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Terra (blockchain)

From HandWiki - Reading time: 11 min
Short description: Blockchain protocol and payment platform


Terra
Developer(s)Terraform Labs
Initial release24 April 2019[citation needed]
Websiteterra.money

Terra is a blockchain protocol and payment platform used for algorithmic stablecoins. The project was created in 2018 by Terraform Labs, a startup co-founded by Do Kwon and Daniel Shin. It is most known for its Terra stablecoin and the associated Luna reserve asset cryptocurrency.

In May 2022, the Terra blockchain was temporarily halted after the collapse of the stablecoin TerraUSD (UST) and Luna, in an event that wiped out almost $45 billion in market capitalisation within a week.[1][2]

Design

Terra is a blockchain that leverages fiat-pegged stablecoins to power a payment system. For consensus the Terra blockchain uses a proof-of-stake codesign.[3] Several stablecoins are built atop the Terra protocol,[3] including TerraUSD, which was the third largest stablecoin by market capitalisation before its collapse in May 2022.[4] The Terra blockchain has a fully-functional ecosystem of decentralized applications (or DApps), such as Anchor, Mirror, and Pylon, which utilised the stable-coin infrastructure of Terra.[5]

Terra is a group of algorithmic stablecoins, named according to the currencies to which they are pegged—for example, TerraUSD (UST) is pegged to the United States dollar . Luna serves as the primary backing asset for Terra, and is also used as a governance token for users to vote on Terra community proposals. UST stablecoins were not backed by U.S. dollars; instead, it was designed to maintain its peg through a complex model called a "burn and mint equilibrium". This method uses a two-token system, whereby one token is supposed to remain stable (UST) while the other token (LUNA) is meant to absorb volatility.[6]

The Anchor Protocol was a lending and borrowing protocol built on the Terra chain. Investors who deposited UST in the Anchor Protocol were receiving a 19.45% yield that was paid out from Terra's reserves.[7] Due to such a high-yielding mechanism of the Anchor Protocol, some critics raised concerns that Kwon's stablecoin model could function like a "ginormous Ponzi scheme".[8][9][10] Mirror Protocol was another project based on the Terra chain, which designed and offered financial derivatives that virtually "mirrored" actual listed stocks.[11]

History

In 2018, Do Kwon and Daniel Shin (also known as Shin Hyun-sung[12]) co-founded Terraform Labs in Seoul, South Korea. In 2019, Terraform Labs launched its first cryptocurrency token.[3] Terraform Labs raised more than $200 million from investment firms such as Arrington Capital, Coinbase Ventures, Galaxy Digital and Lightspeed Venture Partners.[13]

In January 2022, the Luna Foundation Guard (LFG) was established as a non-profit based in Singapore, with Do Kwon serving as its director. Terraform Labs allocated a portion of the money obtained from UST sales to Luna Foundation Guard, to be used as reserves to stabilise the price of UST. As of 7 May, just before UST broke its peg, LFG held reserves of 80,394 bitcoin worth approximately $2.4 billion. Bitcoin was the largest portion of the reserve assets, though LFG also held reserves in various other stablecoins and cryptocurrencies.[14]

In February 2022, Terra and the Washington Nationals Major League Baseball team announced they had entered into a sponsorship agreement which provided stadium and television branding, as well as the rebranding of the Washington Nationals club and lounge to the "Terra Club". The deal was originally proposed to the Terra community by Kwon, referring only to an unnamed "sports franchise in one of the four major American professional sports leagues", and the community agreed to pay $38.15 million for a five-year-long exclusive partnership.[15]

The founders Kwon and Shin each owned one share of Terraform Labs, giving each founder 50% of controlling power. Kwon later enlarged his stock pool to eleven shares, giving him approximately 91.7% ownership and Shin the remaining 8.3%. Shin and Chai Corporation, a Terra-ecosystem payment service company that he founded, announced on 18 May 2022 that Shin no longer held any ownership stock in Terraform Labs. However, after it was revealed from sources of the Singaporean Account and Corporate Regulatory Authority that Shin still held 8.3% of Terraform Labs ownership, Chai Corporation announced that Shin was not able to "finish liquidating his remaining ownership in time" despite having the same share of ownership as of 18 May. The documents from the Singaporean authority also revealed that as of 18 May, Shin held 51.2% of ownership and Kwon 22.4% of Chai Holdings, the parent company of Chai Corporation.[16][17][18]

Collapse

See also: Cryptocurrency bubble#Collapse of Terra-LunaBeginning on 9 May 2022, the tokens made headlines after UST began to break its peg to the US dollar. Over the next week, the price of UST plunged to 10 cents,[19] while Luna fell to "virtually zero", down from an all-time high of $119.51.[20] Before the crash, Luna was one of the top ten largest cryptocurrencies on the market.[21] The collapse wiped out almost $45 billion of market capitalisation over the course of a week.[1][22]

On 13 May, Terraform Labs temporarily halted the Terra blockchain in response to the falling prices of UST and Luna.[20][23] Despite the company's attempts to stabilise UST and Luna via its bitcoin and other cryptocurrency reserves from the Luna Foundation Guard, the 1:1 peg of UST to USD did not materialise. (As of May 2022), blockchain analysts claim that the usage of the bitcoin reserves of LFG still remains largely uncertain.[24][25]

Likely causes of the collapse included mass withdrawals from the Anchor Protocol days before the collapse, investor concerns about cryptocurrencies more generally, and a drop in the price of bitcoin.[26][27][28] During the collapse, holders converted Terra into Luna via the mint-and-burn system, which caused the price of Luna to collapse due to its increased supply.[29] This in turn destabilised the balancing mechanism between the currencies.[27]

On 25 May, a proposal was approved to reissue a new Luna cryptocurrency and to decouple from and abandon the devalued UST stablecoin. The original blockchain is now called Terra Classic (LUNC), and the original Luna token is called Luna Classic.[30][31] The new Luna coin is called "Terra 2.0" by investors, and has lost valuation in the opening days of being listed on exchanges.[32][33][34]

In an August 2022 interview on the NFTV series Coinage, which occurred few months following the collapse, Terra founder Do Kwon remarked that his faith in Terra now "seems super irrational". However, he would also deny that the Terra system was a ponzi scheme.[35]

On 23 March 2023 Kwon attempted travel to Dubai using falsified Costa Rican documents,[36][37] while also carrying falsified Belgian travel documents,[36] but was intercepted and arrested at Podgorica Airport in Montenegro.[36][37] A federal grand jury in Manhattan subsequently laid eight charges against Kwon, including securities fraud, commodities fraud, wire fraud and conspiracy.[38] The following month, KBS News reported that Kwon had sent 9 billion won, equaling USD $7 million, to law firm Kim & Chang, prior to the collapse of TerraUSD.[39]

Licensing and regulatory issues

Terraform Labs Pte. Ltd., the company behind Terra, is incorporated in Singapore but did not submit an application for a licence under the Payment Services Act according to The Straits Times.[40] It is also not a notified entity, meaning it has not been granted temporary exemption from holding a licence by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.[40] According to documents filed by Kwon at the Supreme Court of Korea's Registry Office, Kwon filed to dissolve the company's Korean entity on 30 April 2022, and was granted approval on 4 May 2022.[41][unreliable source?][42][43][44][45][46]

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) issued a subpoena to Terraform Labs and Kwon in 2021, with specific regard to Terraform Labs' Mirror Protocol, which designed and offered financial derivatives that virtually "mirrored" actual listed stocks.[11] Kwon responded by stating that he wouldn't comply with the demands, and instead would be suing the SEC.[47] Despite Kwon's attempts to dispute and avoid investigations from the SEC, a U.S. Court hearing in Manhattan in February 2022 ruled in favour of the SEC's right to continue its investigation into Kwon and Terraform Labs.[citation needed] In February 2023, the SEC charged Terraform Labs and Kwon with fraud.[48]

On 18 May, the newly appointed Korean Minister of Justice, Han Dong-hoon, enlarged the economic crimes investigation division of the Seoul Southern District Prosecutor's Office, vowing to "track illegal funds and capital transfers, crack down on tax evasion, audit company finances, compile transaction data, and seize the proceeds of criminal financial activity."[49] On its first day of operation, the Financial and Securities Crimes Joint Investigation Team singled out the Luna and Terra crisis as its first investigation target.[50][51][52]

A class action, Patterson v. TerraForm Labs Pte Ltd. et al, was filed against Terraform Labs and others in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on 17 June 2022.[53] In September 2022, a $56.9 million class action was filed at the High Court of Singapore against Do Kwon, Terraform Labs, Nikolaos Alexandros Platias and the Luna Foundation Guard.[54]

In June 2022, Yonhap News reported that 15 people, including former Terraform developers for the Anchor lending protocol, had been imposed with travel restrictions by the Korean government.[55] On November 29, 2022 an arrest warrant was issued for Daniel Shin by South Korean prosecutors.[56]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Miller, Hannah (13 May 2022). "Terra $45 Billion Face Plant Creates Crowd of Crypto Losers". https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-05-14/terra-s-45-billion-face-plant-creates-a-crowd-of-crypto-losers. 
  2. ↑ Melinek, Jacquelyn (12 May 2022). "Terra resumes blockchain production after halting to prevent hacks amid UST crash" (in en-US). https://social.techcrunch.com/2022/05/12/terra-halts-its-blockchain-to-prevent-hacks-ust/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Ledbetter, James (13 May 2022). "The Crazy Crypto Meltdown of Terra and LUNA, Explained" (in en-US). https://observer.com/2022/05/the-crazy-crypto-meltdown-of-terra-and-luna-explained/. 
  4. ↑ "Here's how crypto's third largest stablecoin Terra (UST) collapsed" (in en-US). 10 May 2022. https://protos.com/heres-how-cryptos-third-largest-stablecoin-terra-ust-collapsed/. 
  5. ↑ Shen, Muyao (13 May 2022). "Crypto Exchanges Start to Suspend Terra Tokens After Meltdown" (in en). Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-05-13/crypto-exchanges-start-to-suspend-terra-tokens-after-meltdown. 
  6. ↑ Geron, Tomio (10 May 2022). "Yellen cites UST stablecoin risk after it loses its dollar peg". https://www.protocol.com/bulletins/terra-stablecoin-loses-peg#:~:text=The%20SEC%20has%20previously%20issued,and%20its%20CEO%20Do%20Kwon.&text=Tomio%20Geron%20(%20%40tomiogeron)%20is,covering%20venture%20capital%20and%20startups.. 
  7. ↑ Shen, Muyao (23 March 2022). "DeFi App Promising 20% Interest on Stablecoin Deposits Raises Concerns". https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-23/terra-s-promise-of-20-defi-return-raises-sustainability-concern. 
  8. ↑ Shen, Muyao; Regan, Michael P. (19 April 2022). "King of the 'Lunatics' Becomes Bitcoin's Most-Watched Whale". Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2022-04-19/terraform-s-do-kwon-s-huge-bitcoin-buys-catch-crypto-billionaires-attention. 
  9. ↑ Davies, Pascale (15 May 2022). "Terra Luna stablecoin collapse explained: Is this the 2008 financial crash moment of cryptocurrency?". Euronews. https://www.euronews.com/next/2022/05/12/terra-luna-stablecoin-collapse-is-this-the-2008-financial-crash-moment-of-cryptocurrency. 
  10. ↑ Ehrlich, Steven (10 May 2022). "Unstable Stablecoin: How Crypto's Crash Broke The Buck For TerraUSD". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevenehrlich/2022/05/10/unstable-stablecoin-how-cryptos-crash-broke-the-buck-for-terrausd/?sh=4954a8506ff4. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "SEC Files Subpoena Enforcement Action Against Terraform Labs and Its CEO". https://www.sec.gov/litigation/litreleases/2021/lr25262.htm. 
  12. ↑ Min-hyung, Lee (21 April 2021). "Young founder of Luna emerges as cryptocurrency tycoon" (in en). https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/biz/2022/05/126_327763.html. 
  13. ↑ Yaffe-Bellany, David; Griffith, Erin (18 May 2022). "How a Trash-Talking Crypto Founder Caused a $40 Billion Crash". https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/18/technology/terra-luna-cryptocurrency-do-kwon.html. 
  14. ↑ Hetzner, Christiaan (16 May 2022). "Luna Foundation Guard has now dumped $2.4 billion from its Bitcoin reserves in failed attempt to defend TerraUSD peg" (in en). https://fortune.com/2022/05/16/luna-foundation-guard-dumps-bitcoin-reserves-terra-usd-peg/. 
  15. ↑ Lane, Sylvan (9 February 2022). "Washington Nationals ink partnership with Terra crypto community" (in en-US). https://thehill.com/policy/finance/593533-washington-nationals-ink-partnership-with-terra-crypto-community/. 
  16. ↑ Kim, Ha-nee (18 May 2022). "신현성-권도형, 싱가포르 '테라' 법인 공동주주...거짓해명 논란" (in ko). Money Today. https://n.news.naver.com/article/008/0004747705. 
  17. ↑ Kim, Kook-bae (18 May 2022). "지분 없다더니…신현성 공동 창업자, 여전히 테라 주주" (in ko). E-Daily News. https://n.news.naver.com/article/018/0005219617. 
  18. ↑ Kim, Hyo-sun (18 May 2022). ""루나 후폭풍 커지는데 창업자들은?" 권도형은 수습 못하고, 신현성은 책임 회피중" (in ko). The Chosun Ilbo ChosunBiz. https://biz.chosun.com/stock/stock_general/2022/05/16/SSZNPBXZEJEW5FHZKGTRCRU3SU/?outputType=amp. 
  19. ↑ Locke, Taylor (13 May 2022). "The crypto crash rivals both the internet bubble burst and the Great Financial Crisis, Bank of America says". https://fortune.com/2022/05/13/crypto-crash-rivals-internet-dotcom-bubble-burst-and-great-financial-crisis-bank-of-america/. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Jagtiani, Sunil (12 May 2022). "Terraform Again Halts Blockchain Behind UST Stablecoin, Luna". https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-05-13/terraform-again-halts-blockchain-behind-ust-stablecoin-luna. 
  21. ↑ Hart, Robert (6 December 2021). "Terra's Luna Becomes Top Ten Cryptocurrency As Market Selloff Sends Bitcoin Down". https://www.forbes.com/sites/roberthart/2021/12/06/terras-luna-becomes-top-ten-cryptocurrency-as-market-selloff-sends-bitcoin-down/. "Terraform Lab’s Luna cryptocurrency is now one of the ten largest cryptocurrencies by market capitalization, according to CoinGecko." 
  22. ↑ Yaffe-Bellany, David; Griffith, Erin (18 May 2022). "How a Trash-Talking Crypto Founder Caused a $40 Billion Crash". https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/18/technology/terra-luna-cryptocurrency-do-kwon.html. "The downfall of Luna and TerraUSD offers a case study in crypto hype and who is left holding the bag when it all comes crashing down. Mr. Kwon’s rise was enabled by respected financiers who were willing to back highly speculative financial products. Some of those investors sold their Luna and TerraUSD coins early, reaping substantial profits, while retail traders now grapple with devastating losses." 
  23. ↑ Melinek, Jacquelyn (12 May 2022). "Terra resumes blockchain production after halting to prevent hacks amid UST crash". TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2022/05/12/terra-halts-its-blockchain-to-prevent-hacks-ust/amp/. 
  24. ↑ Liedtka, Dave (15 May 2022). "Whereabouts of Terra's Bitcoin Reserve a Mystery After Transfers". Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-05-14/whereabouts-of-terra-s-bitcoin-reserve-a-mystery-after-transfers. 
  25. ↑ Jang, Hyung-tae (16 May 2022). "테라 폭락 속... 권도형의 4조5000억 비트코인은 어디 갔나" (in ko). The Chosun Ilbo. https://www.chosun.com/economy/tech_it/2022/05/16/PQRPNVQMMRFE5NXZP5S3F73RAE/?outputType=amp. 
  26. ↑ "Wild week in crypto ends as Bitcoin and stablecoin tumble" (in en-us). 13 May 2022. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/wild-week-in-crypto-ends-as-bitcoin-tumbles-and-stablecoin. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Nieva, Richard; Sethi, Aman (14 May 2022). "Why Crypto Cratered: 5 Things You Need To Know" (in en). https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/richardnieva/crypto-terra-luna-stablecoin-explainer. 
  28. ↑ Ostroff, Caitlin; Yu, Elaine; Kiernan, Paul (11 May 2022). "Cryptocurrency TerraUSD Plunges as Investors Bail" (in en-US). Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. https://www.wsj.com/articles/cryptocurrency-terrausd-plunges-as-investors-bail-11652256429. 
  29. ↑ Lopatto, Elizabeth (20 May 2022). "How the Anchor protocol helped sink Terra". https://www.theverge.com/2022/5/20/23131647/terra-luna-do-kwon-stablecoin-anchor. "The problem with algorithmic stablecoins is that they fail. They fail because they rely on things they can’t control: investor demand; people who will perform the stabilizing arbitrage; and reliable price information. In the specific case of Terra, it seems likely that an unusually large withdrawal knocked the system out of balance. After that, there was a death spiral." 
  30. ↑ Shukla, Sidhartha; Nicolle, Emily (25 May 2022). "Terra Averts Total Collapse With Plan to Split Blockchain, Abandon UST Stablecoin". https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-05-25/do-kwon-wins-backing-for-his-proposal-to-rescue-terra-project. "A proposal by the founder of the troubled Terra ecosystem to salvage the project was approved, averting a total collapse of one of the most-watched experiments in decentralized finance ... The process means Terraform Labs is effectively abandoning the stablecoin TerraUSD, or UST, which from now on will only trade on the Terra Classic blockchain as USTC." 
  31. ↑ Shen, Muyao (25 May 2022). "Luna token relaunch kicks crypto hype machine back into gear". https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/05/25/business/luna-token-relaunch-kicks-crypto-hype-machine-back-into-gear/. "Under the approved measure, the original blockchain will split off and be known as Terra Classic, while Luna, which plunged close to zero this month, will be renamed Luna Classic with the ticker LUNC. The new Terra blockchain will start running a coin under the existing Luna name and ticker, and won’t include the UST stablecoin. The new Luna will be distributed to previous holders of Luna and UST in a so-called air drop." 
  32. ↑ Browne, Ryan (30 May 2022). "The luna cryptocurrency has been resurrected after its $40 billion collapse. It's already crashing". https://www.cnbc.com/2022/05/30/terra-2point0-new-luna-cryptocurrency-is-already-crashing.html. "Now, luna has a new iteration, which investors are calling Terra 2.0. It is already trading on exchanges including Bybit, Kucoin and Huobi. Binance, the world’s largest crypto exchange, says it will list luna on Tuesday." 
  33. ↑ Luenam, Poonyapat (31 May 2022). "Luna 2.0 coin crashes after rocky launch". https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/2318498/luna-2-0-coin-crashes-after-rocky-launch. "On May 28, Luna 2.0 tokens entered the market at 15 baht per coin and surged to over 850 baht. The unit then nosedived to 119 baht, a 75% decline on the price recorded on its relaunch day. As of May 30, the coin is stagnant at around 200 baht, according to crypto exchange Bybit." 
  34. ↑ Morrison, James (8 September 2022). "Terra Luna Classic (LUNC) reaches $0.0005". https://criptokio.com/en/altcoins-en/terra-luna-classic-lunc-price-today-september-8-2022/. "In addition to having entered the Top 30 of cryptos in the market, on September 8th in 2022 the LUNC cryptocurrency of Terra 2.0 has just surpassed the price of $0.0005." 
  35. ↑ Davies, Pascale (2022-08-15). "Terra CEO Do Kwon: 'I alone am responsible for any weaknesses'" (in en). https://www.euronews.com/next/2022/08/15/terra-luna-crash-i-alone-am-responsible-says-ceo-do-kwon-in-first-interview-since-collapse. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 "Crypto Fugitive Do Kwon Is Arrested in Montenegro and Charged With Fraud in US" (in en). Bloomberg.com. 2023-03-23. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-23/terrausd-ust-stablecoin-creator-kwon-believed-to-be-arrested. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "US charges crypto fugitive Do Kwon after Montenegro arrest". Financial Times. 2023-03-23. https://www.ft.com/content/c07bd4c4-f555-49a9-badd-7cf03b5f6e6a. 
  38. ↑ "Do Kwon Charged With Fraud by US Prosecutors in New York" (in en). Bloomberg.com. 2023-03-23. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-23/do-kwon-charged-with-fraud-by-us-prosecutors-in-new-york. 
  39. ↑ "South Korea Signals Do Kwon Retained Law Firm Before Terra Collapse That Roiled Crypto" (in en). Bloomberg.com. 2023-04-17. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-04-17/south-korea-signals-do-kwon-retained-law-firm-before-terrausd-wipeout-hit-crypto. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Wan Chern, Kang (13 May 2022). "askST: Why did TerraUSD, Luna crash and what does it mean for crypto investors?". https://www.straitstimes.com/business/economy/askst-why-did-crypto-crash-and-what-does-it-mean-for-investors. 
  41. ↑ Kang, Jin-kyu (13 May 2021). "권도형 테라 사태 예견?...폭락 직전 테라폼랩스 한국법인 해산" (in ko). DigitalToday. http://www.digitaltoday.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=445413. 
  42. ↑ Kim, Jeong-suk (13 May 2022). "루나 창업자 권도형은 어디에…11일 투자독려 트윗 후 행방묘연" (in ko). Maeil Business Newspaper. https://www.mk.co.kr/news/society/view/2022/05/424985/. 
  43. ↑ Son, Seok-woo (16 May 2022). "[이슈분석 'K-코인' 루나·테라 사태에 가상자산 '쇼크'…영향은?"] (in ko). Seoul Broadcasting System. https://biz.sbs.co.kr/amp/article/20000062610. 
  44. ↑ Jung, Jeong-wook (16 May 2022). "루나, 99% 대폭락…거래소서 퇴출 잇달아" (in ko). The Dong-a Ilbo. https://www.donga.com/news/View?gid=113409018&date=20220516&prod=SPORTS. 
  45. ↑ "루나-테라 폭락에 투자자 모였다…'고소 진행 중'" (in ko). The Financial News. 17 May 2022. https://www.fnnews.com/ampNews/202205171814235378. 
  46. ↑ Jin, Min-ji (18 May 2022). "Luna's Do Kwon may face legal peril, some attorneys argue" (in en). Korea JoongAng Daily. https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/05/18/business/finance/korea-luna-terra/20220518181921296.html. 
  47. ↑ Michaels, Dave (25 October 2021). "Cryptocurrency Company Snared in SEC Dragnet Sues Regulator". https://www.wsj.com/articles/cryptocurrency-company-snared-in-sec-dragnet-sues-regulator-11635181842. 
  48. ↑ "SEC charges Do Kwon, Terraform with fraud in connection with Terra collapse". https://www.cnbc.com/2023/02/16/sec-charges-do-kwon-with-fraud-in-connection-with-terra-collapse.html. 
  49. ↑ Lee, Michael (18 May 2022). "Prosecutors vowing to crack down on financial crimes". JoongAng Ilbo. https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/05/18/national/politics/Korea-justice-minister-Han-Donghoon/20220518180321349.html. 
  50. ↑ Hwang, Doo-hyun (18 May 2022). "부활한 '여의도 저승사자', 1호 수사로 '루나 사태' 정조준" (in ko). Korea Economic Daily. https://www.hankyung.com/finance/amp/202205185827B. 
  51. ↑ Son, Hyeon-an (18 May 2022). "한동훈이 되살린 '여의도 저승사자' 1호 수사 루나" (in ko). Seoul Broadcasting System. https://news.sbs.co.kr/amp/news.amp?news_id=N1006755351. 
  52. ↑ Park, Kate; Liao, Rita (20 May 2022). "Terra creator Do Kwon faces prosecution in South Korea". Yahoo. https://techcrunch.com/2022/05/20/terra-creator-do-kwon-faces-prosecutions-in-south-korea/. "The Seoul Southern District Prosecutors’ Office said Friday that it has kicked off an investigation on Terraform Labs, the organization behind the stablecoin project Terra led by Do Kwon, and assigned the case to its Financial and Securities Crime Joint Investigation Team, a special financial crimes unit brought back recently by the newly appointed justice minister Dong-hoon Han, according to local media." 
  53. ↑ "Patterson v. TerraForm Labs Pte Ltd. et al". https://www.pacermonitor.com/public/case/44953421/Patterson_v_TerraForm_Labs_Pte_Ltd_et_al. 
  54. ↑ "Terra co-founder Do Kwon faces $79.8m lawsuit in Singapore after crypto crash". 8 November 2022. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/terra-co-founder-do-kwon-faces-798m-lawsuit-in-singapore-after-crypto-crash. 
  55. ↑ "Korea Bans Terraform Employees From Leaving Country Amid Probe". 21 June 2022. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-21/korea-bans-terraform-employees-from-leaving-country-amid-probe. 
  56. ↑ "Arrest warrant sought for Terraform Labs co-founder". 3 November 2022. https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20221130001600315. 

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