Table of Contents Categories
  Encyclosphere.org ENCYCLOREADER
  supported by EncyclosphereKSF

Fourth International Posadist

Topic: Unsolved

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 9 min

Short description: Trotskyist faction founded 1962 by J. Posadas
J. Posadas, founder of Posadism.

The Fourth International Posadist is a Trotskyist international. It was founded in 1962 by J. Posadas, who had been the leader of the Latin America Bureau of the Fourth International in the 1950s, and of the Fourth International's section in Argentina . Between their split from the International Secretariat of the Fourth International in 1962 and Posadas' death in 1981, Posadists developed a strain of communism that included several fringe ideas, which brought them into conflict with more mainstream left-wing groups.

Posadism attempts to introduce elements of Ufology into Marxist thought.[1][2] Arguing that only communism can allow the development of interplanetary travel, they concluded that visiting aliens from other planets must live in highly advanced communist societies and are bound to help Earth-based communists with bringing about the world revolution.[3][4]

History

Origins

When the Fourth International (FI) split in 1953, Posadas and his followers sided with Michel Pablo and the International Secretariat of the Fourth International (ISFI).[5] The Posadists began quarrelling with the majority of the ISFI in 1959 over the question of nuclear war with Posadas being a proponent as, he claimed, it would destroy capitalism and clear the way for socialism.[6] The Posadists finally split with the ISFI in 1962 to form the Fourth International (Posadist).[7] The group initially had a following in several countries, particularly among railway workers in Cuba, tin workers in Bolivia and farm workers in Brazil .

There was a significant Posadist group in Cuba. Posadist guerrillas fought alongside Castro and Che Guevara in the 1959 revolution. When the Posadists split from the Fourth International in 1962, they took the Cuban section with them, meaning no other Trotskyist group was represented in Cuba in the 1960s.

The Posadist group was accused by Soviet-friendly forces in Cuba of arguing that the Cuban government should forcibly expel the American military base at Guantanamo Bay and of trying to organize workers in the town of Guantánamo to march on the nearby military base. That was taken as a justification by the government for imposing a ban on them, Castro denouncing their influence as "pestilential" at the Tricontinental Conference held in January 1966.[8] Cuban Posadists went on to claim that Castro had Guevara killed when, it turned out, he was actually in Bolivia fighting with the guerrilla movement there. Conversely, after Guevara was executed by Bolivian authorities, Posadas claimed in 1967 that Che Guevara was not actually dead but was being kept in prison by Castro's government.[9][10] By 1968, a Posadist movement began to develop in Europe; however, the ufology failed to garner much traction.[4]

Decline and resurgence

In the late 1960s, the Posadists became increasingly interested in UFOs, claiming they were evidence of socialism on other planets.[4] The organization soon began to wane in influence and membership, aided by an increasingly paranoid Posadas who expelled many of its members by 1975.[11]

Posadas' death in 1981 meant the virtual dissolution of the organization, with only a few isolated groups continuing to operate to the present day.[9] In the United Kingdom, the Revolutionary Workers' Party (Trotskyist) was founded in 1963 by Posadist members of the Revolutionary Socialist League and despite several schisms and a dwindling membership, it continued to publish its newspaper Red Flag until 2000.[12][13]

In recent years (as of 2018), interests in the Posadists, particularly in regard to their views in ufology, has increased. Several satirical and non-satirical "neo-Posadist" groups emerged on social media, making Posadas "one of the most recognizable names in the history of Trotskyism".[11][14]

Theories

Posadist society

Posadists advocate for a society akin to those proposed by general Marxist theory. A proletarian revolution will destroy the bourgeois state, replaced in turn by a socialist state with controlled media, economy, and trade.[4]

Nuclear first strike

One of the best-known positions of J. Posadas was his enthusiasm for nuclear war. More precisely, at the height of the Cold War, Posadas thought that nuclear war was inevitable. His idea was that rather than wait for the forces of capitalism, the nuclear-armed socialist states should launch a preemptive attack that would destroy the nuclear capabilities of capitalist countries. Additionally, he believed that this sort of catastrophe could spark the world revolution.[9][15]

Posadas vocally opposed the Partial Test Ban Treaty signed in 1963 by the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom , believing that a nuclear war between the US and the Soviet Union was inevitable and desirable, and would create the conditions for socialism, with the "workers' states" winning and resetting society.[16][17]

Scientific progress

Posadas was highly interested in the way scientific advancement could improve human lives when used for the common good, rather than for profit. In an essay written entitled "Childbearing in space, the confidence of humanity, and Socialism" (1978), he espoused his vision of a Utopian future under the guidance of science:

"Humanity feels pressed and oppressed by the straightjacket that imprisons science. For science is oppressed! The capitalists oppress science by using it to kill people. When science is liberated – it will not be long, in only a few years – we will wipe out all the problems, floods, hunger, and misery. All this could already be done, and it will not be long before we do. And when we do, everyone will be an architect, an engineer, a doctor, and the like."
—Posadas (1978)[18]

Posadas was also a supporter of exploration by the former USSR and the China . He praised an alleged plan by the Soviet Union to have a woman give birth in space, considering such endeavors the mark of an advanced society, that is on a path of eliminating primal needs such as survival, security and comfort:

"If we have already the audacity to envisage childbearing in space, it is because we feel part of a quest that transcends life on Earth."
—Posadas[18]

These views are in line with the more mainstream positions of Russian cosmism and transhumanism.[18][19]

Ufology

Posadas was the author of a number of works with an unconventional slant and towards the end of his life he tried to create a synthesis of Trotskyism and Ufology. His most prominent thesis from this perspective was the 1968 pamphlet Flying saucers, the process of matter and energy, science, the revolutionary and working-class struggle and the socialist future of mankind which exposed many of the ideas associated today with Posadism. Here, Posadas claims that while there is no proof of intelligent life in the universe, the science of the time makes their existence likely. Furthermore, he claims that any extraterrestrials visiting earth in flying saucers must come from a socially and scientifically advanced civilisation to master inter-planetary travel, and that such a civilisation could have only come about in a post-capitalist world.[3]

Believing visiting aliens to be naturally non-violent, who are only here to observe, Posadas argues that humans must call on them to intervene in solving the Earth's problems, namely "to suppress poverty, hunger, unemployment and war, to give everyone the means to live in dignity and to lay the bases for human fraternity". The means to achieving this end remained within the mainstream Trotskyist and included ending capitalism as well as the bureaucracy of the workers' states and establishing a socialist society.[3][20]

Despite Posadas himself never publishing anything on the subject after 1968,[1] ufology nonetheless became an important part of Posadism. After his death in 1981, some Posadists continued to explore the subject, notably Dante Minazzoli,[21] Paul Schulz, and Werner Grundmann.[14][22] Others, however, have distanced themselves from the more unconventional notions and have claimed that Posadas' interest in extraterrestrial life was a marginal point that was blown out of proportions.[9]

Member parties

The Fourth International Posadist claims the following parties as members.[23] It is unknown how many of these organisations still exist or how many members they have. However it is unlikely there are more than a hundred members of the Posadist movement throughout the world. The organization currently lists contacts in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, however only Uruguay has a functioning party.[24]

  • Uruguay – Revolutionary Workers Party Trotskyist-Posadist (Partido Obrero Revolucionario (Trotskista-Posadista))

Defunct

  • Argentina – Revolutionary Workers' Party Posadist (Partido Obrero Revolucionario – Posadista)
  • Belgium – Revolutionary Worker's Party – Trotskyist (Parti Ouvrier Révolutionnaire – Trotskiste)
  • Bolivia – Revolutionary Workers Party Trotskyist–Posadist (Partido Obrero Revolucionario (Trotskista Posadista))
  • Brazil – Brazilian Section of the Trotskyist-Posadist IVth International (Seção Brasileira da IV Internacional Trotskista-Posadista)
  • United Kingdom – Revolutionary Workers' Party (Trotskyist)[25]
  • Chile – Revolutionary Workers' Party (Posadist) (Partido Obrero Revolucionario (Posadista))
  • Colombia – Posadist Trotskyist Workers Party (Partido Obrero Trotskista Posadista)
  • Cuba – Revolutionary Workers' Party (Trotskyist) – (Partido Obrero Revolucionario (Trotskista))
  • France – Revolutionary Communist Party (Trotskyist) – (Parti Communiste Révolutionnaire (Trotskyiste))
  • Germany – Posadist Communist Party (Posadistische Kommunistische Partei)
  • Greece – Revolutionary Communist Party-Posadists (Epanastatiko Kommounistiko Komma-Posadistes)
  • Italy – Revolutionary Communist Party (Trotskyist-Posadist) – (Partito Comunista Rivoluzionario (Trotzkista-Posadista))
  • Mexico – Revolutionary Workers' Party (Trotskyist) – (Partido Obrero Revolucionario (Trotskista))
  • Peru – Revolutionary Workers' Party (Partido Obrero Revolucionario (Trotskista))
  • Spain – Revolutionary Worker's Party (Trotskyist-Posadist) – (Partido Obrero Revolucionario (Trotskista-Posadista))
  • United States – Revolutionary Workers Party (Trotskyist-Posadist)

See also

Notes

A. ^ As the conditions of his stay in Italy formally prevented Posadas from undertaking any political activity, all articles written between 1968 and his 1981 death in Paris have appeared with the dateline "1968."

References

  1. ↑ Walker, David; Gray, Daniel (2009) (in en). The A to Z of Marxism. Lanham, MA and Plymouth: Scarecrow Press. p. 245. ISBN 9780810870185. https://books.google.com/books?id=cRa1JpOeG-EC&q=posadism&pg=PA245. 
  2. ↑ Gittlitz, A.M. (4 April 2020). "J. Posadas, the Trotskyist Who Believed in Intergalactic Communism" (in en-US). https://jacobinmag.com/2020/04/j-posadas-argentina-trotskyism-ufos. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Posadas, J. (1968). Les soucoupes volantes, le processus de la matière et de l'énergie, la science, la lutte de classes et revolutionnaire et le future socialiste de l'humanité. Paris: Éditions Réed. https://www.marxists.org/archive/posadas/1968/06/flyingsaucers.html. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Nikolaou, Kiveli (15 September 2014). "Posadists Believe that Socialism Can Only Be Established With the Help of Aliens" (in en-US). https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/dpw5aj/posadism-trotskyism-guillermo-almeyra-interview-876. 
  5. ↑ Alexander, Robert Jackson (1991) (in en). International Trotskyism, 1929-1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement. Durham and London: Duke University Press. pp. 41–42. ISBN 9780822310662. https://archive.org/details/internationaltro01alex_2. "michel pablo posadas 1953." 
  6. ↑ Alexander, Robert Jackson (1991). International Trotskyism, 1929–1985: a documented analysis of the movement. Duke University Press. pp. 659–664. ISBN 0-8223-1066-X. https://archive.org/details/internationaltro01alex_2/page/659. 
  7. ↑ Kelly, John (2018) (in en). Contemporary Trotskyism: Parties, Sects and Social Movements in Britain. Routledge Studies in Radical History and Politics. 22. Routledge. p. 44. ISBN 9781317368946. https://books.google.com/books?id=0mJRDwAAQBAJ&q=posadas&pg=PT484. 
  8. ↑ Alexander, Robert Jackson (1991). International Trotskyism, 1929–1985: a documented analysis of the movement. Duke University Press. pp. 230–231. ISBN 0-8223-1066-X. https://archive.org/details/internationaltro01alex_2/page/230. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Wenz, John (2017-11-01). "UFOs, dolphins, nuclear war and communism: the stranger than sci-fi political party" (in en). https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/ufos-dolphins-nuclear-war-and-communism-the-stranger-than-sci-fi-political-party. 
  10. ↑ Castro, Fidel (15 January 1966). "At the Closing Session of the Tricontinental Conference". https://www.marxists.org/history/cuba/archive/castro/1966/01/15.htm. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Gittlitz, A. M. (9 April 2018). "A critical assessment of the former Latin American Bureau tendency within the Fourth International [Translated by Nicolas Allen, annotated by A.M. Gittlitz"]. https://www.marxists.org/archive/posadas/critical.htm. 
  12. ↑ Barberis, Peter; McHugh, John; Tyldesley, Mike; Pendry, Helen (2000) (in en). Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations: Parties, Groups and Movements of the 20th Century. London and New York: A&C Black. p. 161. ISBN 9780826458148. https://books.google.com/books?id=qps14mSlghcC&q=Revolutionary+Workers%27+Party+%28Trotskyist%29. 
  13. ↑ "Homage to Brian McNeal: The Posadist IV International in Britain Renders Homage to Its Dead Comrade" (in en-US). 9 January 2016. http://posadiststoday.com/775-2/. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Gittlitz, A. M. (14 July 2018). "The secret history of Marxist alien hunters" (in en). https://theoutline.com/post/5384/the-secret-history-of-marxist-alien-hunters. 
  15. ↑ Hayter, Teresa (1971) (in en). Hayter of the Bourgeoisie. Sidgwick and Jackson. p. 144. ISBN 9780283978005. https://books.google.com/books?id=-IMqAQAAIAAJ&q=posadas+nuclear+war+pre-emptive. 
  16. ↑ Woods, Alan (2013) (in en). Ted Grant: Permanent Revolutionary. London and Minneapolis, MN: Wellred Publications. ISBN 9781900007474. https://books.google.com/books?id=bie0mgEACAAJ. 
  17. ↑ Hodges, Donald Clark (1974) (in en). The Latin American Revolution: Politics and Strategy from Apro-Marxism to Guevarism. W. Morrow. p. 120. ISBN 9780688003159. https://books.google.com/books?id=Jyd7AAAAMAAJ&q=posadist+nuclear+war. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Posadas, J. (1978). Childbearing in space, the confidence of humanity, and Socialism. https://quatrieme-internationale-posadiste.org/pdf_texte/EN/JP-Childbearing-in-space-JP-final.pdf. 
  19. ↑ Tucker, S. D. (2017) (in en). Space Oddities: Our Strange Attempts to Explain the Universe. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 9781445662633. https://books.google.com/books?id=ojMqDwAAQBAJ&q=Childbearing+in+space%2C+the+confidence+of+humanity%2C+and+Socialism&pg=PT142. 
  20. ↑ Gittlitz, A. M. (2017-07-24). "Opinion | 'Make It So': 'Star Trek' and Its Debt to Revolutionary Socialism" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/24/opinion/make-it-so-star-trek-and-its-debt-to-revolutionary-socialism.html. 
  21. ↑ Minazzoli, Dante (1989). Perché gli extraterrestri non-prendono contatto pubblicamente?: Come vede un marxista il fenomeno degli UFO. Milano: Editrice Nuovi Autori. https://www.academia.edu/8381463. 
  22. ↑ Johnson, Elliott; Walker, David; Gray, Daniel (2014) (in en). Historical Dictionary of Marxism (Second ed.). Lanham, Boulder, New York, London: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 353. ISBN 9781442237988. https://books.google.com/books?id=xbmCBAAAQBAJ&q=Paul+Schulz+posadism&pg=PA353. 
  23. ↑ "Posadist 4th International". http://quatrieme-internationale-posadiste.org/QIP/index.php?lang=en. 
  24. ↑ "跑狗图|993994跑狗网 localhost|高清跑狗图新版 993994". http://cuartainternacionalposadista.org/. 
  25. ↑ Barberis, Peter; McHugh, John; Tyldesley, Mike (2002). Encyclopedia of British and Irish political organizations. Continuum. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-8264-5814-8. 

External links



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Unsolved:Fourth_International_Posadist&oldid=2169849"
Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 | Source: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Unsolved:Fourth_International_Posadist
5 views | Status: cached on November 15 2022 00:43:01
↧ Download this article as ZWI file
Encyclosphere.org EncycloReader is supported by the EncyclosphereKSF