-Industrial Britain 1722–1783. Routledge. p. xi. ISBN:131789426X. ISBN:978-1317894261.
  3. ↑ Bozarslan, Hamit (2019). "Afterword: Talaat’s Empire: A Backward Country, but a State Well Ahead of Its Time" (in en). End of the Ottomans - The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. I. B. Tauris. p. 330. ISBN 978-1-7867-3604-8. 
  4. ↑ Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021) (in en). Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years. Mehring Books. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-1-893638-97-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=1MakzgEACAAJ. 
  5. ↑ Hanson, Stephen E. (2009), "The Contribution of Area Studies", The SAGE Handbook of Comparative Politics (1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom: SAGE Publications Ltd): pp. 159–174, doi:10.4135/9780857021083.n10, ISBN 9781412919760, http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9780857021083.n10, retrieved 2023-03-04 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Magaloni, Beatriz; Kricheli, Ruth (2010-05-01). "Political Order and One-Party Rule". Annual Review of Political Science 13 (1): 123–143. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.031908.220529. ISSN 1094-2939. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Creak, Simon; Barney, Keith (2018-08-10). "Conceptualising Party-State Governance and Rule in Laos". Journal of Contemporary Asia 48 (5): 693–716. doi:10.1080/00472336.2018.1494849. ISSN 0047-2336. 
  8. ↑ Hassan, Mai; Mattingly, Daniel; Nugent, Elizabeth R. (2022-05-12). "Political Control". Annual Review of Political Science 25 (1): 155–174. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-013321. ISSN 1094-2939. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 MALESKY, EDMUND; SCHULER, PAUL (2011-10-26). "The Single-Party Dictator's Dilemma: Information in Elections without Opposition". Legislative Studies Quarterly 36 (4): 491–530. doi:10.1111/j.1939-9162.2011.00025.x. ISSN 0362-9805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-9162.2011.00025.x. 
  10. ↑ Frantz, Erica. Authoritarianism : what everyone needs to know. ISBN 978-0-19-756964-1. OCLC 1202872902. http://worldcat.org/oclc/1202872902. 
  11. ↑ Frantz, Erica. Authoritarianism : what everyone needs to know. ISBN 978-0-19-756964-1. OCLC 1202872902. http://worldcat.org/oclc/1202872902. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Gandhi, Jennifer; Lust-Okar, Ellen (2009-06-01). "Elections Under Authoritarianism". Annual Review of Political Science 12 (1): 403–422. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060106.095434. ISSN 1094-2939. 
  13. ↑ "One-Party States | Encyclopedia.com". https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/one-party-states. 
  14. ↑ "China" (in en), The World Factbook (Central Intelligence Agency), 2023-01-26, https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/#government, retrieved 2023-02-05 
  15. ↑ Roman, Peter (2003). People's Power: Cuba's Experience with Representative Government. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-2564-3. 
  16. ↑ "Eritreans hope for democracy after peace deal with Ethiopia" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2018-07-17. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44848184. 
  17. ↑ "Laos: Freedom in the World 2020 Country Report" (in en). https://freedomhouse.org/country/laos/freedom-world/2020. 
  18. ↑ "North Korea: Country Profile" (in en). https://freedomhouse.org/country/north-korea. 
  19. ↑ "Vietnam: Country Profile" (in en). 30 March 2022. https://freedomhouse.org/country/vietnam. 
  20. ↑ McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair (2009). "One-Party State". doi:10.1093/acref/9780199207800.001.0001. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100250211. 
  21. ↑ Ziemer, Klaus (1995), Kirk-Greene, Anthony; Bach, Daniel, eds., "The African One-Party State" (in en), State and Society in Francophone Africa since Independence, St Antony’s/Macmillan Series (London: Palgrave Macmillan UK): pp. 97–105, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-23826-2_7, ISBN 978-1-349-23826-2, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23826-2_7, retrieved 2023-08-27 
  22. ↑ Mitchinson, Naomi (January 1984). "One party rule in Africa" (in en). The Round Table 73 (289): 38–44. doi:10.1080/00358538408453617. ISSN 0035-8533. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00358538408453617. 
  23. ↑ Kapur, Nick (2018-08-06) (in en). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Harvard University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-674-98848-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=Re5hDwAAQBAJ. 
  24. ↑ "The Colorado Party & Stealth Authoritarianism: Today's el Stronato". https://www.democratic-erosion.com/2020/10/29/the-colorado-party-stealth-authoritarianism-todays-el-stronato/. 
  25. ↑ (in en) Afghanistan: A Country Study. Claitor's Law Books and Publishing. 2001. ISBN 978-1-57980-744-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=X0CLyC39MEgC&pg=PA70. 
  26. ↑ "Afghanistan 1977". https://www.princeton.edu/~pcwcr/reports/afghan1977.html. 
  27. ↑ British Documents on Foreign Affairs. Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan. Volume 7. October 1947-December 1948. University Publications of America. 2001. p. 45. ISBN 155655768X. https://books.google.com/books?id=aTyk_neEmg0C. 
  28. ↑ Mokam, David (2012). "The Search for a Cameroonian Model of Democracy or the Search for the Domination of the State Party: 1966-2006". Cadernos de Estudos Africanos (23): 85–108. doi:10.4000/cea.533. https://journals.openedition.org/cea/533. 
  29. ↑ Vehesh, M. M.; Palinchak, M. M.; Marchuk, V. V.; Kontsur-Karabinovych, N. M. (2020). Carpathian Ukraine in the Central European political crisis on the eve of World War II (1938-1939): collective monograph. Liha-Pres. pp. 21, 22, 24. ISBN 9789663972121. https://dspace.uzhnu.edu.ua/jspui/bitstream/lib/30834/1/SENSE_Carpathian%20Ukraine.pdf. 
  30. ↑ Токар, М. (2004). "Становлення партійної монополії Українського Національного Обʼєднання". Науковий вісник Ужгородського університету. Серія: Історія (11): 105–112. https://dspace.uzhnu.edu.ua/jspui/bitstream/lib/32865/1/%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%AF%20%D0%9F%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%A2%D0%86%D0%99%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%87%20%D0%9C%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%86%D0%87.pdf. 
  31. ↑ Токар, М. (2004). "Становлення партійної монополії Українського Національного Обʼєднання". Науковий вісник Ужгородського університету. Серія: Історія (11): 106. https://dspace.uzhnu.edu.ua/jspui/bitstream/lib/32865/1/%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%AF%20%D0%9F%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%A2%D0%86%D0%99%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%87%20%D0%9C%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%86%D0%87.pdf. 
  32. ↑ Central African Republic Unions Strike for Democracy 1990-1993
  33. ↑ Schneiderman, Harry (1938). "Danzig". The American Jewish Year Book 40: 226–228. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23602316. 
  34. ↑ Hepburn, A. (2004-04-07) (in en). Contested Cities in the Modern West. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-53674-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=81vNCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56. 
  35. ↑ Delzell, Charles Floyd (1971-06-18) (in en). Mediterranean Fascism 1919–1945. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-00240-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=e7qwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70. 
  36. ↑ [https://cris.mruni.eu/server/api/core/bitstreams/28fde780-25ce-44fa-bbba-7887e33ada25/content Ivanauskaitė-Pettinari, Kristina. POLITINIŲ PARTIJŲ TEISINIO STATUSO RAIDA LIETUVOJE 1918–1940 M. Doctoral dissertation. p. 1937]
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 MacKinnon, Stephen R. (2007) (in en). China at War: Regions of China, 1937-45. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-5509-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=zeSeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA136. 
  38. ↑ Bozarslan, Hamit (2019). "Afterword: Talaat’s Empire: A Backward Country, but a State Well Ahead of Its Time" (in en). End of the Ottomans - The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. I. B. Tauris. p. 330. ISBN 978-1-7867-3604-8. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 12th Period - Second Republic of Portugal
  40. ↑ Raby, D. L. (1988) (in en). Fascism and Resistance in Portugal: Communists, Liberals and Military Dissidents in the Opposition to Salazar, 1941-1974. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-2514-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=2sZRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA29. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 41.4 41.5 Henderson, Jane (2011-05-04) (in en). The Constitution of the Russian Federation: A Contextual Analysis. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84731-648-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=gBncBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1. 
  42. ↑ Kumar, Kundan (2003) (in en). Ideology And Political System. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7141-638-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=8mN6O0Hc-LYC&pg=PA222. 
  43. ↑ Law 21/1976, of 14 June, on the Right of Political Association.
  44. ↑ "Presidential Decree on Syria's New Constitution". Syrian Arab News Agency. 28 February 2012. http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2012/02/28/403103.htm. 
  45. ↑ Chulov, Martin (27 February 2012). "Syrian regime rockets bombard Homs". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/27/syrian-rockets-bombard-homs. 



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