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List of new religious movements

Topic: Unsolved

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A new religious movement (NRM) is a religious, ethical, or spiritual group or community with practices of relatively modern origins. NRMs may be novel in origin or they may exist on the fringes of a wider religion, in which case they will be distinct from pre-existing denominations. Academics identify a variety of characteristics which they employ in categorizing groups as new religious movements. The term is broad and inclusive, rather than sharply defined. New religious movements are generally seen as syncretic, employing human and material assets to disseminate their ideas and worldviews, deviating in some degree from a society's traditional forms or doctrines, focused especially upon the self, and having a peripheral relationship that exists in a state of tension with established societal conventions.[1]:29[2][3]

A NRM may be one of a wide range of movements ranging from those with loose affiliations based on novel approaches to spirituality or religion to communitarian enterprises that demand a considerable amount of group conformity and a social identity that separates their adherents from mainstream society. Use of the term NRM is not universally accepted among the groups to which it is applied.[4] Scholars have estimated that NRMs now number in the tens of thousands worldwide, with most in Asia and Africa. Most have only a few members, some have thousands, and very few have more than a million.[5]:17 Academics occasionally propose amendments to technical definitions and continue to add new groups.[1]:vii–xv

List

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
Tantric
  • Lewis 2004, p. 187. "These two opposing strategies of new religious movements for delivering compensators I will term 'compensation delivery systems' (CDS). The gradual CDS can best be described as religion as a multi-level marketing (MLM) tactic – a term I take from the business world [...] Exemplars of new religious movements with a gradual CDS are Scientology and Erhard Seminar Training in its various manifestations."
  • Saliba 2003, p. 88. "Many of the new religions attract individuals by the promise of peace of mind, spiritual well-being, gratifying experiences, and material success. In so doing they stress their concern for the individual and highlight one's personal worth and self-development. This is especially so in human growth movements such as Scientology, The Forum (previously known as Erhard Seminar Training [EST]), and qualsi-religious encounter groups."</ref> || Werner Erhard[48]:193 || 1971[24]:108[49]:167,171–172 || Human Potential Movement[5]:35[24]:107–108[50] Self religions[51]
New Age[71]:62Western esotericism Neo-pagan Slavic Native Faith Pacifism[142]:672
List of new religious movements
Name Founder Year founded Type
Adonism[6] Franz Sättler[6] 1925[6] Neo-pagan[6]
Adventures in Enlightenment, A Foundation[7]:28–29 Terry Cole-Whittaker 1985 Religious Science
The African Church[8]:26 Jacob Kehinde Coker[9] 1901[9] Anglican
African initiated churches[8]:26–27 Multiple Sincretistic Christian-Indigenous
African Theological Archministry, previously Order of Damballah Hwedo Ancestor Priests, Shango Temple, and Yoruba Temple[7]:31 Walter Eugene King[10]:934 1973[10]:934 Voodoo[10]:934
Agasha Temple of Wisdom[7]:32 Richard Zenor[10]:764 1943[10]:764 Spiritualism[10]:764
Agni Yoga (Roerichism)[11]:6[7]:32 Helena Roerich, Nicholas Roerich[10]:876 mid-1920s[10]:876 Neo-Theosophical[10]:876
Ahmadiyya[11]:6[7]:32–33[8]:27–28 Mirza Ghulam Ahmad[10]:985 1889[10]:985 Indian Islam[10]:985
Aladura[11]:7[8]:28–29 Josiah Ositelu[10] 1930[10]:517 Pentecostal[10]:517
Alamo Christian Foundation, a.k.a. Alamo Christian Church, Consecrated, Alamo Christian Ministries, and Music Square Church[11]:7[7]:33–34[8]:29 Tony Alamo; Susan Alamo[12]:13 1969[12]:13 Fundamentalist

Communal[12]:13

Altruria[7]:34–35 Edward Biron Payne[10]:707 1894[10]:707 Christian

Communal[10]:707

American Buddhist Movement[7]:35–36 1980[10]:1116 Western Buddhism[10]:1116
American Buddhist Society and Fellowship, Inc.[7]:36 Robert Ernest Dickhoff[10]:1102 1945[10]:1102 Tibetan Buddhism[10]:1102
American World Patriarchs[7]:37–38 Uladyslau Ryzy-Ryski[10]:309 1972[10]:309 Eastern Orthodox[10]:309
Amica Temple of Radiance[7]:38 Ivah Berg Whitten[10]:876 1932[10]:876 Neo-Theosophical[10]:876
Ancient British Church in North America[7]:43 Jonathan V. Zotique[10]:1142 Homosexually Oriented[10]:1142
Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis[11]:11[7]:42–43[8]:31 H. Spencer Lewis[10]:841 1915[10]:841 neo-Rosicrucianism[10]:841
Ancient Teachings of the Masters, a.k.a. ATOM[7]:43 Darwin Gross[10]:1054 1983[10]:1054 Sant Mat[10]:1054
Anglo-Saxon Federation of America[11]:13[7]:43–44 Howard B. Rand[10]:651 1928[10]:651 British Israelism[10]:651
Ansaaru Allah Community[7]:44 As Siddid Al Imaan Al Haahi Al Mahdi[10]:986–987 late 1960s[10]:986–987" Black Islam[10]:986–987
Antiochian Catholic Church in America[7]:47 Gordon Mar Peter[10]:241 1980s[10]:241 Independent Catholic

Monophysite[10]:241

Antoinism[11] Louis-Joseph Antoine[11] 1910[11] Christian Healing[11]
Apostolic Christian Church (Nazarean)[7]:47–48 Samuel Heinrich Froehlich[10]:548 1906[10]:548 European Free-Church[10]:548
Apostolic Christian Church of America[7]:47–48 Samuel Heinrich Froehlich[10]:548 1830[10]:548 European Free-Church[10]:548
Apostolic Church[11]:15 Daniel Powell Williams[12]:23 1916[12]:23 Pentecostal[12]:23
Apostolic Church of Christ (Pentecostal)[7]:48 Johnnie Draft; Wallace Snow[10]:464 1969[10]:464 Apostolic Pentecostal[10]:464
Apostolic Overcoming Holy Church of God[11]:16 William Thomas Phillips[10]:465 1920[10]:465 Apostolic Pentecostal[10]:465
Arcane School[8]:38 Alice and Foster Bailey[10]:857 1937[10]:857 Neo-Theosophical[10]:857
Arica School[11]:17[8]:38–39 Oscar Ichazo[10]:971 1968[10]:971 Sufism[10]:971
Arkeon[13] Vito Carlo Moccia[14] 1999[14] Reiki

Roman Catholicism[13]

Art of Living Foundation, a.k.a. Association for Inner Growth and Ved Vignan Maha Vidya Preeth[10]:1004 Ravi Shankar[10]:1004 1981[10]:1004 Neo-Hindu[10]:1004
Arya Samaj[11]:18[8]:40–41 Mul Shankara[10]:1004 1875[10]:1004 Neo-Hindu[10]:1004
Aryan Nations, a.k.a. Church of Jesus Christ Christian, Aryan Nations[8]:91 Wesley Swift[10]:654 late 1940s[10]:654 British Israelism[10]:654
Ásatrú Folk Assembly[15] Stephen McNallen[15] 1970s[15] Neo-pagan[15]

Polytheistic reconstructionism

Assemblies of God[8]:41–42 merger[16]:106 1914[16]:106 Pentecostal[16]:106
Assemblies of the Lord Jesus Christ[11]:18 merger[10]:466 1952[10]:466 Apostolic Pentecostal[10]:466
Assembly of Christian Soldiers[11]:21 Jessie L. Thrift[10]:1131 1971[10]:1131 Ku Klux Klan[10]:1131
Association for Research and Enlightenment[11]:21[8]:42–43 Edgar Cayce[12]:31 1931[12]:31 Occult[12]:31
Association of Vineyard Churches[11]:316 John Wimber[10]:446 1982[10]:446 Trinitarian Pentecostal[10]:446
Aum Shinrikyo, also known as Aleph[11]:23[8]:44–45[17][18] Shoko Asahara[10]:1073 1987[10]:1073 Japanese Buddhism[10]:1073
Ausar Auset Society[11]:24 R.A. Straughn[10]:842 mid-1970s[10]:842 neo-Rosicrucianism[10]:842
Azali or Azali Babi[19]:246 Subh-i-Azal 1863 Babism
Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship[8]:50–51 Bawa Muhaiyaddeen[10]:972 1971[10]:972 Sufism[10]:972
Bethel Ministerial Association[11]:32 Albert Franklin Varnell[10]:466 1934[10]:466 Apostolic Pentecostal[10]:466
Bible Presbyterian Church[11]:33 Carl McIntire[10]:370 1938[10]:370 Reformed Presbyterian[10]:370
Bible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ[11]:34[7]:77 schism[10]:466 1957[10]:466 Apostolic Pentecostal[10]:466
The Blackburn Cult, also known as the Divine Order of the Royal Arms of the Great Eleven[20]:35 May Otis Blackburn[20]:1 1922[20]:1 Neo-pagan

New Thought[20]:1

Brahma Kumaris[11]:37[8]:56–57[21] Dada Lekhraj[10]:1006 1936[10]:1006 Neo-Hindu[10]:1006
Brahmo Samaj, also known as the religion Adi Dharm[22][23]:1028–1030 Ram Mohan Roy 1828 Neo-Hindu
Brahmoism (Brahmo Dharma)[22]:43–57 Debendranath Tagore 1848/1850 Neo-Hindu
Branch Davidians[11]:38[8]:59 Benjamin Roden[10]:617 1930[10]:617 Seventh Day Adventist[10]:617
Branhamism[24]:37–40 William M. Branham[24]:37–40 1951[24]:37–40 Pentecostal[24]:37–40
Breatharians also known as Inedia[8]:60–61 Wiley Brooks[25]:30 1970s[25]:30 Hinduism-influenced[25]:30
The Brethren (Jim Roberts group), also known as The Body of Christ and The Garbage Eaters[10]:1131–1132 Jimmie T. Roberts[10]:1131–1132 c. 1970[10]:1131–1132 Unclassified Christian Churches[10]:1131–1132
British Israelism, also called Anglo-Israelism[11]:39–40[8]:61–62
Bruderhof, also known as the Hutterian Brethren and Hutterian Society of Brothers[8]:63–64 Eberhard Arnold[26]:709 c. 1920[10]:709 Communal[10]:709
Brunstad Christian Church[11]:269–270 Johan Oscar Smith[27] 1905[27] Evangelical

Non-denominational Christian

Builders of the Adytum[11]:41–42[8]:67–68 Paul Foster Case[10]:891 1922[10]:891 Ritual magic[10]:891
Cao Dai, also known as Dai Dao Tam Ky Pho Do[11]:44[8]:69–70 Ngô Văn Chiêu

Lê Văn Trung[12]:61

1919[12]:61 Sincretistic

Vietnamese Millenarian[12]:61

Cargo cults[11]:45[8]:70 Sincretistic

Millenarian-Indigenist[12]:62

Celestial Church of Christ[8]:73 Samuel Oshoffa[12]:64 1947[12]:64 Indigenist

Pentecostal[12]:64

The Centers Network[8]:73–74
Chabad-Lubavitch[11]:206,368[8]:70 Shneur Zalman of Liadi. late 18th century Chasidic
Charismatic Movement[8]:78 1950s[24]:70 Pentecostal
Chen Tao, also called God's Salvation Church and God Saves the Earth Flying Saucer Foundation[8]:78–79 Hon-Ming Chen[28] 1955 UFO religion
Cheondoism, also called Chendogyo[8]:80–81 Choe Je-u
Cherubim and Seraphim, also known as Sacred Cherubim and Seraphim Society and Eternal Sacred Order of Cherubim and Seraphim[8]:79 Moses Orimolade Tunolase[12]:65 c. 1925[12]:65 African Pentecostal[12]:65
Christ Apostolic Church[8]:82–83 Joseph Ayo Babalola[10]:479 1941[10]:479 Pentecostal[10]:479
Christadelphians, also called Thomasites[11]:50[8]:81–82 John Thomas[24]:48 1844[10]:107 Baptist family[10]:107

Restorationism

The Christian Community, also known as the Christian Community Church and Christengemeinschaft[8]:83 Rudolf Steiner
Friedrich Rittelmeyer[12]:70		 1922[12]:70 Anthroposophy[12]:70
Christian Identity[11]:138[8]:84 1940s[29]:48 British Israelism[10]:652
Christian Reformed Church in North America[8]:86 Gijsbert Haan[10]:365 1857[10]:365 Reformed Presbyterian[10]:365
Christian Science[10]:741[8]:86–87. Mary Baker Eddy[10]:741 1876[10]:741 Christian

Faith healing

New Thought[30]

Christian World Liberation Front, also known as the Spiritual Counterfeits Project[8]:87–88 Jack Sparks

Fred Dyson Pat Matrisciana[12]:76

1969[12]:76 Christian Fundamentalist-Millenarian[12]:76
Church of All Worlds[11]:58[8]:88–89 Tim Zell

Lance Christie[10]:909

1962[10]:909 Witchcraft

Neo-pagan[10]:909

Church of Aphrodite (defunct)[11]:58 Gleb Botkin[10]:911 1939[10]:911 Witchcraft

Neo-Pagan[10]:911

Church of Bible Understanding[11]:59[8]:89–90 Stewart Traill[12]:79 1971[12]:79 Adventist

Fundamentalist[12]:79

Church of Daniel's Band[11]:61 1893[10]:395 Non-Episcopal Methodism[10]:395
Church of Divine Science[31]:326 Malinda Cramer 1888 New Thought

Faith healing

Church of God in Christ[11]:62 Charles H. Mason[12]:85 1908[12]:85 Pentecostal[12]:85
The Church of God (Jerusalem Acres)[11]:62 Grady R. Kent[10]:437 1957[10]:437 White Trinitarian Holiness Pentecostal[10]:437
Church of God Mountain Assembly[11]:63, 65 J.H. Parks,
Steve N. Bryant,
Tom Moses,
and William O. Douglas 		1906[10]:437 White Trinitarian Holiness Pentecostal[10]:437
Church of God of Prophecy[11]:62–63 Ambrose Tomlinson[10]:438 1903[10]:438 White Trinitarian Holiness Pentecostal[10]:438
Church of Israel[11]:65 Dan Gayman[10]:653 1974[10]:653 British Israelism[10]:653
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Joseph Smith 1830 Latter-day Saint Movement-Millenarian
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)[32] Joseph Smith
James Strang[32] 		1844[32] Latter-day Saint Movement
Church of Satan[31]:401–410[8]:91–92 Anton LaVey[33]:508–509 1966[33]:508–509 Satanism[33]:508–509
Church of the SubGenius J.R. "Bob" Dobbs 1979 Parody
Church of the Creator[10]:668 Rev. Dr. Grace Marama URI 1969 Liberal family[10]:668
Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster[34][35] or Pastafarianism Bobby Henderson 2005 Parody
Church of the Living Word, also known as The Walk[8]:92–93 John Robert Stevens[12]:386 1954[12]:386 Fundamentalist

Occult[12]:386

Church of the Lord (Aladura)[8]:93 Josiah Ositelu[10]:517 1930[10]:517 Pentecostal Family[10]:517
Church of World Messianity[11]:94, 371[8]:94 Mokichi Okada[10]:1120 1934[10]:1120 Shinto[10]:1120

Faith healing

Church Universal and Triumphant[11]:281[8]:94–95 Mark Prophet

Elizabeth Clare (Wolf) Prophet[12]:97

1958[12]:97 Theosophical

Occult[12]:97

Collegiate Association for the Research of Principles, also known as CARP[8]:71 Sun Myung Moon[36][37] 1955[37] Unification Church[37]
Commandment Keepers: Holy Church of the Living God[11]:74[7]:180 Arnold Josiah Ford[10]:951 1924[10]:951 Black Judaism[10]:951
Community Chapel and Bible Training Center[11]:75 Donald Lee Barnett[10]:496 1967[10]:496 Latter Rain

Pentecostal[10]:496

Concerned Christians[8]:96 Monte Kim Miller[38]
Conservative Judaism[11]:76[8]:97 Sabato Morais

Marcus Jastrow H. Pereira Mendes[10]:943

1887[10]:943 Mainline Judaism[10]:943
Core Shamanism, The Foundation for Shamanic Studies[33]:580[39] Michael Harner 1980 Neoshamanism
Covenant of the Goddess[11]:98[8]:48–49 merger[10]:915 1975[10]:915 Goddess

Witchcraft

Neo-pagan[10]:915

Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans[11]:99[8]:99 Margot Adler[10]:915 1987[10]:915 Witchcraft

Neo-pagan[10]:915

The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord[11]:78[8]:99–100 James D. Ellison[10]:654 mid-1970s[10]:654 British Israelism[10]:654
Creativity[40] Ben Klassen[40] early-1970's Pantheism

Agnostic Atheism White Racialism.[40]

Crossroads Movement[8]:100 1970s[41]:100
Cyberchurches[8]:103 Non-denominational Christian
Dalit Buddhist Movement, also known as the Neo-Buddhist movement or Navayana Buddhist movement B. R. Ambedkar 1956 Neo-Buddhism (Navayana)
Dances of Universal Peace[42] Samuel L. Lewis
Dianic Wicca[11]:84 merger[10]:916 1971[10]:916 Witchcraft

Neo-pagan[10]:916

Discordianism Greg Hill, Kerry Wendell Thornley[43] 1963 Absurdism, Greek Mythology
Eckankar[11]:91 Paul Twitchell[10]:1056 1971[10]:1056 Derived from Sant Mat but denies connection[10]:1056
Emin Raymond Armin 1971 New Age
End Time Survivors Jesus Christians[44] David McKay[45] Fundamentalist Millennialism
Esoteric Nazism[46]:17 Occult

Western esotericism[47]

Evangelical Association of the Israelite Mission of the New Universal Covenant[52] Ezequiel Ataucusi Gamonal 1968 Sincretistic Messianic Judaism-Indigenous
Evangelical Methodist Church[11]:97 J.H. Hamblen[10]:396 1946[10]:396 Non-Episcopal Methodist[10]:396
Falun Gong[53] Li Hongzhi[10]:1126 1992[10]:1126 Qigong movement
Family International, previously known as the Children of God, the Family of Love and the Family[12]:133[21]:126[54] David Berg[12]:133 1968[12]:133 Fundamentalist,[12]:133 Jesus movement[54]

countercultural evangelical[33]:185

Fellowship of Isis[11]:103 Olivia Robertson[10]:888 1976[10]:888 Neo-pagan

Goddess[10]:888

Feraferia[55] Frederick Adams[55] 1967[55] Neo-pagan

Goddess[55]

Findhorn Foundation[11]:104 Eileen Caddy

Peter Caddy Alexis Edwards Roger Benson[12]:138

1963[12]:138 Christian-Anthroposophistical-neo-Rosicrucian[12]:138
Fire Baptized Holiness Church of God of the Americas[11]:104 W.E. Fuller[10]:482 1898[10]:482 Black Trinitarian Pentecostal[10]:482
Followers of Christ[10]:1137 Marion Reece (or Riess)[10]:1137[56] late 19th century[10]:1137 Unclassified[10]:1137 Pentecostal[56]
Fourth Way[31]:259–266[47]:42 George Gurdjieff c. 1913 Esoteric Sufism

Western esotericism[47]:42

Fraternitas Rosae Crucis[11]:108 Paschal Beverly Randolph[10]:843 1858[10]:843 neo-Rosicrucianism[10]:843
Fraternity of the Inner Light[33]:217–219 Dion Fortune 1924 neo-Hermeticism

Esoteric Christianity[33]:217–219

Freedomites[11]:272
Friends of the Western Buddhist Order (FWBO)[57] now known as Triratna Buddhist Community Sangharakshita (Dennis Lingwood) 1967[57] Neo-Buddhism
Fundamentalist Christianity[11]:113–114 Christian
General Church of the New Jerusalem[11]:117 schism[10]:763 1890[10]:763 Swedenborgianism[10]:763
The Genesis II Church of Health and Healing Jim Humble 2009 or 2010[58] UFO-New Age inspired

Pseudoscience[59][60][61]

Gentle Wind Project[62] John "Tubby" Miller and Mary "Moe" Miller 1980 Spiritualism
Ghost Dance[11]:119 Neo-pagan

Native American religion

Global Peace Foundation[63] Hyun Jin Moon[64] 2007[63] Unification Church[63]
Godianism, a.k.a. Chiism[33]:242–43 K. O. K. Onyioha 1949 Afrucan Indigenist Neo-pagan
Grail Movement[11]:122–123 Oskar Ernst Bernhardt[10]:786 1924[10]:786 Sincretistic Christian

New Age

Channeling[10]:786

Hanuman Foundation[11]:129 Richard Alpert (Ram Dass)[24]:51 1980[10]:1013 Neo-Hindu[10]:1013
Heaven's Gate[65] Marshall Herff Applewhite

Bonnie Lu Nettles[65]

1973[65] Syncretistic Christian[66]

New Age UFO religion[65]

Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy[11]:133 Swami Rama[10]:1014 1971[10]:1014 Hindu[10]:1014
Huna[7]:406–407 Max Freedom Long 1936 New Thought

New Age

Hawaiian religion

I AM Activity[11]:138 Guy Ballard, Edna Anne Wheeler Ballard[10]:873 early 1930s Neo-Theosophical[10]:873
Iglesia ni Cristo[67] Felix Y. Manalo[68] 1914[68] Restorationism

Unitarianism

Isha Foundation[69] Jaggi Vasudev 1992 Hindu
Independent Fundamental Churches of America[11]:142 R. Lee Kirkland[12]:179 1922[12]:179 Unaffiliated Fundamentalist[12]:179
Insight Meditation Society[11]:143 Jack Kornfield

Sharon Salzberg

Joseph Goldstein[10]:1067

1976[10]:1067 Theravada Buddhism[10]:1067
International Society for Krishna Consciousness also known as ISKCON A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada 13 July 1966 Hindu
International House of Prayer also known as (IHOP or IHOPKC) Mike Bickle 1999 Charismatic Movement

Post-tribulational Historic premillennialism

International Church of the Foursquare Gospel[11]:108 Aimee Semple McPherson[10]:451 1923[10]:451 White Trinitarian Pentecostal[10]:451
International Community of Christ also known as Church of the Second Advent (CSA) and Jamilians[24]:139 Eugene Douglas Savoy[24]:139 1972[24]:139 New Age[24]:139
Ivanovism (the Ivanovites)[70]:128–145 Porfiry Ivanov 1933 Sincretistic

Neo-pagan

Slavic Native Faith

Jehovah's Witnesses[11]:150, 152–153 Charles Taze Russell[10]:637 1870[10]:637 Adventist

Bible Students[10]:637

Jesus Army, also known as "Jesus Fellowship Church" and "Bugbrooke Jesus Fellowship"[11]:153 Noel Stanton[72]:149–163 1977[72]:149–163 Fundamentalist

Communal[72]:149–163

Jesus Movement[11]:153[73] late 1960s[12]:196 Fundamentalist[12]:196
Jews for Jesus[11]:155 Moishe Rosen[12]:197 1970[12]:197 Fundamentalist[12]:197
John Frum[11]:155 1936[12]:197 Syncretistic

Millenarian[12]:197

Joy of Satan Ministries[74]:448 Andrea Maxine Dietrich 2002 Satanism

Theism

Kabbalah Centre[33]:322–323 Philip Berg[33]:322–323 1970s[33]:322–323 New Age[33]:322–323
Kalki cult (a.k.a 'Oneness Movement' and 'Oneness University')[75][76] Kalki Bhagawan (Vijay Kumar Naidu) 1989 Indian Religions - inspired

New Age

2012 phenomenon - inspired

Neo-Hindu

Karma Triyana Dharmachakra[11]:157–158. the 16th Gyalwa Karmapa[10]:1108 1976[10]:1108 Tibetan Buddhism[10]:1108
Kemetic Orthodoxy[77] Tamara Siuda[77] 1988[77] Polytheistic reconstructionism

Kemetic[77]

Kerista[11]:158 John Presmont[10]:730 1956[10]:730 Communal—After 1960[10]:730
Kopimism Isak Gerson 2012 Internet religion
Konkokyo[11]:161 Bunjiro Kawate[10]:1122 1859[10]:1122 Shinto[10]:1122
Krishnamurti Foundations[78] Jiddu Krishnamurti 1928 Neo-Theosophical

Universalism

Kripalu Center (Kirpalu)[11]:161 Amrit Desai[10]:1019 1966[10]:1019 Hindu[10]:1019
Lama Foundation[11]:164 Steve Durkee[10]:731 1967[10]:731 Communal[10]:731
Latter Day Saint movement (Mormonism)[11]:190, 192 Joseph Smith[24]:187 1830[24]:187 Christian restorationism
Latter Rain Movement[11]:165 George Hawtin

Percy Hunt[12]:209

1946[12]:209 Millenarian Pentecostal[12]:209
Laymen's Home Missionary Movement[11]:165 Paul S. L. Johnson[10]:639 c. 1920[10]:639 Adventist

Bible Students[10]:639

Lectorium Rosicrucianum[11]:165–166 Jan van Rijckenborgh; Zwier Willem Leene; Catharose de Petri[33]:338–339 1924[10]:844 neo-Rosicrucianism[10]:844
The Living Word Fellowship[79] John Robert Stevens[10]:506 1951[10]:506 Latter Rain Pentecostal[10]:506
Local Church movement[11]:169, 171 Ni Shu-tsu (Watchman Nee)[10]:609–610 1920s[10]:609–610 Independent Fundamentalist

Other Bible Students[10]:609–610

Love Family, also known as the Church of Jesus Christ at Armageddon and Love Israel[8]:90–91 Paul Erdman[12]:216 1969[12]:216 Communalism[12]:216
Love Has Won[80] Amy Carlson[80] c. 2005[81] New Age[80]
Lucis Trust[11]:172–173 Alice A. Bailey[12]:217 1923[12]:217 Neo-Theosophical[12]:217
Madkhalism[82][83] Rabee Al-Madkhali[84][85] early 1990s[86][87][88] Islam[89][90]
Mahikari[11]:176 Kotama Okada[10]:1123 1959[10]:1123 Shinto[10]:1123
Makasol (Wind Nation), a.k.a. Paliau movement[33]:482–85 Paliau Maloat c. 1970s Papuan Indigenist

Millenarian

countercultural

Maranatha Campus Ministries[11]:178 Bob Weiner[12]:223 1972[12]:223 Pentecosrtal[12]:223
Martinus´ Spiritual Science[91] Martinus Thomsen[92] 1932 Western esotericism[93]
Mazdaznan[11]:181 Otoman Zar-Adusht Ha'nish[10]:991 1902[10]:991 Zoroastrianism[10]:991
Meher Baba followers[94] Merwan Sheriar Irani[10]:991 1921[10]:991 Hindu-inspired[10]:991
Messianic Judaism[11]:184 Christianity and Judaism[33]:399
Million Man March[95] Louis Farrakhan[95] 1995[95] Nation of Islam[95]
Mita Congregation[11]:186 Juanita García Peraza[10]:462 1940[10]:462 Deliverance Pentecostal[10]:462
Modekngei (Ngara Modekngei)[96] Tamadad from Chol c. 1915 Syncretistic Christian-Indigenous
Monastic Order of Avallon[97] Henri Hillion de Coatmoc'han[97] 1972[97] Neo-pagan[97]
Moody Church[11]:186 Dwight L. Moody[10]:602 1864[10]:602 Fundamentalist

Evangelical[10]:602

Moorish Science Temple of America[11]:186, 188 Timothy Drew[10]:988 1925[10]:988 Black Islam[10]:988
Moral Re-Armament[11]:188, 190 Frank N. D. Buchman[12]:233 1921[12]:233
Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness[11]:194 John-Roger Hinkins[10]:1054 1971[10]:1054 Sant Mat[10]:1054
Namdhari[11]:196 Balak Singh[12]:243 mid-19th century[12]:243 Sikh[12]:243
Nation of Islam[98] Elijah Muhammad[12]:245 mid-1930s[12]:245 Black Islam[12]:245

UFO religion

Nation of Yahweh[99]:217[11]:200 Hulon Mitchell, Jr.[10]:952–953 1970s[10]:952–953 Black Judaism[10]:952–953
National Spiritualist Association of Churches[11]:197 Harrison D Barrett, James M. Peebles, Cora L. Richmond[10]:772 1893[10]:772 Spiritualism[10]:772
Native American Church, also known as Peyotism[11]:202 1906[10]:809 Native American religion Indigenist Entheogen Groups[10]:809
Native Ukrainian National Faith, also known as RUNVira or Sylenkoism[70]:130 Lev Sylenko mid-1960s Neo-pagan

Slavic Native Faith

New Apostolic Church[11]:205 Heinrich Geyer[10]:1139 1863[10]:1139 Catholic Apostolic Church

Unclassified Christian Churches[10]:1139

The New Message from God[100] Marshall Vian Summers 1992[101] UFO religion
New Reformed Orthodox Order of the Golden Dawn[11]:207 1969[10]:923 Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn

Witchcraft

Neo-pagan[10]:923

New Thought[11]:208[31]:325–330 Phineas Parkhurst Quimby[12]:258 mid-19th century[12]:258 Metaphysical[12]:258

Faith healing

Noahidism[102][103] 1990s
Oahspe Faithists[104] John Ballou Newbrough 1882 UFO religion
Odinism[105] Orestes Brownson[105] 1848[105] Neo-pagan[105]
Oomoto[11]:216 Mrs. Nao Deguchi[12]:266 1899[12]:266 Shinto-Millenarian[12]:266
Open Bible Standard Churches[11]:217 merger[10]:454 1935[10]:454 White Trinitarian Pentecostal[10]:454
Opus Dei[21]:126[33]:427–428[106][107]:3, 122–123[108][109][110]:251 Saint Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer[33]:427–428 1928[33]:427–428 Roman Catholic[33]:427–428
Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.)[12]:270 Carl Kellner;[12]:270[33]:430Theodor Reuss[33]:430 1895;[12]:270 1906[33]:430 Western esotericism

Neo-Hermetism

Thelema[33]:430

Pentecostal Church of God[11]:225 1919[16]:109 Pentecostal[16]:109
Pentecostalism[11]:224–225 Holiness movement
People Unlimited, also known as Eternal Flame Foundation, People Forever, and CBJ[7]:95-96[111] Charles Paul Brown, Bernadeane Brown, James Russell Strole[7]:95-96 1982[111] Immortalism, Christianity [7]:95-96
Peoples Temple[11]:226[112] Jim Jones[10]:832 1955[10]:832 Psychic-New Age[10]:832
Philosophical Research Society[11]:228 Manly Palmer Hall[10]:849 1934[10]:849 Occult[10]:849
Pilgrims of Arès[113] Michel Potay[113] 1974[113]
Plymouth Brethren[11]:228–229[8]:61 John Nelson Darby[12]:281 1830[12]:281 evangelical

Millenarian[12]:281

Potter's House also known as Christian Fellowship Ministries (CFM), The Door, Victory Chapel, Christian Center, Crossroads Chapel, etc.[24]:51–52 Wayman Mitchell[24]:51–52 1970[24]:51–52 Pentecostal[24]:51–52
The Process Church of the Final Judgment[114] Mary Ann MacLean and Robert de Grimston 1963 Satanism
Radha Soami Satsang Beas[11]:234 Seth Shiv Dayal Singh[10]:1059 1861[10]:1059 Sant Mat[10]:1059
Raëlism[11]:234 Claude Vorilhon (Rael)[10]:806 1973[10]:806 UFO religion[10]:806
Rainbow Family[11]:234, 236 Barry Adams[10]:732 late-1960s[10]:732 Communal[10]:732
Rajneesh movement, a.k.a. Osho movement[11]:236, 238 Rajneesh Chandra Mohan[10]:1051 1966[10]:1051 Indian religions-inspired[10]:1051
Ramakrishna Mission, also known as Ramakrishna movement or Vedanta Society[115]:57–58[11]:314 Swami Vivekananda 1897 Neo-Hindu

Neo-Vedanta[12]:382

Ramtha[116] J. Z. Knight[117] 1977[118] New Age[116]
Rastafari[11]:241,243[119] Leonard Howell, Joseph Hibbert, Archibald Dunkley, Robert Hinds[10]:954 1935[10]:954 Jewish and Christian-influenced Afro-centric[10]:954
Reformed Druids of North America[11]:244 1960s[12]:299 Neo-pagan[12]:299
Reiki, also Usui Shiko Ryoho System of Healing[33]:528–529 Mikao Usui 1922 Energy medicine

Japanese Buddhism

Religious Science[11]:245–246 Ernest Holmes[12]:301 1948[12]:301 New Thought[12]:301
Risshō Kōsei Kai[11]:248 Nikkyo Niwano

Myoko Naganuma[120]

1938[120] Nichiren Buddhist[120]
The Rosicrucian Fellowship[11]:249 Carl Louis von Grasshof[10]:845 1909[10]:845 neo-Rosicrucianism[10]:845
Sacred Name Movement[11]:251 Clarence Orvil Dodd 1930s Adventist

Church of God (Seventh-Day)

Sadharan Brahmo Samaj[22]:43–57 Anandamohan Bose, Sivanath Sastri, Umesh Chandra Dutta 1878 Brahmoism
Sahaja Yoga[121] Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi[10]:1029 1970[10]:1029 Neo-Hindu[10]:1029
Saiva Siddhanta Church[11]:251 Subramuniy[10]:1029 1957[10]:1029 Hindu[10]:1029
The Salvation Army[11]:252, 254 William Booth[10]:419 1865[10]:419 Holiness movement[10]:419
Saminism Movement, Samin movement[122]:207–240 Samin Surosentiko 1889 Abrahamic religions

Indigenist

Sant Nirankari Mission[11]:210 Baba Buta Singh Ji 1929 Sikh
Santa Muerte Cult[123] 2000s Syncretic Folk Catholic
Scientology[31]:385–392[21]:126[124][125][126] L. Ron Hubbard[10]:816 1955[10]:816 UFO-Psychic

New Age[10]:816

Sekta Niebo[127] Bogdana Kacmajora 1990 Christian
Seicho-no-Ie[33]:568–569[128] Masaharu Taniguchi, Fenwicke Holmes 1930 Religious Science-Shinto
Self-Realization Fellowship[11]:261 Paramahansa Yogananda[10]:1031 1935[10]:1031 Neo-Hindu[10]:1031
Semitic Neopaganism[129] Raphael Patai[129] 1960s[129] Neo-pagan

Feminism[129]

Seventh-day Adventist Church[11]:262 Ellen G. White[10]:621 1860[10]:621 Adventist[10]:621
Seventh-day Adventist Reform Movement[11]:262–263 schism[10]:622–623 1925[10]:622–623 Seventh Day Adventists[10]:622–623
Shakers[11]:263, 265 Ann Lee[10]:724 1750s[10]:724 Communal—Before 1960[10]:724
Shengdao, also Tongshanshe[130] Peng Tairong (Ruzun) early 20th century Chinese salvationist
Shepherd's Rod, also known as the Davidians, officially, the Davidian Seventh-day Adventist Association[7]:189 Victor T. Houteff[10]:619 1935[10]:619 Seventh Day Adventists[10]:619
Shiloh Youth Revival Centers[11]:266 John J. Higgins, Jr.[10]:734 1969[10]:734 Communal—After 1960[10]:734
Shinji Shumeikai, also Shumei[128] Mihoko Koyama 1970 Church of World Messianity

Faith healing

Shinnyo-en[11]:266–267 Shinjo Ito

Tomoji Ito[10]:1081

1936[10]:1081 Japanese Buddhism[10]:1081
Shinreikyo[11]:266 Kanichi Otsuka[10]:1123 post–World War II[10]:1123 Shinto[10]:1123

Syncretistic

Shri Ram Chandra Mission[131] Shri Ram Chandraji Maharaj[131] 1945[131] Hindu[131]
Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres[11]:268–269 Kuppuswami Iyer[10]:1035 1935[10]:1035 Neo-Hindu[10]:1035
Slavic Native Faith, also known as Rodnovery[70]:112–127 Władysław Kołodziej, Jan Stachniuk 1920–30s Neo-pagan

Polytheistic reconstructionism

Soka Gakkai International[11]:271[132] Tsunesaburo Makiguchi[10]:1082 1930[10]:1082 Nichiren Buddhism[10]:1082
Spiritualism, Spiritism[31]:331–338[133]:248 Kate and Margaret Fox 1848 Psychic-Mediumship

Metaphysical

Subud (Susila Budhi Dharma)[11]:279[31]:267–274[33]:607–608 Muhammed Subuh[10]:981 1933[10]:981 Kejawèn

neo-Sufism[10]:981

Sufi Ruhaniat International[11]:279 Samuel L. Lewis[12]:342 1968[12]:342 neo-Sufism[12]:342
Sukyo Mahikari[11]:281 Sekiguchi Sakae[12]:344 1978[12]:344 Mahikari Syncretistic[12]:344
Summum[11]:281 Claude Rex Nowell[10]:1141 1975[10]:1141 Unclassified Christian Churches[10]:1141
Syntheism[134] Alexander Bard[134] 2012[134] Pantheist

Humanist

Netocratic

The Satanic Temple[135][136][137] Lucien Greaves

Malcolm Jarry[138]

2012[139] Satanism

Nontheistic[136]

Tenrikyo[11]:287–288 Miki Nakayama[10]:1124 1838[10]:1124 Shinto[10]:1124
Tensegrity[33]:581[39] Carlos Castaneda 1995 Neoshamanism[33]:581

New Age

Terasem[140] Martine Rothblatt 2004 Transhumanism
Thelema, also known as the A∴A∴ order[47]:41–42 Aleister Crowley early 1900s Occult

neo-Hermetism

Western esotericism[47]:41–42

Theosophy or Theosophical Society, a.k.a. 1882 as Theosophical Society Adyar[31]:315–324[33]:624–625[141] Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Henry Steel Olcott, William Quan Judge[141] 1875 Occult

Eastern and Western esotericism[33]:624–625[47]:40–41

Theosophical Society Pasadena[31]:315–324[141]:blz. 427 William Quan Judge 1895 Theosophical
Toronto Blessing[143] Randy Clark[72]:122–123 1994[72]:122–123 Pentecostal[72]:122–123
Transcendental Meditation (TM)[11]:292–293, 295–296 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi[10]:1045 1958[10]:1045 Neo-Hindu-inspired[10]:1045
Triratna Buddhist Community (formerly FWBO)[57] Sangharakshita (Dennis Lingwood) 1967[57] Neo-Buddhism
True Buddha School[144] Lu Sheng-yen[144] Late 1980s Tibetan Buddhism

Taoism[144]

True Gnostic Church[145] Azrael Ondi-Ahman (Archie D. Wood)[145] 1979[146]
Twelve Tribes[11]:212, 334–335 Gene and Marsha Spriggs[10]:737 1972[10]:737 Messianic Jewish Communal—After 1960[10]:737
Two by Twos, also known as Cooneyites, Christian Conventions, the Workers and Friends, the Truth, etc.[11]:298 William Irvine[8]:330 1897[147] Independent fundamentalist family[10]:611
Umbanda[11]:299 Zélio Fernandino de Moraes[148] 1920[148] Spiritism[148]
Unarius Academy of Science[11]:300, 302–303 Ernest Norman, Ruth Norman 1954 UFO Religion
Unification Church, also known as the Moonies[11]:300, 302–303 Sun Myung Moon[12]:365 1954[12]:365 Syncretistic Christian[12]:365
Unitarian Universalism[41]:335 consolidation[24]:308–310 1961[24]:308–310 Unitarian Universalism[24]:308–310
United Holy Church of America[11]:304 Isaac Cheshier[10]:487 1900[10]:487 Black Trinitarian Pentecostal[10]:487
United House of Prayer for All People[11]:304–305 Marcelino Manoel de Graca[12]:371 1925[12]:371 African American Pentecostal[12]:371
United Israel World Union[11]:305 David Horowitz[10]:959 1944[10]:959 Other Jewish Groups[10]:959
United Lodge of Theosophists[11]:305 Robert Crosbie[10]:855 1909[10]:855 Theosophical[10]:855
United Pentecostal Church International[11]:287–306 merger[10]:476 1945[10]:476 Apostolic Pentecostals[10]:476
Unity Church[11]:306–307 Charles Fillmore and Myrtle Fillmore[12]:373 1889/1903[12]:373 New Thought-Christian[12]:373
Universal Great Brotherhood[11]:310 Serge Raynaud de la Ferriere[10]:883 late 1940s[10]:883 Other Theosophical Groups[10]:883
Universal Life Church[11]:311 Kirby Hensley[10]:680 1962[10]:680 Liberal Family[10]:680
Universal White Brotherhood[149] Peter Deunov[10]:880 1900[10]:880 Other Theosophical Groups[10]:880

Esoteric Christianity

Urantia Foundation[24]:319–322 William S. Sadler[24]:319–322 1934[24]:319–322 UFO religion[24]:319–322

Psychic New Age[10]:839 Christian occultist[12]:380

Vajradhatu[11]:313 Chögyam Trungpa[10]:1115 1973[10]:1115 Tibetan Buddhism[10]:1115
Vale do Amanhecer[150] Tia Neiva[150] 1959[150] Spiritualism[150]
Volunteers of America[11]:316 Ballington Booth

Maud Booth[10]:420

1896[10]:420 Holiness movement[10]:420
The Way International[11]:318 Victor Paul Wierwille[10]:608 1942[10]:608 Independent fundamentalist family[10]:608
The Way of the Livingness (Universal Medicine)[151] Serge Benhayon[151] 1999[151] Neo-Theosophical[152] and/or "Socially harmful cult".[153]
White Eagle Lodge[11]:319 Lady Elizabeth Carey[10]:884 1943[10]:884 Other Theosophical Groups[10]:884
Wicca[31]:339–346[47]:55 Gerald Gardner[24]:338 c. 1949[24]:338 Neo-pagan

Witchcraft[31]:339–346

Occult[24]:338

Wotansvolk[154] David Lane 1990s neo-völkisch paganism
The Word Foundation[11]:320 Harold W. Percival[10]:856 c. 1904[10]:856 Theosophical[10]:856
World Peace and Unification Sanctuary Church[155][156] Hyung Jin Moon

Yeon Ah Lee Moon

2015 Unification Church-based

ultra-Orthodox/Fundamentalism

Yiguandao[33][130]:702–703 Wang Jueyi; Chang Thien Ran late 19th century Chinese salvationist-Millenarian

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Beckford, James A., ed (1 January 1987). New religious movements and rapid social change. London: Sage Publications. ISBN 978-0-8039-8003-7. https://archive.org/details/newreligiousmove00reli. 
  2. ↑ Nelson 1987, p. 107.
  3. ↑ Swenson 2009, p. 206.
  4. ↑ Coney, Judith (June 1998). "A Response to: Religious Liberty in Western Europe by Massimo Introvigne, Vol. 5, No. 2". ISKCON Communications Journal 6 (1). 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Wilson, Bryan R., ed (5 May 1999). New religious movements : challenge and response. London [u.a.]: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20049-3. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Hakl, Hans Thomas (2010). "Franz Sättler (Dr. Musallam) and the Twentieth-Century Cult of Adonism". The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies 12 (1). doi:10.1558/pome.v12i1.4. ISSN 1528-0268. 
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23 7.24 7.25 7.26 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named lewis1998
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 8.21 8.22 8.23 8.24 8.25 8.26 8.27 8.28 8.29 8.30 8.31 8.32 8.33 8.34 8.35 8.36 8.37 8.38 8.39 8.40 8.41 8.42 8.43 8.44 8.45 8.46 8.47 8.48 8.49 8.50 8.51 8.52 8.53 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named chryssides2001
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Omoyajowo 1995, pp. xv, 113.
  10. ↑ 10.000 10.001 10.002 10.003 10.004 10.005 10.006 10.007 10.008 10.009 10.010 10.011 10.012 10.013 10.014 10.015 10.016 10.017 10.018 10.019 10.020 10.021 10.022 10.023 10.024 10.025 10.026 10.027 10.028 10.029 10.030 10.031 10.032 10.033 10.034 10.035 10.036 10.037 10.038 10.039 10.040 10.041 10.042 10.043 10.044 10.045 10.046 10.047 10.048 10.049 10.050 10.051 10.052 10.053 10.054 10.055 10.056 10.057 10.058 10.059 10.060 10.061 10.062 10.063 10.064 10.065 10.066 10.067 10.068 10.069 10.070 10.071 10.072 10.073 10.074 10.075 10.076 10.077 10.078 10.079 10.080 10.081 10.082 10.083 10.084 10.085 10.086 10.087 10.088 10.089 10.090 10.091 10.092 10.093 10.094 10.095 10.096 10.097 10.098 10.099 10.100 10.101 10.102 10.103 10.104 10.105 10.106 10.107 10.108 10.109 10.110 10.111 10.112 10.113 10.114 10.115 10.116 10.117 10.118 10.119 10.120 10.121 10.122 10.123 10.124 10.125 10.126 10.127 10.128 10.129 10.130 10.131 10.132 10.133 10.134 10.135 10.136 10.137 10.138 10.139 10.140 10.141 10.142 10.143 10.144 10.145 10.146 10.147 10.148 10.149 10.150 10.151 10.152 10.153 10.154 10.155 10.156 10.157 10.158 10.159 10.160 10.161 10.162 10.163 10.164 10.165 10.166 10.167 10.168 10.169 10.170 10.171 10.172 10.173 10.174 10.175 10.176 10.177 10.178 10.179 10.180 10.181 10.182 10.183 10.184 10.185 10.186 10.187 10.188 10.189 10.190 10.191 10.192 10.193 10.194 10.195 10.196 10.197 10.198 10.199 10.200 10.201 10.202 10.203 10.204 10.205 10.206 10.207 10.208 10.209 10.210 10.211 10.212 10.213 10.214 10.215 10.216 10.217 10.218 10.219 10.220 10.221 10.222 10.223 10.224 10.225 10.226 10.227 10.228 10.229 10.230 10.231 10.232 10.233 10.234 10.235 10.236 10.237 10.238 10.239 10.240 10.241 10.242 10.243 10.244 10.245 10.246 10.247 10.248 10.249 10.250 10.251 10.252 10.253 10.254 10.255 10.256 10.257 10.258 10.259 10.260 10.261 10.262 10.263 10.264 10.265 10.266 10.267 10.268 10.269 10.270 10.271 10.272 10.273 10.274 10.275 10.276 10.277 10.278 10.279 10.280 10.281 10.282 10.283 10.284 10.285 10.286 10.287 10.288 10.289 10.290 10.291 10.292 10.293 10.294 10.295 10.296 10.297 10.298 10.299 10.300 10.301 10.302 10.303 10.304 10.305 10.306 10.307 10.308 10.309 10.310 10.311 10.312 10.313 10.314 10.315 10.316 10.317 10.318 10.319 10.320 10.321 10.322 10.323 10.324 10.325 10.326 10.327 10.328 10.329 10.330 10.331 10.332 10.333 10.334 10.335 10.336 10.337 10.338 10.339 10.340 10.341 10.342 10.343 10.344 10.345 10.346 10.347 10.348 10.349 10.350 10.351 10.352 10.353 10.354 10.355 10.356 10.357 10.358 10.359 10.360 10.361 10.362 10.363 10.364 10.365 10.366 10.367 10.368 10.369 10.370 10.371 10.372 10.373 10.374 10.375 10.376 10.377 10.378 10.379 10.380 10.381 10.382 10.383 10.384 10.385 10.386 10.387 10.388 10.389 10.390 10.391 10.392 10.393 10.394 10.395 10.396 10.397 10.398 10.399 10.400 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named melton2002
  11. ↑ 11.000 11.001 11.002 11.003 11.004 11.005 11.006 11.007 11.008 11.009 11.010 11.011 11.012 11.013 11.014 11.015 11.016 11.017 11.018 11.019 11.020 11.021 11.022 11.023 11.024 11.025 11.026 11.027 11.028 11.029 11.030 11.031 11.032 11.033 11.034 11.035 11.036 11.037 11.038 11.039 11.040 11.041 11.042 11.043 11.044 11.045 11.046 11.047 11.048 11.049 11.050 11.051 11.052 11.053 11.054 11.055 11.056 11.057 11.058 11.059 11.060 11.061 11.062 11.063 11.064 11.065 11.066 11.067 11.068 11.069 11.070 11.071 11.072 11.073 11.074 11.075 11.076 11.077 11.078 11.079 11.080 11.081 11.082 11.083 11.084 11.085 11.086 11.087 11.088 11.089 11.090 11.091 11.092 11.093 11.094 11.095 11.096 11.097 11.098 11.099 11.100 11.101 11.102 11.103 11.104 11.105 11.106 11.107 11.108 11.109 11.110 11.111 11.112 11.113 11.114 11.115 11.116 11.117 11.118 11.119 11.120 11.121 11.122 11.123 11.124 11.125 11.126 11.127 11.128 11.129 11.130 11.131 11.132 11.133 11.134 11.135 11.136 11.137 11.138 11.139 11.140 11.141 11.142 11.143 11.144 11.145 11.146 11.147 11.148 11.149 11.150 11.151 11.152 11.153 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named BH1992
  12. ↑ 12.000 12.001 12.002 12.003 12.004 12.005 12.006 12.007 12.008 12.009 12.010 12.011 12.012 12.013 12.014 12.015 12.016 12.017 12.018 12.019 12.020 12.021 12.022 12.023 12.024 12.025 12.026 12.027 12.028 12.029 12.030 12.031 12.032 12.033 12.034 12.035 12.036 12.037 12.038 12.039 12.040 12.041 12.042 12.043 12.044 12.045 12.046 12.047 12.048 12.049 12.050 12.051 12.052 12.053 12.054 12.055 12.056 12.057 12.058 12.059 12.060 12.061 12.062 12.063 12.064 12.065 12.066 12.067 12.068 12.069 12.070 12.071 12.072 12.073 12.074 12.075 12.076 12.077 12.078 12.079 12.080 12.081 12.082 12.083 12.084 12.085 12.086 12.087 12.088 12.089 12.090 12.091 12.092 12.093 12.094 12.095 12.096 12.097 12.098 12.099 12.100 12.101 12.102 12.103 12.104 12.105 12.106 12.107 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named BH1997
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Introvigne, Massimo. "The 2008 International Conference - Twenty Years of Studies of New Religious Movements: Autohagiography or Post-Mortem?" (in it). http://www.cesnur.org/2008/london_introvigne.htm. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Pitrelli, Stefano; Vecchio, Gianni Del (2011-03-10) (in it). Occulto Italia. Bur. ISBN 9788858615720. https://books.google.com/books?id=362N1s-bjiAC&q=arkeon+-game&pg=PT413. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Strmiska and Sigurvinsson 2005, pp. 127–180.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Clark, Elmer T. (June 1940). The Small Sects in America (1st ed.). New York: Abingdon Press. ISBN 978-0-687-38703-8. 
  17. ↑ Partridge, 2004, p. 261.
  18. ↑ Saliba, 2003, p. 171.
  19. ↑ Barrett, David (2001). The New Believers. London: Cassell & Co. ISBN 0-304-35592-5. https://archive.org/details/newbelieverssurv00barr. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Fort, Samuel (9 October 2014). Cult of the Great Eleven. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1-5027-8258-8. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named bhugra1996
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Kopf, David (1979). The Brahmo Samaj and the Shaping of the Modern Indian Mind. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 
  23. ↑ Jones, Lindsay, ed (2005). Encyclopedia of Religion. 15-volume Set (2nd ed.). Detroit, MI: MacMillan Reference USA. ISBN 0-02-865733-0. https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2. 
  24. ↑ 24.00 24.01 24.02 24.03 24.04 24.05 24.06 24.07 24.08 24.09 24.10 24.11 24.12 24.13 24.14 24.15 24.16 24.17 24.18 24.19 24.20 24.21 24.22 24.23 24.24 24.25 24.26 24.27 24.28 Nichols, Larry A.; Mather, George; Schmidt, Alvin J. (13 August 2006). Dictionary of cults, sects, and world religions (Rev. and updated ed.). Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-23954-3. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Bergman, Gregory (30 May 2006). Isms. Avon, MA: Adams Media. ISBN 978-1-59337-483-9. 
  26. ↑ "Eberhard Arnold: Founder of the Bruderhof". http://www.eberhardarnold.com/. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "The Way Of The Cross". 2007-04-02. http://www.ka-bratli.com/eng_korsets.htm. 
  28. ↑ "The Religious Movements Homepage: Chen Tao". 2005-10-29. http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/chentao.html. 
  29. ↑ Barkun, Michael (2014) (in en). Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement. UNC Press Books. ISBN 9781469611112. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Religion_and_the_Racist_Right/qb0EAwAAQBAJ. 
  30. ↑ See:
    • Saliba, John A. Understanding New Religious Movements. Rowman Altamira, 2003, p. 26: "The Christian Science-Metaphysical Family. This family, known also as "New Thought" in academic literature, stresses the need to understand the functioning of the human mind in order to achieve the healing of all human ailments."
    • Lewis, James R. Legitimating New Religions. Rutgers University Press, 2003, p. 94: "Groups in the metaphysical (Christian Science–New Thought) tradition ... usually claim to have discovered spiritual laws which, if properly understood and applied, transform and improve the lives of ordinary individuals, much as technology has transformed society."
  31. ↑ 31.00 31.01 31.02 31.03 31.04 31.05 31.06 31.07 31.08 31.09 31.10 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named miller1995
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 "About Us" (in en). https://www.ldsstrangite.com/about-us.html. 
  33. ↑ 33.00 33.01 33.02 33.03 33.04 33.05 33.06 33.07 33.08 33.09 33.10 33.11 33.12 33.13 33.14 33.15 33.16 33.17 33.18 33.19 33.20 33.21 33.22 33.23 33.24 33.25 33.26 33.27 33.28 33.29 33.30 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named clarke2006
  34. ↑ Atheist, Friendly. "Thanks to a Technicality, Pastafarianism is Now an Official Religion in Poland!". http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2014/04/10/thanks-to-a-technicality-pastafarianism-is-now-an-official-religion-in-poland/. 
  35. ↑ "Pastafarian recognized in Texas ID". http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/pastafarian-recognized-texas-id-article-1.1436608. 
  36. ↑ "In 1955, Reverend Moon established the Collegiate Association for the Research of the Principle (CARP). CARP is now active on many campuses in the United States and has expanded to over eighty nations. This association of students promotes intercultural, interracial, and international cooperation through the Unification world view." [1]
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Storey, John Woodrow; Glenn H. Utter (2002). Religion and Politics. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-57607-218-9. https://archive.org/details/religionpolitics00stor/page/99. 
  38. ↑ "The Concerned Christians cult". http://www.religioustolerance.org/dc_conc.htm. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Robert, J. Wallis (2003). Shamans/neo-Shamans: Ecstasy, Alternative Archaeologies and Contemporary Pagans. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-30203-X. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Robinson 2005.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named chryssides2006
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  44. ↑ Smith, Geraldine. "Conference Program/ New Religious Movements/ The Millenialists Project: A Comparative Study Between the End of Time Survivors and Survivalism in Western Modernity". https://www.aasr.org.au/conference-program/. 
  45. ↑ Smith, Geraldine. "The Millenialists Project: A Comparative Study Between the End of Time Survivors and Survivalism in Western Modernity". Australian Association of Study of Religion. https://www.aasr.org.au/conference-program/. 
  46. ↑ Clarke, Nicholas (1993). The Occult Roots of Nazism. New York: NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-3060-7. 
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  50. ↑ See"
    • Nelson 1987, p. 177. "Finally his study of EST (Erhard Systems Training) provides an insight into the work of the human potential movement which aims at self realisation."
    • Puttick 2004, p. 406. "est was one of the most successful manifestations of the human potential movement (HPM) ..."
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    • Ramstedt 2007, p. 6. "How can one find a definition of 'New Age' that will serve to bring so many different features together? One major difficulty in defining 'New Age' is that different writers draw different boundaries. Paul Heelas, for example, includes a significant number of what he calls the 'self religions': groups like Landmark Forum (also known simply as The Forum, formerly est or Erhard Seminar Training) and Programmes Limited (formerly Exegesis). Some writers trace the New Age back to William Blake (1757–1827); others see it as originating in the 'hippie' counter-culture in the USA in the 1960s, while the scholar of the New Age, Wouter Hanegraaff, places it later still, regarding it as beginning in the second half of the 1970s."
  52. ↑ "Tropical Promised Land: New Israelites of the Amazon" (in en). https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium.MAGAZINE-tropical-promised-land-new-israelites-of-the-amazon-1.5409032. 
  53. ↑ Lewis 2004, p. 195.
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  58. ↑ "Husband Says Fringe Church's 'Miracle Cure' Killed His Wife". 29 October 2016. https://abcnews.go.com/US/husband-fringe-churchs-miracle-cure-killed-wife/story?id=43081647. 
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  62. ↑ "New Zealand Cults, Sects, Religions, Christian Organisations, and other groups". https://www.cults.co.nz/gwp/. 
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  82. ↑ Omar Ashour, Libyan Islamists Unpacked : Rise, Transformation and Future. Brookings Doha Center, 2012.
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  139. ↑ "Bashir: Satanists hail Florida Gov. Rick Scott". 2013-01-14. http://www.msnbc.com/martin-bashir/watch/bashir-satanists-hail-florida-gov-rick-scott-14650947887. 
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