Structured type

The 1999 standard introduced a number of object–relational database features into SQL, chiefly among them structured user-defined types, usually called just structured types. These can be defined either in plain SQL with CREATE TYPE but also in Java via SQL/JRT. SQL structured types allow single inheritance. Structured types are supported to varying degrees in Oracle Database, IBM Db2, PostgreSQL and Microsoft SQL Server, although the latter only allows structured types defined in CLR.

SQL examples

Object structured type

In order to define a custom structure type using Oracle Database one could use statements such as these:

CREATE TYPE Person_Type AS OBJECT (
    person_title VARCHAR2(10),
    person_first_name VARCHAR2(20),
    person_last_name VARCHAR2(20),
) 
NOT FINAL;

Such structure type can be then used to create a table that would also hold all columns defined in Person_Type:

CREATE TABLE Person_Table OF Person_Type;

Custom structure types support inheritance, which means that one can create another type that inherits from previous. NOT FINAL statement must be however included in a base structure type definition in order to allow for creation of any other subtypes.

CREATE TYPE Student_Type UNDER Person_Type (
   matriculation_number NUMBER(10)

);

Student_Type then could be used in order to create a Student_Table which will include all columns defined in Person_Type as well. Primary Key and Constraints should be defined during or after creation of table and cannot be defined inside structure type itself.

CREATE TABLE Student_Table OF Student_Type (
   matriculation_number PRIMARY KEY,
   CONSTRAINT person_title_not_null_constraint NOT NULL (person_title),

);

Each custom structure type can also contain other types in order to support more complex structures:

CREATE TYPE Address_Type AS OBJECT (
   address_street VARCHAR2(30),
   address_city VARCHAR2(30),

);
CREATE TYPE University AS OBJECT (

   university_name VARCHAR2(30),
   university_address Address_Type

);

Further reading

• Jim Melton (2003). Advanced SQL: 1999. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-55860-677-7.  Chapters 2-4.
• Suzanne W. Dietrich; Susan D. Urban (2011). Fundamentals of Object Databases: Object-Oriented and Object-Relational Design. Morgan & Claypool Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60845-476-1.  Chapter 3.
• Catherine Ricardo (2011). Databases Illuminated (2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4496-0600-8. https://archive.org/details/databasesillumin0000rica_2ed.  Chapter 8.

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