Plains Village period

• Plains Village period (ca. 1000–1780 CE.^[1] or 950–1850 CE)

Geographically, the Plains Village period is divided into:

• Northern Plains Village tradition
• Central Plains Village tradition.

The Southern Plains to Nebraska are included in the Central Plains Village period. Dates for the Central Plains Village culture in Nebraska are given as 900 to 1450 CE. This period marked a time with the greatest population in Nebraska, even compared to the present, and most archeological sites date from 1000 to 1400 CE.^[2] The Dakotas are part of the Northern Plains Village tradition. A Northeastern Plains Village tradition for the shores of Devils Lake and the lands near the James, Sheyenne, Maple, and Red Rivers in eastern North Dakota.^[3]

Archaeologists debate specific dates, but this period has been subdivided into the following general chronology:

• Early Plains Village period: 1200–1450 CE^[4]
• Middle Plains Village period: 1250–1450 CE
• Late Plains Village period: 1450–1750 CE.^[5]

For post-archaic periods, the Kansas Historical Society uses the chronology of Early Ceramic period (1–1000 CE),^[6] Middle Ceramic period (1000–1500 CE),^[7] and Late Ceramic period (1500–1800 CE).^[8]

These periods are further divided into geographically-specific phases.

Plains Village cultures in southern Colorado and Kansas, northern New Mexico, northwestern Texas, and western Oklahoma are called the Southern Plains villagers. This group includes the Redbud Plains variant includes the Paoli phase (800–1250), Washita River phase.^[9] Custer phase, and Turkey Creek phase of western Oklahoma.

The Henrietta and Wylie Creek focuses are located in north-central Texas; the Upper Canark variant in the Texas and Oklahoma panhandles includes the Antelope Creek phase, and the Buried City and Zimms complexes; the Apishapa phase in southeastern Colorado; and the Bluff Creek, Wilmore, and Pratt complexes are in south central Kansas. A group of protohistoric Wichita villages in central Kansas are called the Great Bend aspect.^[10]

The Wheeler phase dates from 1450 to 1700 CE,^[11] which comprised the Edwards complex of southwest Oklahoma (1500–1650) and the Wheeler complex (1650–1725).^[12] Wheeler phase archaeological sites include the Edwards I site (34BK2), Taylor site (34GR8), Little Deer site (34CU10), Duncan site (34WA2), and Goodwin-Baker site (34RM14), Parade Ground site (34CM322) all in western Oklahoma,^[13] and additional sites in northern Texas.

The Garza Complex of the Texas Panhandle-Plains likely spans 1450 to 1700 as well.^[14]

Thousands of Central Plains Village tradition sites have been discovered in Nebraska. One of the most significant is the Patterson site, a village^[2] in Sarpy County dating from 1000 to 1400 CE.^[15]

• Crow Creek Massacre, 1325 CE
• Southern Plains villagers, 800–1500 CE

• Timothy G. Baugh, "Culture History and Protohistoric Societies in the Southern Plains," Plains Anthropologist' 31, no. 114, part 2: 167–87. (PDF)

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