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A right-wing dictatorship, sometimes also referred to as a rightist dictatorship or right-wing authoritarianism, is an authoritarian or sometimes totalitarian regime following right-wing policies. Right-wing dictatorships are typically characterized by appeals to traditionalism, the protection of law and order and often the advocacy of nationalism, and justify their rise to power based on a need to uphold a conservative status quo. Examples of right-wing dictatorships may include anti-communist ones, such as Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Estado Novo, Francoist Spain, the Chilean Junta, the Greek Junta, the Brazilian military dictatorship, the Argentine Junta (or National Reorganization Process); Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek, South Korea when it was led by Syngman Rhee, Park Chung Hee and Chun Doo-hwan; and a number of military dictatorships in Latin America during the Cold War,[1] or those that agitate anti-Western sentiments, such as Russia under Vladimir Putin.
In the most common Western view, the perfect example of a right-wing dictatorship is any of those that once ruled in South America.[according to whom?] Those regimes were predominantly military juntas and most of them collapsed in the 1980s. Communist countries, which were very cautious about not revealing their authoritarian methods of rule to the public, were usually led by civilian governments and officers taking power were not much welcomed there.[citation needed] Few exceptions include the Burmese Way to Socialism (Burma, 1966–1988), the Military Council of National Salvation (People's Republic of Poland, 1981–1983) or the North Korean regime's evolution throughout the rule of Kim Il Sung.
Many right-wing regimes kept strong ties with local clerical establishments. This policy of a strong Church-state alliance is often referred to as Clerical fascism. Pro-Catholic dictatorships included the Estado Novo (1933–1974) and the Federal State of Austria (1934–1938). There also exist clerical dictatorships in the Muslim world, including the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. The theocratic absolute monarchies of Saudi Arabia or Vatican City also share many similarities with the regimes mentioned above.[citation needed] Many of those are/were led by spiritual leaders, such as the Slovak Republic under the Reverend Josef Tiso or Iran under the Ayatollahs Khomeini (1979–1989) and Khamenei (1989–present). Some right-wing dictatorships, like Nazi Germany, were even openly hostile to certain religions.[2]
The authoritarian politics of several countries can range from parties and movements on the center-right to the far-right, including some that are difficult to define. The degree of authoritarianism can also vary.
Cases supported by varius sources and definitions will be presented below:
The existence of right-wing dictatorships in Europe are largely associated with the rise of fascism. The conditions created by World War I and its aftermath gave way both to revolutionary socialism and reactionary politics. Fascism arose as part of the reaction to the socialist movement, in attempt to recreate a perceived status quo ante bellum.[3] Right-wing dictatorships in Europe were mostly destroyed with the Allied victory in World War II, although some continued to exist in Southern Europe until the 1970s.
Country | Historical name(s) | Movement(s) | Years of rule | Dictator(s) |
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Austria |
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Fatherland Front |
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Belarus |
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Bulgaria | Kingdom of Bulgaria |
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Cyprus | Republic of Cyprus | EOKA B[10] | 1974 | Nikos Sampson[11] |
Czech Republic | Template:Country data Protectorate of Bohemia and MoraviaProtectorate of Bohemia and Moravia[12] | National Partnership[13] | 1939–1945 |
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France | French State[14] | Collaborationist government | 1940–1944 | Philippe Pétain[15][16] |
Greece |
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Italy |
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Latvia | Republic of Latvia | url=http://www.lituanus.org/1971/71_3_03.htm%7Ctitle=The Emergence of an Authoritarian Regime in Latvia, 1932-1934|first=Janis|last=Rogainis|journal=Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences|volume=17|issue=3|date=Fall 1971|access-date=2021-01-12|archive-date=2020-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724094833/http://www.lituanus.org/1971/71_3_03.htm%7Curl-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
Lithuania | Republic of Lithuania[34] | Lithuanian Nationalist Union[35] | 1926–1940 | Antanas Smetona[36][37] |
Netherlands | Reichskommissariat Niederlande[38] | National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands[39] | 1940–1945 | Anton Mussert[40] |
Poland | General Government [41] | Nazi Party | 1939–1945 | Hans Frank |
Russia |
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Turkey |
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Ukraine |
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Yugoslavia | Kingdom of Yugoslavia[57] |
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Right-wing dictatorships in Asia emerged during the early 1930s,[61] as military regimes seized power from local constitutional democracies and monarchies. The phenomenon soon spread to other countries with the military occupations driven by the militarist expansion of the Empire of Japan. After the end of World War II, Asian right-wing dictatorships took on a decidedly anti-communist role in the Cold War, with many being backed by the United States.
Country | Historical name(s) | Movement(s) | Years of rule | Dictator(s) |
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Afghanistan | Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan[62] | Taliban |
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Bangladesh | People's Republic of Bangladesh |
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Cambodia |
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Indonesia | Republic of Indonesia | New Order under Golkar[73][74] | 1966–1998 | Suharto[75][76][77] |
Iran |
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South Korea |
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Manchuria, China | Manchukuo | Concordia Association[89][90] | 1932–1945 | Puyi with Zheng Xiaoxu and Zhang Jinghui |
Myanmar |
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Pakistan | Template:Country data Islamic Republic of Pakistan |
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Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant[99] | Islamic State | 2014–2019 | Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi |
Syria | Syrian Republic[100] | Military with the Arab Liberation Movement | 1951–1954 | Adib Shishakli |
Thailand | Kingdom of Thailand[101] |
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Turkmenistan | Turkmenistan[102] | Democratic Party of Turkmenistan | 1991–present |
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Uzbekistan | Republic of Uzbekistan[103] | Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party | 1991–present |
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Southern Vietnam | Republic of Vietnam[104] |
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Right-wing dictatorships largely emerged in Central America and the Caribbean during the early 20th century. Sometimes they arose in order to provide concessions to American corporations such as the United Fruit Company, forming regimes that have been described as "banana republics".[105] North American right-wing dictatorships were instrumental in suppressing their countries' labour movements and instituting corporatist economies. During the Cold War, these right-wing dictatorships were characterized by a distinct anti-communist ideology, and often rose to power through US-backed coups.
Country | Historical name(s) | Movement(s) | Years of rule | Dictator(s) |
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Argentina |
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Bolivia | Plurinational State of Bolivia[107] |
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Brazil | [108] |
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Chile | Military Junta of Chile[109] | Military | 1973–1990 | Augusto Pinochet |
Colombia | Republic of Colombia[110] | Military | 1957–1958 | Gabriel París Gordillo |
Costa Rica | Template:Country data First Costa Rican Republic Republic of Costa Rica[111][112][113] | Military with the Peliquista Party[114] | 1917–1919 | Federico Tinoco Granados[115] |
Ecuador | Republic of Ecuador[116] | Military | 1972–1979 |
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Mexico |
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Military with the Conservative Party |
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Guatemala | Republic of Guatemala |
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Honduras | Republic of Honduras | Military with the National Party |
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Nicaragua | Republic of Nicaragua[124] | Nationalist Liberal Party |
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Panama | Republic of Panama[128] | Panama Defense Forces | 1983–1989 | Manuel Noriega |
Paraguay | Republic of Paraguay[129] |
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Peru |
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Southern United States | Confederate States of America[131][132][133][134][135] |
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1861–1865 | Jefferson Davis |
Uruguay | Oriental Republic of Uruguay[136] |
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Venezuela |
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Military | 1948–1958 |
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Right-wing dictatorships in Africa most commonly consist of military juntas and military dictatorships but also have included regimes that promote White Supremacy in Southern Africa from the 1940s–1990s.
Country | Historical name(s) | Movement(s) | Years of rule | Dictator(s) |
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Angola | Template:Country data Portuguese Angola Province of Angola[138] | National Union | 1933–1974 |
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Burundi | Republic of Burundi[139] | National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy | 2005–present |
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Cameroon | Republic of Cameroon[140] | Cameroon People's Democratic Movement | 1982–present | Paul Biya |
Cape Verde | Template:Country data Portuguese Cape Verde Overseas Province of Cape Verde[141] | National Union | 1933–1974 |
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Central African Republic | Central African Empire[142] | Military | 1976–1979 | Jean-Bédel Bokassa |
Chad | Republic of Chad[143] |
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Template:DRC | Republic of Zaire[144] | Military with the Popular Movement of the Revolution | 1965–1997 | Mobutu Sese Seko |
Egypt | Arab Republic of Egypt[145] | Nation's Future Party | 2014–present | Abdel Fattah el-Sisi |
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Italian East Africa[146] | National Fascist Party | 1936–1941 |
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Equatorial Guinea |
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Gabon | Gabonese Republic[148] | Gabonese Democratic Party | 1961–2023 |
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Gambia | Republic of the Gambia[149] | Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction | 1996–2017 | Yahya Jammeh |
Guinea-Bissau | Template:Country data Portuguese Guinea Overseas Province of Guinea[150] | National Union | 1933–1974 |
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Liberia | Republic of Liberia[151] | National Democratic Party of Liberia | 1986–1990 | Samuel Doe |
Libya | Libya[152] | National Fascist Party | 1934–1943 |
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Sidi Ifni of Morocco | Ifni[153] | Military with the FET y de las JONS | 1936–1968 | Francisco Franco |
Mozambique | Template:Country data Portuguese Mozambique Province of Mozambique[154] | National Union | 1933–1974 |
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Namibia | Template:Country data South West Africa Territory of South West Africa[155] | National Party | 1985–1990 | Louis Pienaar |
Nigeria | [156] | Military |
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Rwanda | [157] |
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Uganda | [158] |
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São Tomé and Príncipe | Overseas Province of São Tomé and Príncipe[159] | National Union | 1933–1974 |
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Sudan | Republic of the Sudan[160] |
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Togo | Togolese Republic[161] |
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Template:SADR | Template:Country data Spanish Sahara Province of the Sahara[162] | Military with the FET y de las JONS | 1936–1968 | Francisco Franco |
Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing dictatorship.
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