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List of cryptids

Topic: Unsolved

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Cryptids are animals or other beings whose present existence is disputed or unsubstantiated by science. Cryptozoology, the study of cryptids, is a pseudoscience claiming that such beings may exist somewhere in the wild; it has been widely critiqued by scientists.[1][2][3][4] The subculture is regularly criticized for reliance on anecdotal information[5] and because in the course of investigating animals that most scientists believe are unlikely to have existed, cryptozoologists do not follow the scientific method.[6] Many scientists have criticized the plausibility of cryptids due to lack of physical evidence,[7] likely misidentifications[8] and misinterpretation of stories from folklore.[9] While biologists regularly identify new species following established scientific methodology, cryptozoologists focus on entities mentioned in the folklore record and rumor.

List

Aquatic or semi-aquatic

See also: Unsolved:List of lake monsters
Name Other names Description Purported location Depiction
Anguila peluda {{{2}}}

[10]

Hairy Eel Pond animal Pamital ravine, Canary Islands
Beast of Busco[11] Oscar[12] Giant snapping turtle Churubusco, Indiana, United States
Bunyip[13] Bahnyip Amphibious creature Australia 180px
Cadborosaurus {{{2}}}

[14]

Caddy Sea animal Pacific Coast of North America 180px
Champ[15] Champy Lake monster Lake Champlain, North America 180px
Cryptid whales[16][17] Giglioli's Whale, Rhinoceros dolphin, High-finned sperm whale, Alula whale, Unidentified beaked whales Sea animal Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean 180px
Dobhar-chú[18] Water Hound, King Otter Extra-large otter-like carnivorous aquatic mammal Ireland 180px
Gloucester sea serpent[19] Large serpent Gloucester, Massachusetts

(Cape Ann), United States

Iemisch[20] Iemisch Listai Mix of a jaguar and otter Patagonian region of Argentina
Igopogo[21] Kempenfelt Kelly Lake monster Lake Simcoe, Ontario, Canada
Labynkyr Devil[22][23][24] Lake monster Oymyakonsky Ulus, Sakha Republic, Russia
Loch Ness Monster[25] Nessie Lake monster Loch Ness, Scotland Sculpture of the Loch Ness monster as a plesiosaurus
Loveland Frog[26] Loveland frogman, Loveland lizard Humanoid frog Loveland, Ohio, United States 180px
Manipogo[27] Winnipogo Lake monster Lake Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
Mbielu-mbielu-mbielu[28] Stegosaurid dinosaur (lake, river and/or swamp monster) Democratic Republic of the Congo 180px
Megalodon (surviving populations)[29][30][31] Otodus megalodon[lower-alpha 1] Giant prehistoric shark Oceans 180px
Mermaid[32] Siren[33] Top half human female and bottom half fish Oceans, various bodies of water 180px
Mokele-mbembe[34] Dinosaur (lake, river and/or swamp monster) Democratic Republic of the Congo 180px
Montauk Monster[35][36] Small bald beaked mammal Montauk, New York, United States
Morgawr[37] Sea serpent Falmouth Bay, Cornwall, United Kingdom
Ogopogo[15] N'ha•a•itk, Naitaka Lake monster Okanagan Lake, British Columbia, Canada 180px
Sea serpents[38] Sea animals, dinosaurs All bodies of water 180px
Shrimpy[39][40] Giant Shrimp in the Laundry Room, Bremerton Giant Shrimp 5-foot tall Shrimp Basement in Bremerton, Washington
Selma[41] Seljordsormen Lake monster Lake Seljord, Telemark, Norway 180px
Steller's sea ape[42] Sea animal Northern Pacific Ocean
Lake monster Lake Storsjön, Jämtland, Sweden 180px

Terrestrial

Name Other names Description Purported location Depiction
British big cats[43] Alien big cats (ABCs), phantom cats, mystery cats, English lions,
Beast of Bodmin, Beast of Exmoor 		Non-native, wild big cats Great Britain 180px
Chupacabra[44] Chupacabras (Spanish for goat-sucker) Highly variable – typically falling into two categories: 1) bipedal humanoid with spiked spines (original description); 2) a quadrupedal canid[45] Puerto Rico (originally),
South and Central America,
Southern North America 		180px
Dover Demon[46] Approximately four-foot tall humanoid creature with glowing eyes Dover, Massachusetts, United States 180px
Fresno nightcrawler[47] Resembling a pair of white trousers, this creature reportedly has long, white legs immediately topped by a rounded head.[48] Fresno, California, United States
Grafton monster A tall, pale headless figure who produces strange whistling noises.[49] Grafton, West Virginia
Goatman[50][51][52] Pope Lick Monster; Lake Worth monster; Satyr; Faun Humanoid creature with the torso and head of a man (with horns sprouting from the head) and the legs of a goat Prince George's County, Maryland; Louisville, Kentucky; Lake Worth, Texas
Katanga Snake[53] Greenish-Brown 50-foot long snake with a horse-like head [54] Katanga Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Lizard Man of Scape Ore Swamp[55] Lizard Man of Lee County Bipedal, humanoid reptilian creature Lee County, South Carolina, United States
Michigan Dogman[56] Humanoid dog Wexford County, Michigan, United States
Moa (surviving original populations)[57][lower-alpha 2] Dinornis robustus (South Island giant moa), Dinornis novaezelandiae (North Island giant moa), Anomalopteryx didiformis (Bush moa, little bush moa, or lesser moa) Medium to large flightless birds New Zealand 180px
Mongolian death worm[58] Allghoi (or orghoi) khorkhoi Worm-like animal Gobi Desert (Asia) 180px
Nandi bear[59] Chemosit, Kerit, Koddoelo, Ngoelo, Ngoloko, Duba Large, powerfully built carnivore Eastern Africa 180px
Phantom kangaroo[60][61] Kangaroos which appear outside of their normal range of Australia and New Guinea. Chicago, Illinois

Japan United Kingdom Sweden

Queensland Tiger[62] Yarri Large feline Queensland, Australia
Thylacine (surviving original populations)[63][64][lower-alpha 3] Tasmanian tiger, Tasmanian wolf, Thylacinus cynocephalus Carnivorous marsupial Australia,

Papua New Guinea

180px

Hominid

See also: Unsolved:Wild man
Name Other names Description Purported location Depiction
Almas[15] Abnauayu, almasty, albasty, bekk-bok,
biabin-guli, golub-yavan, gul-biavan, auli-avan,
kaptar, kra-dhun, ksy-giik, ksy-gyik, ochokochi,
mirygdy, mulen, voita, wind-man, Zana 		Non-human ape or hominid Asia/Caucasus
Amomongo[65] Orang Mawas, Impakta Ape or hominid Negros Occidental, Philippines
Bigfoot[66] Sasquatch Large and hairy ape-like creature United States and Canada 180px
Bukit Timah Monkey Man[67] BTM, BTMM Forest-dwelling hominid or other primate Singapore
Chatawa Monster[68][69] Large ape-like creature Pike County, Mississippi, United States
Chuchunya[70] Large hominid Russia
Fouke Monster[71][72] Jonesville Monster, Southern Sasquatch, Boggy Creek Monster Hominid or other primate Arkansas, United States
Honey Island Swamp monster[73] Letiche, Tainted Keitre Hominid or other primate Louisiana, United States
Kandahar Giant[74] 13-foot tall, red-headed hominid with six fingers on each hand and two rows of teeth Kandahar, Afghanistan
Mapinguari[75] Mapinguary Man-eating hominid with a mouth on its abdomen; sometimes thought to be a ground sloth Brazil 180px
Nittaewo[76] Nittevo Small hominid Sri Lanka
Orang Pendek[77] Small hominid Sumatra, Indonesia 180px
Skunk ape[78] Stink Ape, Myakka Ape, Myakka Skunk Ape Primate Florida, United States 180px
Yeren[79][78] Primate (possible hominin) China
Yeti[80] Abominable Snowman Large and hairy human-like entity, various other descriptions Himalayas (Asia)
Yowie[76] Large and hairy human-like entity, various other descriptions Australia 180px

Flying

Name Other names Description Purported location Depiction
Flatwoods monster[81] Braxie, Braxton County Monster, Phantom of Flatwoods A floating creature with a head that looks like a spade[82] Flatwoods, West Virginia 180px
Jersey Devil[25] Leeds Devil Winged, bipedal horse United States, mainly the South Jersey Pine Barrens, as well as other parts of New Jersey and southeastern Pennsylvania 180px
Kongamato[83] Living species of pterosaur Mwinilunga, Zambia;

Angola; The Democratic Republic of the Congo

180px
Mothman[81][84] Winged bipedal Mason County, West Virginia, United States 180px

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Otodus is the currently accepted genus name for megalodon. Older sources refer to the genus as Carcharodon, Carcharocles, and several other names.
  2. ↑ There is an ongoing de-extinction project to revive the bush moa through genome editing,[citation needed] this entry refers to the possibility of surviving original populations
  3. ↑ There is an ongoing project to revive the species through genome editing, this entry refers to the unconfirmed sightings and reports of surviving original populations

References

  1. ↑ Mullis (2021: 185): "Eschewing the rigors of science, cryptozoologists publish for a popular audience rather than for experts resulting in the practice itself frequently being derided as a pseudoscience."
  2. ↑ Loxton & Prothero (2013: 332): "Whatever the romantic appeal of monster mysteries, cryptozoology as it exists today is unquestionably a pseudoscience." Loxton & Prothero (2013: 320): "Cryptozoology has a reputation of being part of a general pseudoscientific fringe—just one more facet of paranormal belief." (Both quotes from Donald Prothero)
  3. ↑ Church (2009: 251–252): "Cryptozoology has acquired a bad reputation as a pseudoscience [...] Until detailed, methodical research becomes standard practice among cryptozoologists, the field will remain disrespected by more traditional biologists and zoologists."
  4. ↑ Roesch & Moore (2002: 71–78): "Pointing to this rampant speculation and ignorance of established scientific theories in cryptozoology, as well as the field's poor record of success and its reliance on unsystematic, anecdotal evidence, many scientists and skeptics classify cryptozoology as a pseudoscience."
  5. ↑ Shermer, Michael (2 May 2003). "Show Me the Body" (in en). Scientific American. https://michaelshermer.com/sciam-columns/show-me-the-body/. 
  6. ↑ Dash, Mike (2000) (in en). Borderlands. The Overlook Press. ISBN 978-0-87951-724-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=g9UtPwAACAAJ. 
  7. ↑ Simpson, George Gaylord (1984). "Mammals and Cryptozoology". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Vol. 128, No. 1 (Mar. 30, 1984), pp. 1–19. American Philosophical Society.
  8. ↑ Cassella, Carly (2023-01-31). "Bigfoot Has a Very Simple Explanation, Scientist Says" (in en-US). https://www.sciencealert.com/bigfoot-has-a-very-simple-explanation-scientist-says. 
  9. ↑ Loxton & Prothero (2013: 31-32)
  10. ↑ "El misterioso viaje de las anguilas desde el Triángulo de las Bermudas a los barrancos canarios" (in es). ABC Canary Islands. 2016-07-10. https://www.abc.es/espana/canarias/abci-misterioso-viaje-anguilas-desde-triangulo-bermudas-barrancos-canarios-201610072012_noticia.html?ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.es%2Fespana%2Fcanarias%2Fabci-misterioso-viaje-anguilas-desde-triangulo-bermudas-barrancos-canarios-201610072012_noticia.html%3Fref%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.es%2Fespana%2Fcanarias%2Fabci-misterioso-viaje-anguilas-desde-triangulo-bermudas-barrancos-canarios-201610072012_noticia.html. 
  11. ↑ Mastro, Michelle (2024-07-17). "Could Citizens of This Indiana Town Have Seen a 500-Pound Turtle?". Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/could-citizens-of-this-indiana-town-have-seen-a-500-pound-turtle-180984659/. 
  12. ↑ "Churubusco lake home to the legendary ‘Beast of Busco’ is on the market". WANE. 2021-06-16. https://www.wane.com/news/churubusco-lake-home-to-the-legendary-beast-of-busco-is-on-the-market/. 
  13. ↑ Bunyip. (2018). Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia, 1;
  14. ↑ Loxton & Prothero 2013, pp. 261–295.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Shermer, Michael; Linse, Pat (November 2002). The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 72. ISBN 9781576076538. https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr4snwg7iaEC&pg=PA72. 
  16. ↑ Mörzer Bruyns, W. F. J. (1971). Field guide of whales and dolphins. Rivonverhandeling. Tor. pp. 124–125. ISBN 978-90-70055-09-7
  17. ↑ "Cetaceans with two dorsal fins". http://www.aquaticmammalsjournal.org/share/AquaticMammalsIssueArchives/1991/Aquatic_Mammals_17_1/17.1Raynal.pdf. 
  18. ↑ Rafferty, Rachel (2021-05-30). "The myths and legends of Ireland's hound of deep, the Dobhar Chu". Irish Central News. https://www.irishcentral.com/irelands-hound-of-the-deep-dobhar-chu. 
  19. ↑ Nicaise, Alexander (2019-09-05). "Gloucester Sea-Serpent Mystery: Solved after Two Centuries | Skeptical Inquirer" (in en-US). https://skepticalinquirer.org/2019/09/gloucester-sea-serpent-mystery-solved-after-two-centuries/. 
  20. ↑ Gilmore, David D. (2003). Monsters : evil beings, mythical beasts, and all manner of imaginary terrors. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0322-6. OCLC 802059457. 
  21. ↑ "Welcome to Ogopogo Country - Canada's Lake Creature". https://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/ic/cdc/ogopogo/lake_creature/igopogo.html. 
  22. ↑ Lallanilla, Marc (4 February 2013). "Reports Surface of Monster Lurking in Russian Lake". Live Science. https://www.livescience.com/26836-lake-labynkyr-devil-vorota-monster.html. 
  23. ↑ "Divers preparing for icy waters of Russia's 'Loch Ness'". The Siberian Times. 5 March 2014. https://siberiantimes.com/other/others/features/divers-preparing-for-icy-waters-of-russias-loch-ness/. 
  24. ↑ "Meet the creature found by divers in Russia's Loch Ness, famed for legends of monsters". The Siberian Times. 21 April 2014. https://siberiantimes.com/other/others/features/meet-the-creature-found-by-divers-in-russias-loch-ness-famed-for-legends-of-monsters/. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Velasquez, S.J. (31 October 2015). "The monster you should never find". BBC Online. British Broadcasting Corporation. http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20151029-the-monster-you-should-never-find. 
  26. ↑ Haupt, R. (30 June 2015). "Skeptoid #473: The Loveland Frog". https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4473. 
  27. ↑ Bernhardt, Darren. "Keep your camera handy: Stories of Manitoba lake monsters told for centuries but proof remains elusive". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/lake-monster-manipogo-winnipogo-1.4681105. 
  28. ↑ Mackal, Roy P. (1987). A living dinosaur? in search of Mokele-mbembe. Leiden; New York: E.J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-08543-5. 
  29. ↑ Guimont, Edward (2021-10-05). "The Megalodon: A Monster of the New Mythology" (in en). M/C Journal 24 (5). doi:10.5204/mcj.2793. ISSN 1441-2616. https://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/2793. 
  30. ↑ Rouner, Jef (8 August 2013). "Prominent Cryptozoologists Denounce 'Megalodon: The Monster Shark Lives'". Houston Press. https://www.houstonpress.com/arts/prominent-cryptozoologists-denounce-megalodon-the-monster-shark-lives-6363740?showFullText=true. 
  31. ↑ Montgomery, Joy (7 June 2024). "How Megalodon Worked". https://animals.howstuffworks.com/extinct-animals/megalodon.htm. "Most scientists, paleontologists and other experts believe from the fossil evidence that megalodon became extinct over 2 million years ago during the Plio-Pleistocene period, but some cryptozoologists and researchers think that this giant shark may still exist in the undiscovered depths of the ocean… Proponents of the theory of megalodon's continued existence often point to eyewitness accounts to debate the possibility of the species' survival. Occasionally, a report will surface about a large, unidentified shark in the ocean, but those accounts have been mostly discounted as tall tales. Some researchers say that the discovery of new, unfossilized teeth proves that megalodon lives, but zoologist and cryptozoology expert Ben Speers-Roesch explains that these reports are erroneous and ignore the fact that no truly unfossilized teeth have ever belonged to megalodon." 
  32. ↑ Floyd, E. Randall (2000). Great Southern Mysteries. Barnes & Noble Books. pp. 116–117. 
  33. ↑ do Sameiro Barroso, Maria (2026). "Early Background of Mermaids: From Myth to Science". Proceedings of the Luso-Galician Congress on History of Medicine 170. doi:10.57849/qfhwfe07. https://jscmed.com/index.php/jscmed/article/view/88. 
  34. ↑ Loxton & Prothero 2013, pp. 187–188.
  35. ↑ Naish, Darren (2022). "A cultural phenomenon". The Biologist 69 (3): 19. 
  36. ↑ Henderson, Nia-Malika (2008-08-03). "Montauk residents proud of their 'monster'". Newsday. http://www.newsday.com/news/local/suffolk/ny-limont5787623aug03%2C0%2C6128341.story. 
  37. ↑ James, Ronald M. (2022). "Morgawr and the Folkloresque: (A study of a whopping fish tale)". Shima 16 (2): 160-172. doi:10.21463/shima.123. https://www.shimajournal.org/article/10.21463/shima.123. 
  38. ↑ Loxton & Prothero 2013, pp. 228–326.
  39. ↑ "First Person". http://www.strangemag.com/firstperson.html. 
  40. ↑ Vosler, Christian. "Giant shrimp in the laundry room: The tale of Bremerton's own cryptid" (in en-US). https://www.kitsapsun.com/story/news/local/2019/06/20/giant-shrimp-laundry-room-tale-bremertons-own-cryptid/1513680001/. 
  41. ↑ Botsford, Flora (1999-08-31). "Secret life of the Norwegian Nessie" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/sep/01/4. 
  42. ↑ Nickell, Joe (Winter 2016–2017). "Steller's Sea Ape: Identifying an Eighteenth-Century Cryptid". Skeptical Briefs (Committee for Skeptical Inquiry) 26 (4). https://www.csicop.org/sb/show/stellers_sea_ape_identifying_an_eighteenth-century_cryptid. 
  43. ↑ Madden, Duncan (2018-11-16). "Fantastic Cryptids And Where To Find Them". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/duncanmadden/2018/11/16/fantastic-cryptids-and-where-to-find-them/#6b1949ed1d99. 
  44. ↑ Regal, Brian (15 October 2009). Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia: A Critical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-35508-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=c6PACQAAQBAJ. 
  45. ↑ Radford, Benjamin (2011). Tracking the Chupacabra: The Vampire Beast in Fact, Fiction, and Folklore. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 1-7. ISBN 978-0-8263-5016-9. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=idU5cH7KWJoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1938&dq=chupacabra&ots=pBJ00PaEUo&sig=qBdK6Xhmw14s_kp8PmakYXYAEZA#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  46. ↑ Sullivan, Mark (29 October 2006). "Decades later, the Dover Demon still haunts". The Boston Globe. http://archive.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/10/29/decades_later_the_dover_demon_still_haunts/. 
  47. ↑ "Bigfoot, Chupacabra, and … Fresno Nightcrawler? Walking pants bring Fresno freaky fame" (in en). https://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/article219755195.html. 
  48. ↑ Allan, Laura (2023-09-13). "Fresno Nightcrawlers Are Terrorizing The Dark, And They’re Spreading Far From California". https://www.ranker.com/list/fresno-nightcrawler-facts/laura-allan. 
  49. ↑ Council, West Virginia Humanities. "Grafton Monster". https://www.wvencyclopedia.org/entries/2435. 
  50. ↑ Blitz, Matt (2015-10-30). "The Goatman–Or His Story, at Least–Still Haunts Prince George's County" (in en-US). https://washingtonian.com/2015/10/30/the-goatman-or-his-story-at-least-still-haunts-prince-georges-county/. 
  51. ↑ Minogue, Hayley; Weiter, Taylor (2019-11-03). "Pope Lick Legend: Loved ones of those who died on trestle push for change" (in en-US). https://www.whas11.com/article/news/local/push-changes-on-deadly-pope-lick-trestle/417-1c502a3d-8c63-4553-a962-d7ba75146bce. 
  52. ↑ Osborne, Ryan (2018-03-08). "Tracking Goatman: The story behind the Lake Worth Monster" (in en-US). https://www.wfaa.com/article/news/local/tarrant-county/tracking-goatman-story-behind-lake-worth-monster/287-526680734. 
  53. ↑ Bennett, Max. "Is the 50-Foot Congo Snake Fact or Fiction?" (in en). https://www.discovermagazine.com/is-the-50-foot-congo-snake-fact-or-fiction-45781. 
  54. ↑ "Inside The Myth Of The 15-Meter Congo Snake, Cryptozoology’s Most Outlandish Claim" (in en). 2025-11-02. https://www.iflscience.com/inside-the-myth-of-the-15-meter-congo-snake-cryptozoologys-most-outlandish-claim-81413. 
  55. ↑ Laycock, Joseph P. (11 July 2018). "A Search for Mysteries and Monsters in Small Town America" (in en). https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/monster-festival-pilgrimage-small-town-america-180969568/. 
  56. ↑ Hudson, Alison (28 July 2015). "Skeptoid #477: Wag the Dogman". https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4477. 
  57. ↑ Foxon, Floe (2024-12-30). "Fringe Zoology: The (In)Convenience of Disappearing Evidence" (in en-US). https://skepticalinquirer.org/2024/12/fringe-zoology-the-inconvenience-of-disappearing-evidence/. 
  58. ↑ "Mongolian Death Worm: Elusive Legend of the Gobi Desert" (in en). 2014-06-21. https://www.livescience.com/46450-mongolian-death-worm.html. 
  59. ↑ Simpson, George Gaylord (1984). "Mammals and Cryptozoology". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 128 (1): 1–19. ISSN 0003-049X. https://www.jstor.org/stable/986487. 
  60. ↑ "Mysterious Marsupials: The Case of the Phantom Kangaroo". 2024-06-05. https://www.discoveryuk.com/mysteries/mysterious-marsupials-the-case-of-the-phantom-kangaroo/. 
  61. ↑ "Kangaroo On Loose!". Desert Sun (CHICAGO). 1974-10-21. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=DS19741021.2.30. 
  62. ↑ Smith, Malcolm (1996). Bunyips & bigfoots : in search of Australia's mystery animals. Alexandria, NSW: Millennium Books. ISBN 1-86429-081-1. OCLC 36719441. 
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  64. ↑ Crane, Kylie (2012). Myths of Wilderness in Contemporary Narratives: Environmental Postcolonialism in Australia and Canada. Palgrave Macmillan New York. p. 145. doi:10.1057/9781137000798. ISBN 978-1-137-00079-8. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137000798. 
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  66. ↑ Loxton & Prothero 2013, pp. 29–70.
  67. ↑ "On the hunt for the elusive Bukit Timah Monkey Man". Channel NewsAsia. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/lifestyle/on-the-hunt-for-the-elusive-bukit-timah-monkey-man-9816486. 
  68. ↑ "Chatawa—Indians weren't kidding about the sparkling water". Enterprise-Journal: p. 19. September 18, 1985. https://www.newspapers.com/article/enterprise-journal-1985-article-on-cha/14157972/?locale=en-US. Retrieved October 12, 2024.  open access
  69. ↑ Grayson, Walt (July 17, 2020). "Focused on Mississippi: Chatawa Monster". WJTV. https://www.wjtv.com/living-local/focused-on-mississippi/focused-on-mississippi-chatawa-monster/. 
  70. ↑ O'Carroll, Eoin (28 September 2018). "Bigfoot and beyond: Why tales of wild men endure". The Christian Science Monitor. https://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2018/0928/Bigfoot-and-beyond-Why-tales-of-wild-men-endure. 
  71. ↑ Dunning, B. (4 March 2014). "Skeptoid #404: The Boggy Creek Monster". https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4404. 
  72. ↑ Thibodeau, Sunni (24 June 2001). "The Fouke Monster 30 Years Later: Ex-journalists recall sifting fact from Fouke fiction after sighting". Texarkana Gazette. http://texarkanagazette.com/articles/2001/06/24/export15709.txt. 
  73. ↑ Frances, Leary (December 2003). "The Honey Island Swamp Monster: The Development and Maintenance of Folk and Commodified Belief Tradition". pp. 4–6. https://research.library.mun.ca/10863/1/Leary_Frances.pdf. 
  74. ↑ Ziezulewicz, Geoff; Simkins, J. D. (2022-11-01). "Giants of Kandahar: outlandish tales of the US military in Afghanistan" (in en). https://www.militarytimes.com/off-duty/military-culture/2022/11/01/here-be-giants-outlandish-tales-of-the-military-the-afghan-colossi/. 
  75. ↑ "Twilight of the mammoths: Ice Age extinctions and the rewilding of America". Choice Reviews Online 43 (8): 43–4679-43-4679. 2006-04-01. doi:10.5860/choice.43-4679. ISSN 0009-4978. 
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Critical Thinking, Science, and Pseudoscience: Why We Can't Trust Our Brains. Springer Publishing Company. 8 March 2016. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-8261-9426-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=Miy2CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA154. 
  77. ↑ Tucker, Carl R. (2025). "In the Shadow of the Rainforest: An Interdisciplinary Inquiry into the Orang Pendek". SSRN. doi:10.2139/ssrn.5257191. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5257191. 
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Critical Thinking, Science, and Pseudoscience: Why We Can't Trust Our Brains. Springer Publishing Company. 8 March 2016. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-8261-9426-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=Miy2CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA170. 
  79. ↑ "It's the monstrous new trend sweeping travel – what is cryptid-tourism?". Irish Examiner. https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/lifestyle/its-the-monstrous-new-trend-sweeping-travel-what-is-cryptid-tourism-873583.html. 
  80. ↑ Loxton & Prothero 2013, p. 73.
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 Elliott, Devin M. (2021). West Virginia Urban Legends and Their Impact on Cultures Both Local and Abroad (M.A. thesis). Bowling Green State University.
  82. ↑ "The Flatwoods Monster" (in en-US). https://braxtonwv.org/the-flatwoods-monster/. 
  83. ↑ Matthews, John (2005). The Element Encyclopedia of Magical Creatures. p. 346. 
  84. ↑ Kantrowitz, Lia; Fitzmaurice, Larry; Terry, Josh (16 January 2018). "People Keep Seeing the Mothman in Chicago". https://www.vice.com/en/article/mothman-sightings-in-chicago/. 

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