Stieltjes constants

In mathematics, the Stieltjes constants are the numbers ${\displaystyle {\gamma }_k}$ that occur in the Laurent series expansion of the Riemann zeta function:

${\displaystyle \zeta (1+s)=\frac{1}{s}+{\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}}\frac{(-1{)}^n}{n!}{\gamma }_n{s}^n.}$

The constant ${\displaystyle {\gamma }_0=\gamma =0.577\dots }$ is known as the Euler–Mascheroni constant.

The Stieltjes constants are given by the limit

${\displaystyle {\gamma }_n=\underset{m\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\lim }\{{\displaystyle \sum _{k=1}^m}\frac{(\ln k{)}^n}{k}-{\displaystyle \underset{1}{\overset{m}{\int }}}\frac{(\ln x{)}^n}{x}dx\}=\underset{m\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\lim }\{{\displaystyle \sum _{k=1}^m}\frac{(\ln k{)}^n}{k}-\frac{(\ln m{)}^{n+1}}{n+1}\}.}$

(In the case n = 0, the first summand requires evaluation of 0⁰, which is taken to be 1.)

Cauchy's differentiation formula leads to the integral representation

${\displaystyle {\gamma }_n=\frac{(-1{)}^{n}n!}{2\pi }{\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{2\pi }{\int }}}{e}^{-nix}\zeta (e^{ix}+1)dx.}$

Various representations in terms of integrals and infinite series are given in works of Jensen, Franel, Hermite, Hardy, Ramanujan, Ainsworth, Howell, Coppo, Connon, Coffey, Choi, Blagouchine and some other authors.^{[1][2][3][4][5][6]} In particular, Jensen-Franel's integral formula, often erroneously attributed to Ainsworth and Howell, states that

${\displaystyle {\gamma }_n=\frac{1}{2}{\delta }_{n,0}+\frac{1}{i}{\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{\infty }}{\int }}}\frac{dx}{e^{2\pi x}-1}\{\frac{(\ln (1-ix){)}^n}{1-ix}-\frac{(\ln (1+ix){)}^n}{1+ix}\},n=0,1,2,\dots }$

where δ_n,k is the Kronecker symbol (Kronecker delta).^[5][6] Among other formulae, we find

${\displaystyle {\gamma }_n=-\frac{\pi }{2(n+1)}{\displaystyle \underset{-\mathrm{\infty }}{\overset{\mathrm{\infty }}{\int }}}\frac{{(\ln (\frac{1}{2}\pm ix))}^{n+1}}{{\cosh }^2\pi x}dxn=0,1,2,\dots }$

${\displaystyle \begin{array}{l}{\displaystyle {\gamma }_1=-[\gamma -\frac{\ln 2}{2}]\ln 2+i{\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{\infty }}{\int }}}\frac{dx}{e^{\pi x}+1}\{\frac{\ln (1-ix)}{1-ix}-\frac{\ln (1+ix)}{1+ix}\}}\\ {\displaystyle {\gamma }_1=-{\gamma }^2-{\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{\infty }}{\int }}}[\frac{1}{1-e^{-x}}-\frac{1}{x}]e^{-x}\ln xdx}\end{array}}$

see.^[1][5][7]

As concerns series representations, a famous series employing an integer part of a logarithm was given by Hardy in 1912^[8]

${\displaystyle {\gamma }_1=\frac{\ln 2}{2}{\displaystyle \sum _{k=2}^{\mathrm{\infty }}}\frac{(-1{)}^k}{k}\lfloor {\log }_{2}k\rfloor \cdot (2{\log }_{2}k-\lfloor {\log }_{2}2k\rfloor )}$

Israilov^[9] gave semi-convergent series in terms of Bernoulli numbers ${\displaystyle B_{2k}}$

${\displaystyle {\gamma }_m={\displaystyle \sum _{k=1}^n}\frac{(\ln k{)}^m}{k}-\frac{(\ln n{)}^{m+1}}{m+1}-\frac{(\ln n{)}^m}{2n}-{\displaystyle \sum _{k=1}^{N-1}}\frac{B_{2k}}{(2k)!}{\left[\frac{(\ln x{)}^m}{x}\right]}_{x=n}^{(2k-1)}-\theta \cdot \frac{B_{2N}}{(2N)!}{\left[\frac{(\ln x{)}^m}{x}\right]}_{x=n}^{(2N-1)},0<\theta <1}$

Connon,^[10] Blagouchine^[6][11] and Coppo^[1] gave several series with the binomial coefficients

${\displaystyle \begin{array}{l}{\displaystyle {\gamma }_m=-\frac{1}{m+1}{\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}}\frac{1}{n+1}{\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^n}(-1{)}^k{\displaystyle (\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n}{k})}(\ln (k+1){)}^{m+1}}\\ {\displaystyle {\gamma }_m=-\frac{1}{m+1}{\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}}\frac{1}{n+2}{\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^n}(-1{)}^k{\displaystyle (\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n}{k})}\frac{(\ln (k+1){)}^{m+1}}{k+1}}\\ {\displaystyle {\gamma }_m=-\frac{1}{m+1}{\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}}{H}_{n+1}{\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^n}(-1{)}^k{\displaystyle (\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n}{k})}(\ln (k+2){)}^{m+1}}\\ {\displaystyle {\gamma }_m={\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}}\left|G_{n+1}\right|{\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^n}(-1{)}^k{\displaystyle (\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n}{k})}\frac{(\ln (k+1){)}^m}{k+1}}\end{array}}$

where G_n are Gregory's coefficients, also known as reciprocal logarithmic numbers (G₁=+1/2, G₂=−1/12, G₃=+1/24, G₄=−19/720,... ). More general series of the same nature include these examples^[11]

${\displaystyle {\gamma }_m=-\frac{(\ln (1+a){)}^{m+1}}{m+1}+{\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}}(-1{)}^n{\psi }_{n+1}(a){\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^n}(-1{)}^k{\displaystyle (\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n}{k})}\frac{(\ln (k+1){)}^m}{k+1},\mathrm{\Re }(a)>-1}$

and

${\displaystyle {\gamma }_m=-\frac{1}{r(m+1)}{\displaystyle \sum _{l=0}^{r-1}}(\ln (1+a+l){)}^{m+1}+\frac{1}{r}{\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}}(-1{)}^n{N}_{n+1,r}(a){\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^n}(-1{)}^k{\displaystyle (\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n}{k})}\frac{(\ln (k+1){)}^m}{k+1},\mathrm{\Re }(a)>-1,r=1,2,3,\dots }$

or

${\displaystyle {\gamma }_m=-\frac{1}{\frac{1}{2}+a}\{\frac{(-1{)}^m}{m+1}{\zeta }^{(m+1)}(0,1+a)-(-1{)}^m{\zeta }^{(m)}(0)-{\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}}(-1{)}^n{\psi }_{n+2}(a){\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^n}(-1{)}^k{\displaystyle (\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n}{k})}\frac{(\ln (k+1){)}^m}{k+1}\},\mathrm{\Re }(a)>-1}$

where ψ_n(a) are the Bernoulli polynomials of the second kind and N_n,r(a) are the polynomials given by the generating equation

${\displaystyle \frac{(1+z{)}^{a+m}-(1+z{)}^a}{\ln (1+z)}={\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}}{N}_{n,m}(a)z^n,|z|<1,}$

respectively (note that N_n,1(a) = ψ_n(a)).^[12] Oloa and Tauraso^[13] showed that series with harmonic numbers may lead to Stieltjes constants

${\displaystyle \begin{array}{l}{\displaystyle {\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}}\frac{H_n-(\gamma +\ln n)}{n}=-{\gamma }_1-\frac{1}{2}{\gamma }^2+\frac{1}{12}{\pi }^2}\\ {\displaystyle {\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}}\frac{H_n^2-(\gamma +\ln n{)}^2}{n}=-{\gamma }_2-2\gamma {\gamma }_1-\frac{2}{3}{\gamma }^3+\frac{5}{3}\zeta (3)}\end{array}}$

Blagouchine^[6] obtained slowly-convergent series involving unsigned Stirling numbers of the first kind ${\displaystyle \left[\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{\cdot }{\cdot }\right]}$

${\displaystyle {\gamma }_m=\frac{1}{2}{\delta }_{m,0}+\frac{(-1{)}^{m}m!}{\pi }{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}}\frac{1}{n\cdot n!}{\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^{\lfloor n/2\rfloor }}\frac{(-1{)}^k\cdot \left[\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{2k+2}{m+1}\right]\cdot \left[\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n}{2k+1}\right]}{(2\pi {)}^{2k+1}},m=0,1,2,...,}$

as well as semi-convergent series with rational terms only

${\displaystyle {\gamma }_m=\frac{1}{2}{\delta }_{m,0}+(-1{)}^{m}m!\cdot {\displaystyle \sum _{k=1}^N}\frac{\left[\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{2k}{m+1}\right]\cdot B_{2k}}{(2k)!}+\theta \cdot \frac{(-1{)}^{m}m!\cdot \left[\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{2N+2}{m+1}\right]\cdot B_{2N+2}}{(2N+2)!},0<\theta <1,}$

where m=0,1,2,... In particular, series for the first Stieltjes constant has a surprisingly simple form

${\displaystyle {\gamma }_1=-\frac{1}{2}{\displaystyle \sum _{k=1}^N}\frac{B_{2k}\cdot H_{2k-1}}{k}+\theta \cdot \frac{B_{2N+2}\cdot H_{2N+1}}{2N+2},0<\theta <1,}$

where H_n is the nth harmonic number.^[6] More complicated series for Stieltjes constants are given in works of Lehmer, Liang, Todd, Lavrik, Israilov, Stankus, Keiper, Nan-You, Williams, and Coffey.^[2][3][6]

The Stieltjes constants satisfy the bound

${\displaystyle |{\gamma }_n|\le \{\begin{array}{ll}{\displaystyle \frac{2(n-1)!}{{\pi }^n},}& n=1,3,5,\dots \\ {\displaystyle \frac{4(n-1)!}{{\pi }^n},}& n=2,4,6,\dots \end{array}}$

given by Berndt in 1972.^[14] Better bounds in terms of elementary functions were obtained by Lavrik^[15]

${\displaystyle |{\gamma }_n|\le \frac{n!}{2^{n+1}},n=1,2,3,\dots }$

by Israilov^[9]

${\displaystyle |{\gamma }_n|\le \frac{n!C(k)}{(2k{)}^n},n=1,2,3,\dots }$

with k=1,2,... and C(1)=1/2, C(2)=7/12,... , by Nan-You and Williams^[16]

${\displaystyle |{\gamma }_n|\le \{\begin{array}{ll}{\displaystyle \frac{2(2n)!}{n^{n+1}(2\pi {)}^n},}& n=1,3,5,\dots \\ {\displaystyle \frac{4(2n)!}{n^{n+1}(2\pi {)}^n},}& n=2,4,6,\dots \end{array}}$

by Blagouchine^[6]

${\displaystyle \begin{array}{ll}{\displaystyle -\frac{\left|B_{m+1}\right|}{m+1}<{\gamma }_m<\frac{(3m+8)\cdot \left|B_{m+3}\right|}{24}-\frac{\left|B_{m+1}\right|}{m+1},}& m=1,5,9,\dots \\ {\displaystyle \frac{\left|B_{m+1}\right|}{m+1}-\frac{(3m+8)\cdot \left|B_{m+3}\right|}{24}<{\gamma }_m<\frac{\left|B_{m+1}\right|}{m+1},}& m=3,7,11,\dots \\ {\displaystyle -\frac{\left|B_{m+2}\right|}{2}<{\gamma }_m<\frac{(m+3)(m+4)\cdot \left|B_{m+4}\right|}{48}-\frac{\left|B_{m+2}\right|}{2},}& m=2,6,10,\dots \\ {\displaystyle \frac{\left|B_{m+2}\right|}{2}-\frac{(m+3)(m+4)\cdot \left|B_{m+4}\right|}{48}<{\gamma }_m<\frac{\left|B_{m+2}\right|}{2},}& m=4,8,12,\dots \\ \end{array}}$

where B_n are Bernoulli numbers, and by Matsuoka^[17][18]

${\displaystyle |{\gamma }_n|<10^{-4}{e}^{n\ln \ln n},n=5,6,7,\dots }$

As concerns estimations resorting to non-elementary functions and solutions, Knessl, Coffey^[19] and Fekih-Ahmed^[20] obtained quite accurate results. For example, Knessl and Coffey give the following formula that approximates the Stieltjes constants relatively well for large n.^[19] If v is the unique solution of

${\displaystyle 2\pi \exp (v\tan v)=n\frac{\cos (v)}{v}}$

with ${\displaystyle 0<v<\pi /2}$, and if ${\displaystyle u=v\tan v}$, then

${\displaystyle {\gamma }_n\sim \frac{B}{\sqrt{n}}{e}^{nA}\cos (an+b)}$

where

${\displaystyle A=\frac{1}{2}\ln (u^2+v^2)-\frac{u}{u^2+v^2}}$

${\displaystyle B=\frac{2\sqrt{2\pi }\sqrt{u^2+v^2}}{[(u+1{)}^2+v^2{]}^{1/4}}}$

${\displaystyle a={\tan }^{-1}\left(\frac{v}{u}\right)+\frac{v}{u^2+v^2}}$

${\displaystyle b={\tan }^{-1}\left(\frac{v}{u}\right)-\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{v}{u+1}\right).}$

Up to n = 100000, the Knessl-Coffey approximation correctly predicts the sign of γ_n with the single exception of n = 137.^[19]

In 2022 K. Maślanka^[21] gave an asymptotic expression for the Stieltjes constants, which is both simpler and more accurate than those previously known. In particular, it reproduces with a relatively small error the troublesome value for n = 137.

Namely, when ${\displaystyle n>>1}$

${\displaystyle {\gamma }_n\sim \sqrt{\frac{2}{\pi }}n!\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(s_n\right)e^{-c{s}_n}}{{\left(s_n\right)}^n\sqrt{n+s_n+\frac{3}{2}}}}$

where ${\displaystyle s_n}$ are the saddle points:

${\displaystyle s_n=\frac{n+\frac{3}{2}}{W(\pm \frac{n+\frac{3}{2}}{2\pi i})}}$

${\displaystyle W}$ is the Lambert function and ${\displaystyle c}$ is a constant:

${\displaystyle c=\log (2\pi )+\frac{\pi }{2}i}$

Defining a complex "phase" ${\displaystyle {\phi }_n}$

${\displaystyle {\phi }_n\equiv \frac{1}{2}\ln (8\pi )-n+(n+\frac{1}{2})\ln (n)+(s_n-n-\frac{1}{2})\ln \left(s_n\right)-\frac{1}{2}\ln (n+s_n)-(c+1)s_n}$

we get a particularly simple expression in which both the rapidly increasing amplitude and the oscillations are clearly seen:

${\displaystyle {\gamma }_n\sim \mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}\left[e^{{\phi }_n}\right]=e^{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}{\phi }_n}\cos \left(\mathrm{I}\mathrm{m}{\phi }_n\right)}$

The first few values are ^[22]

n	approximate value of γn	OEIS
0	+0.5772156649015328606065120900824024310421593359	A001620
1	−0.0728158454836767248605863758749013191377363383	A082633
2	−0.0096903631928723184845303860352125293590658061	A086279
3	+0.0020538344203033458661600465427533842857158044	A086280
4	+0.0023253700654673000574681701775260680009044694	A086281
5	+0.0007933238173010627017533348774444448307315394	A086282
6	−0.0002387693454301996098724218419080042777837151	A183141
7	−0.0005272895670577510460740975054788582819962534	A183167
8	−0.0003521233538030395096020521650012087417291805	A183206
9	−0.0000343947744180880481779146237982273906207895	A184853
10	+0.0002053328149090647946837222892370653029598537	A184854
100	−4.2534015717080269623144385197278358247028931053 × 1017
1000	−1.5709538442047449345494023425120825242380299554 × 10486
10000	−2.2104970567221060862971082857536501900234397174 × 106883
100000	+1.9919273063125410956582272431568589205211659777 × 1083432

The n-th Stieltjes constant is positive for

n = 0, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, ... (sequence A394583 in the OEIS)

and is negative for

n = 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 22, 23, 24, 25, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, ... (sequence A395455 in the OEIS)

For large n, the Stieltjes constants grow rapidly in absolute value, and change signs in a complex pattern.

Further information related to the numerical evaluation of Stieltjes constants may be found in works of Keiper,^[23] Kreminski,^[24] Plouffe,^[25] Johansson^[26][27] and Blagouchine.^[27] First, Johansson provided values of the Stieltjes constants up to n = 100000, accurate to over 10000 digits each (the numerical values can be retrieved from the LMFDB [1]. Later, Johansson and Blagouchine devised a particularly efficient algorithm for computing generalized Stieltjes constants (see below) for large n and complex a, which can be also used for ordinary Stieltjes constants.^[27] In particular, it allows one to compute γ_n to 1000 digits in a minute for any n up to n=10¹⁰⁰.

More generally, one can define Stieltjes constants γ_n(a) that occur in the Laurent series expansion of the Hurwitz zeta function:

${\displaystyle \zeta (s,a)=\frac{1}{s-1}+{\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}}\frac{(-1{)}^n}{n!}{\gamma }_n(a)(s-1{)}^n.}$

Here a is a complex number with Re(a)>0. Since the Hurwitz zeta function is a generalization of the Riemann zeta function, we have γ_n(1)=γ_n . The zeroth constant is simply the digamma-function γ₀(a)=-Ψ(a),^[28] while other constants are not known to be reducible to any elementary or classical function of analysis. Nevertheless, there are numerous representations for them. For example, there exists the following asymptotic representation

${\displaystyle {\gamma }_n(a)=\underset{m\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\lim }\{{\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^m}\frac{(\ln (k+a){)}^n}{k+a}-\frac{(\ln (m+a){)}^{n+1}}{n+1}\},\begin{array}{l}n=0,1,2,\dots \\ a\ne 0,-1,-2,\dots \end{array}}$

due to Berndt and Wilton. The analog of Jensen-Franel's formula for the generalized Stieltjes constant is the Hermite formula^[5]

${\displaystyle {\gamma }_n(a)=[\frac{1}{2a}-\frac{\ln a}{n+1}](\ln a{)}^n-i{\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{\infty }}{\int }}}\frac{dx}{e^{2\pi x}-1}\{\frac{(\ln (a-ix){)}^n}{a-ix}-\frac{(\ln (a+ix){)}^n}{a+ix}\},\begin{array}{l}n=0,1,2,\dots \\ \mathrm{\Re }(a)>0\end{array}}$

Similar representations are given by the following formulas:^[27]

${\displaystyle {\gamma }_n(a)=-\frac{(\ln (a-\frac{1}{2}){)}^{n+1}}{n+1}+i{\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{\infty }}{\int }}}\frac{dx}{e^{2\pi x}+1}\{\frac{(\ln (a-\frac{1}{2}-ix){)}^n}{a-\frac{1}{2}-ix}-\frac{(\ln (a-\frac{1}{2}+ix){)}^n}{a-\frac{1}{2}+ix}\},\begin{array}{l}n=0,1,2,\dots \\ \mathrm{\Re }(a)>\frac{1}{2}\end{array}}$

and

${\displaystyle {\gamma }_n(a)=-\frac{\pi }{2(n+1)}{\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{\infty }}{\int }}}\frac{(\ln (a-\frac{1}{2}-ix){)}^{n+1}+(\ln (a-\frac{1}{2}+ix){)}^{n+1}}{(\cosh (\pi x){)}^2}dx,\begin{array}{l}n=0,1,2,\dots \\ \mathrm{\Re }(a)>\frac{1}{2}\end{array}}$

Generalized Stieltjes constants satisfy the following recurrence relation

${\displaystyle {\gamma }_n(a+1)={\gamma }_n(a)-\frac{(\ln a{)}^n}{a},\begin{array}{l}n=0,1,2,\dots \\ a\ne 0,-1,-2,\dots \end{array}}$

as well as the multiplication theorem

${\displaystyle {\displaystyle \sum _{l=0}^{n-1}}{\gamma }_p(a+\frac{l}{n})=(-1{)}^{p}n[\frac{\ln n}{p+1}-\mathrm{\Psi }(an)](\ln n{)}^p+n{\displaystyle \sum _{r=0}^{p-1}}(-1{)}^r{\displaystyle (\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{p}{r})}{\gamma }_{p-r}(an)\cdot (\ln n{)}^r,n=2,3,4,\dots }$

where ${\displaystyle {\displaystyle (\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{p}{r})}}$ denotes the binomial coefficient (see^[29] and,^[30] pp. 101–102).

The first generalized Stieltjes constant has a number of remarkable properties.

• Malmsten's identity (reflection formula for the first generalized Stieltjes constants): the reflection formula for the first generalized Stieltjes constant has the following form

${\displaystyle {\gamma }_1\left(\frac{m}{n}\right)-{\gamma }_1(1-\frac{m}{n})=2\pi {\displaystyle \sum _{l=1}^{n-1}}\sin \frac{2\pi ml}{n}\cdot \ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{l}{n}\right)-\pi (\gamma +\ln 2\pi n)\cot \frac{m\pi }{n}}$

where m and n are positive integers such that m<n. This formula has been long-time attributed to Almkvist and Meurman who derived it in 1990s.^[31] However, it was recently reported that this identity, albeit in a slightly different form, was first obtained by Carl Malmsten in 1846.^[5][32]

• Rational arguments theorem: the first generalized Stieltjes constant at rational argument may be evaluated in a quasi-closed form via the following formula:

${\displaystyle \begin{array}{ll}{\displaystyle {\gamma }_1\left(\frac{r}{m}\right)=}& {\displaystyle {\gamma }_1+{\gamma }^2+\gamma \ln 2\pi m+\ln 2\pi \cdot \ln m+\frac{1}{2}(\ln m{)}^2+(\gamma +\ln 2\pi m)\cdot \mathrm{\Psi }\left(\frac{r}{m}\right)}\\ {\displaystyle }& {\displaystyle +\pi {\displaystyle \sum _{l=1}^{m-1}}\sin \frac{2\pi rl}{m}\cdot \ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{l}{m}\right)+{\displaystyle \sum _{l=1}^{m-1}}\cos \frac{2\pi rl}{m}\cdot {\zeta }^{″}(0,\frac{l}{m})}\end{array},r=1,2,3,\dots ,m-1.}$

see Blagouchine.^[5][28] An alternative proof was later proposed by Coffey^[33] and several other authors.

• Finite summations: there are numerous summation formulae for the first generalized Stieltjes constants. For example,

${\displaystyle \begin{array}{l}{\displaystyle {\displaystyle \sum _{r=0}^{m-1}}{\gamma }_1(a+\frac{r}{m})=m\ln m\cdot \mathrm{\Psi }(am)-\frac{m}{2}(\ln m{)}^2+m{\gamma }_1(am),a\in \mathbb{ℂ}}\\ {\displaystyle {\displaystyle \sum _{r=1}^{m-1}}{\gamma }_1\left(\frac{r}{m}\right)=(m-1){\gamma }_1-m\gamma \ln m-\frac{m}{2}(\ln m{)}^2}\\ {\displaystyle {\displaystyle \sum _{r=1}^{2m-1}}(-1{)}^r{\gamma }_1(\frac{r}{2m})=-{\gamma }_1+m(2\gamma +\ln 2+2\ln m)\ln 2}\\ {\displaystyle {\displaystyle \sum _{r=0}^{2m-1}}(-1{)}^r{\gamma }_1(\frac{2r+1}{4m})=m\{4\pi \ln \mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{1}{4})-\pi (4\ln 2+3\ln \pi +\ln m+\gamma \left)\right\}}\\ {\displaystyle {\displaystyle \sum _{r=1}^{m-1}}{\gamma }_1\left(\frac{r}{m}\right)\cdot \cos {\displaystyle \frac{2\pi rk}{m}}=-{\gamma }_1+m(\gamma +\ln 2\pi m)\ln (2\sin \frac{k\pi }{m})+\frac{m}{2}\{{\zeta }^{″}(0,\frac{k}{m})+{\zeta }^{″}(0,1-\frac{k}{m})\},k=1,2,\dots ,m-1}\\ {\displaystyle {\displaystyle \sum _{r=1}^{m-1}}{\gamma }_1\left(\frac{r}{m}\right)\cdot \sin {\displaystyle \frac{2\pi rk}{m}}=\frac{\pi }{2}(\gamma +\ln 2\pi m)(2k-m)-\frac{\pi m}{2}\{\ln \pi -\ln \sin \frac{k\pi }{m}\}+m\pi \ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{k}{m}\right),k=1,2,\dots ,m-1}\\ {\displaystyle {\displaystyle \sum _{r=1}^{m-1}}{\gamma }_1\left(\frac{r}{m}\right)\cdot \cot \frac{\pi r}{m}={\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{6}\{(1-m)(m-2)\gamma +2(m^2-1)\ln 2\pi -(m^2+2)\ln m\}-2\pi {\displaystyle \sum _{l=1}^{m-1}}l\cdot \ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{l}{m}\right)}}\\ {\displaystyle {\displaystyle \sum _{r=1}^{m-1}}\frac{r}{m}\cdot {\gamma }_1\left(\frac{r}{m}\right)=\frac{1}{2}\{(m-1){\gamma }_1-m\gamma \ln m-\frac{m}{2}(\ln m{)}^2\}-\frac{\pi }{2m}(\gamma +\ln 2\pi m){\displaystyle \sum _{l=1}^{m-1}}l\cdot \cot \frac{\pi l}{m}-\frac{\pi }{2}{\displaystyle \sum _{l=1}^{m-1}}\cot \frac{\pi l}{m}\cdot \ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{l}{m}\right)}\end{array}}$

For more details and further summation formulae, see.^[5][30]

• Some particular values: some particular values of the first generalized Stieltjes constant at rational arguments may be reduced to the gamma-function, the first Stieltjes constant, and elementary functions. For instance,

${\displaystyle {\gamma }_1\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)=-2\gamma \ln 2-(\ln 2{)}^2+{\gamma }_1=-1.353459680\dots }$

At the points 1/4, 3/4, and 1/3, values of first generalized Stieltjes constants were independently obtained by Connon^[34] and Blagouchine:^[30]

${\displaystyle \begin{array}{l}{\displaystyle {\gamma }_1\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)=2\pi \ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)-\frac{3\pi }{2}\ln \pi -\frac{7}{2}(\ln 2{)}^2-(3\gamma +2\pi )\ln 2-\frac{\gamma \pi }{2}+{\gamma }_1=-5.518076350\dots }\\ {\displaystyle {\gamma }_1\left(\frac{3}{4}\right)=-2\pi \ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)+\frac{3\pi }{2}\ln \pi -\frac{7}{2}(\ln 2{)}^2-(3\gamma -2\pi )\ln 2+\frac{\gamma \pi }{2}+{\gamma }_1=-0.3912989024\dots }\\ {\displaystyle {\gamma }_1\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)=-\frac{3\gamma }{2}\ln 3-\frac{3}{4}(\ln 3{)}^2+\frac{\pi }{4\sqrt{3}}\{\ln 3-8\ln 2\pi -2\gamma +12\ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)\}+{\gamma }_1=-3.259557515\dots }\end{array}}$

At points 2/3, 1/6, and 5/6:

${\displaystyle \begin{array}{l}{\displaystyle {\gamma }_1\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)=-\frac{3\gamma }{2}\ln 3-\frac{3}{4}(\ln 3{)}^2-\frac{\pi }{4\sqrt{3}}\{\ln 3-8\ln 2\pi -2\gamma +12\ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)\}+{\gamma }_1=-0.5989062842\dots }\\ {\displaystyle {\gamma }_1\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)=-\frac{3\gamma }{2}\ln 3-\frac{3}{4}(\ln 3{)}^2-(\ln 2{)}^2-(3\ln 3+2\gamma )\ln 2+\frac{3\pi \sqrt{3}}{2}\ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)}\\ {\displaystyle -\frac{\pi }{2\sqrt{3}}\{3\ln 3+11\ln 2+\frac{15}{2}\ln \pi +3\gamma \}+{\gamma }_1=-10.74258252\dots }\\ {\displaystyle {\gamma }_1\left(\frac{5}{6}\right)=-\frac{3\gamma }{2}\ln 3-\frac{3}{4}(\ln 3{)}^2-(\ln 2{)}^2-(3\ln 3+2\gamma )\ln 2-\frac{3\pi \sqrt{3}}{2}\ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)}\\ {\displaystyle +\frac{\pi }{2\sqrt{3}}\{3\ln 3+11\ln 2+\frac{15}{2}\ln \pi +3\gamma \}+{\gamma }_1=-0.2461690038\dots }\end{array}}$

These values were calculated by Blagouchine,^[30] due to whom we also have the following:

${\displaystyle \begin{array}{ll}{\displaystyle {\gamma }_1\left(\frac{1}{5}\right)=}& {\displaystyle {\gamma }_1+\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\{{\zeta }^{″}(0,\frac{1}{5})+{\zeta }^{″}(0,\frac{4}{5})\}+\frac{\pi \sqrt{10+2\sqrt{5}}}{2}\ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{5}\right)}\\ & {\displaystyle +\frac{\pi \sqrt{10-2\sqrt{5}}}{2}\ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{2}{5}\right)+\{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\ln 2-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\ln (1+\sqrt{5})-\frac{5}{4}\ln 5-\frac{\pi \sqrt{25+10\sqrt{5}}}{10}\}\cdot \gamma }\\ & {\displaystyle -\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\{\ln 2+\ln 5+\ln \pi +\frac{\pi \sqrt{25-10\sqrt{5}}}{10}\}\cdot \ln (1+\sqrt{5})+\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}(\ln 2{)}^2+\frac{\sqrt{5}(1-\sqrt{5})}{8}(\ln 5{)}^2}\\ & {\displaystyle +\frac{3\sqrt{5}}{4}\ln 2\cdot \ln 5+\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\ln 2\cdot \ln \pi +\frac{\sqrt{5}}{4}\ln 5\cdot \ln \pi -\frac{\pi (2\sqrt{25+10\sqrt{5}}+5\sqrt{25+2\sqrt{5}})}{20}\ln 2}\\ & {\displaystyle -\frac{\pi (4\sqrt{25+10\sqrt{5}}-5\sqrt{5+2\sqrt{5}})}{40}\ln 5-\frac{\pi (5\sqrt{5+2\sqrt{5}}+\sqrt{25+10\sqrt{5}})}{10}\ln \pi }\\ & {\displaystyle =-8.030205511\dots }\\ {\displaystyle {\gamma }_1\left(\frac{1}{8}\right)=}& {\displaystyle {\gamma }_1+\sqrt{2}\{{\zeta }^{″}(0,\frac{1}{8})+{\zeta }^{″}(0,\frac{7}{8})\}+2\pi \sqrt{2}\ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{8}\right)-\pi \sqrt{2}(1-\sqrt{2})\ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)}\\ & {\displaystyle -\{\frac{1+\sqrt{2}}{2}\pi +4\ln 2+\sqrt{2}\ln (1+\sqrt{2}\left)\right\}\cdot \gamma -\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\pi +8\ln 2+2\ln \pi )\cdot \ln (1+\sqrt{2})}\\ & {\displaystyle -\frac{7(4-\sqrt{2})}{4}(\ln 2{)}^2+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\ln 2\cdot \ln \pi -\frac{\pi (10+11\sqrt{2})}{4}\ln 2-\frac{\pi (3+2\sqrt{2})}{2}\ln \pi }\\ & {\displaystyle =-16.64171976\dots }\\ {\displaystyle {\gamma }_1\left(\frac{1}{12}\right)=}& {\displaystyle {\gamma }_1+\sqrt{3}\{{\zeta }^{″}(0,\frac{1}{12})+{\zeta }^{″}(0,\frac{11}{12})\}+4\pi \ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)+3\pi \sqrt{3}\ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}\\ & {\displaystyle -\{\frac{2+\sqrt{3}}{2}\pi +\frac{3}{2}\ln 3-\sqrt{3}(1-\sqrt{3})\ln 2+2\sqrt{3}\ln (1+\sqrt{3}\left)\right\}\cdot \gamma }\\ & {\displaystyle -2\sqrt{3}(3\ln 2+\ln 3+\ln \pi )\cdot \ln (1+\sqrt{3})-\frac{7-6\sqrt{3}}{2}(\ln 2{)}^2-\frac{3}{4}(\ln 3{)}^2}\\ & {\displaystyle +\frac{3\sqrt{3}(1-\sqrt{3})}{2}\ln 3\cdot \ln 2+\sqrt{3}\ln 2\cdot \ln \pi -\frac{\pi (17+8\sqrt{3})}{2\sqrt{3}}\ln 2}\\ & {\displaystyle +\frac{\pi (1-\sqrt{3})\sqrt{3}}{4}\ln 3-\pi \sqrt{3}(2+\sqrt{3})\ln \pi =-29.84287823\dots }\end{array}}$

The second generalized Stieltjes constant is much less studied than the first constant. Similarly to the first generalized Stieltjes constant, the second generalized Stieltjes constant at rational argument may be evaluated via the following formula:

${\displaystyle \begin{array}{r}{\displaystyle {\gamma }_2\left(\frac{r}{m}\right)={\gamma }_2+\frac{2}{3}{\displaystyle \sum _{l=1}^{m-1}}\cos \frac{2\pi rl}{m}\cdot {\zeta }^{‴}(0,\frac{l}{m})-2(\gamma +\ln 2\pi m){\displaystyle \sum _{l=1}^{m-1}}\cos \frac{2\pi rl}{m}\cdot {\zeta }^{″}(0,\frac{l}{m})}\\ {\displaystyle +\pi {\displaystyle \sum _{l=1}^{m-1}}\sin \frac{2\pi rl}{m}\cdot {\zeta }^{″}(0,\frac{l}{m})-2\pi (\gamma +\ln 2\pi m){\displaystyle \sum _{l=1}^{m-1}}\sin \frac{2\pi rl}{m}\cdot \ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{l}{m}\right)-2{\gamma }_1\ln m}\\ {\displaystyle -{\gamma }^3-[(\gamma +\ln 2\pi m{)}^2-\frac{{\pi }^2}{12}]\cdot \mathrm{\Psi }\left(\frac{r}{m}\right)+\frac{{\pi }^3}{12}\cot \frac{\pi r}{m}-{\gamma }^2\ln \left(4{\pi }^2{m}^3\right)+\frac{{\pi }^2}{12}(\gamma +\ln m)}\\ {\displaystyle -\gamma ((\ln 2\pi {)}^2+4\ln m\cdot \ln 2\pi +2(\ln m{)}^2)-\{(\ln 2\pi {)}^2+2\ln 2\pi \cdot \ln m+\frac{2}{3}(\ln m{)}^2\}\ln m}\end{array},r=1,2,3,\dots ,m-1.}$

see Blagouchine.^[5] An equivalent result was later obtained by Coffey by another method.^[33]

0.00 (0 votes) Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stieltjes constants. Read more