Reverse sexism
Topic: Social
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Template:Masculism sidebar Reverse sexism is a controversial term for discrimination against men and boys, or for anti-male prejudice.[1][2][3] The term has been used to claim that men have become the primary victims of sexism.[4] Specifically, opponents of affirmative action argue that men and boys are systematically discriminated against in employment and school admissions.[5]
Reverse sexism has been compared by sociologists to the concepts of "reverse racism" and "reverse ethnocentrism" in that both are a form of backlash by members of dominant groups (e.g., men, whites, or Anglos).[6] Reverse sexism is rebutted by analogy with the criticism of reverse racism as a response to affirmative action policies that are designed to combat institutionalized sexism and racism.[7] In more rigid forms, this stance assumes that the historic power imbalance in favor of men has been reversed,[8] and that women are now viewed as the superior gender or sex.[9]
Feminist theorist Florence Rush characterizes the idea of reverse sexism specifically as a misogynist reaction to feminism; men's rights activists such as Warren Farrell promote the idea of reverse sexism to argue that the feminist movement has rearranged society in such a way that it now benefits women and harms men.[10] In the preamble to a study on internalized sexism, Steve Bearman, Neill Korobov and Avril Thorne describe reverse sexism as a "misinformed notion", stating that "while individual women or women as a whole may enact prejudicial biases towards specific men or toward men as a group, this is done without the backing of a societal system of institutional power".[11]
See also
- Antifeminism
- Feminist separatism
- Male privilege
- Masculism
- Misandry
- Reverse discrimination
References
- ↑ Liotzis, Vangelis (2025). "The ‘Reverse Sexism’ Thesis: A Re-appraisal". Journal of Human Values 31 (3): 278–290. doi:10.1177/09716858251322319. ISSN 0971-6858. "[T]o date, [reverse sexism] has not been theorized adequately but has principally been controversial in the context of the digital public sphere and everyday discourse.".
- ↑ Suedfeld, Peter (2002). "Postmodernism, Identity Politics, and Other Political Influences in Political Psychology". in Monroe, Kristen R.. Political Psychology. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 320–321. ISBN 978-1-135-64661-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=itd4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA315.
- ↑ Johnson, Allan G. (1997) (in en). The Gender Knot: Unraveling Our Patriarchal Legacy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-56639-518-2. https://archive.org/details/genderknotunrave0000john/page/170/mode/1up?view=theater.
- ↑ Roden, Jessica (2022). "#MeToo Movement Backlash: How Evaluations of Women Advocates as More 'Sexist' Weaken Movement Support". Media Psychology 25 (6): 763–778. doi:10.1080/15213269.2022.2064877. ISSN 1521-3269. "'Reverse sexism' is the notion that men have replaced women as the victims of gender discrimination, despite ample evidence showing otherwise.".
- ↑
- Masequesmay, Gina (2008). "Sexism". in O′Brien, Jodi. Encyclopedia of Gender and Society, Volume 2. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. p. 750. ISBN 978-1-4522-6602-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=_nyHS4WyUKEC&pg=PA750. "In a cultural backlash, the term reverse sexism also emerged to refocus on men and boys and their disadvantages, especially under affirmative action."
- Masequesmay, Gina (11 June 2014). "Sexism | Sexism and the men's movement". https://www.britannica.com/topic/sexism/Sexism-and-feminism#ref321547.
- ↑ Renfrow, Daniel G.; Howard, Judith A. (2013). "Social Psychology of Gender and Race". in DeLamater, John; Ward, Amanda. Handbook of Social Psychology. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. p. 496. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6772-0_17. ISBN 978-94-007-6772-0. "There has also been some backlash, with members of majority categories sometimes asserting a reverse sexism (toward men), reverse racism (toward Whites), and/or reverse ethnocentrism (toward, say, Anglos)."
- ↑ Garcia, J. L. A. (1997). "Racism as a Model for Understanding Sexism". in Zack, Naomi. Race/Sex: Their Sameness, Difference and Interplay (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 46. doi:10.4324/9780203760604. ISBN 978-0-203-76060-4. https://archive.org/details/racesextheirsame0000unse/page/46/mode/1up?view=theater.
- ↑ "Sociological Abstracts: Supplement — Issues 67-77". International Review of Publications in Sociology: 202. 1977. ISSN 0038-0202.[full citation needed]
- ↑ Collins, Georgia; Sandell, Renee (1984). Women, art, and education. Reston, Va.: National Art Education Association. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-9376-5233-6.
- ↑ Rush, Florence (1990). "The Many Faces of Backlash". The Sexual Liberals and the Attack on Feminism. Pergamon Press. pp. 168–169. ISBN 978-0-0803-7458-1.
- ↑ Bearman, Steve; Korobov, Neill; Thorne, Avril (2009). "The Fabric of Internalized Sexism". Journal of Integrated Social Sciences 1 (1): 10–47. ISSN 1942-1052. http://www.jiss.org/documents/volume_1/issue_1/JISS_2009_1-1_10-47_Fabric_of_Internalized_Sexism.pdf.
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