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Slavic dragon

Topic: Unsolved

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Short description: Legendary creature known as the Zmey in Eastern European folklore
Mikhail Zlatkovsky. Caricature of the revival of paganism in Russia. 1977

A Slavic dragon is any dragon in Slavic mythology, including the Russian zmei (or zmey; змей), Ukrainian zmiy (змій), and its counterparts in other Slavic cultures: the Bulgarian zmey (змей), the Slovak drak and šarkan, Czech drak, Polish żmij, the Serbo-Croatian zmaj (змај), the Macedonian zmej (змеј) and the Slovene zmaj. The Romanian zmeu could also be deemed a "Slavic" dragon, but a non-cognate etymology has been proposed[citation needed].

A zmei may be beast-like or human-like, sometimes wooing women, but often plays the role of chief antagonist in Russian literature. In the Balkans, the zmei type is overall regarded as benevolent, as opposed to malevolent dragons known variously as lamia [bg], ala or hala, or aždaja.

The Polish smok (e.g. Wawel Dragon of Kraków) or the Ukrainian or Belarusian smok (смок), tsmok (цмок), can also be included. In some Slavic traditions smok is an ordinary snake which may turn into a dragon with age.

Some of the common motifs concerning Slavic dragons include their identification as masters of weather or water source; that they start life as snakes; and that both the male and female can be romantically involved with humans.

Etymology

The Slavic terms descend from Proto-Slavic *zmьjь. The further derivation that Serbo-Croatian zmaj "dragon" and zemlja "earth" ultimately descend from the same Proto-Slavic root zьm-, from the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *ǵhdem, was proposed by Croatian linguist Petar Skok.[2] Lithuanian scholarship also points out that the connection of the snake (zmey) with the earthly realm is even more pronounced in folk incantations, since its name would etymologically mean 'earthly (being); that which creeps underground'.[3]

The forms and spellings are Russian: zmei or zmey змей (pl. zmei зме́и); Ukrainian: zmiy змій (pl. zmiyi змії); Bulgarian: zmei змей (pl. zmeiove змейове); Polish zmiy żmij (pl. żmije); Serbo-Croatian zmaj змај (pl. зма̀јеви); Slovene zmaj zmáj or zmàj (pl. zmáji or zmáji).

Russian zmei

Dobrynya Nikitich rescues Princess Zabava from Zmey Gorynych, by Ivan Bilibin
Further information: zmei (Russian)

In the legends of Russia and Ukraine , a particular dragon-like creature, Zmey Gorynych (Russian: Змей Горыныч or Ukrainian: Змій Горинич), has three to twelve heads,[4] and Tugarin Zmeyevich (literally: "Tugarin Dragon-son"), known as zmei-bogatyr or "serpent hero", is a man-like dragon who appears in Russian (or Kievan Rus) heroic literature.[5] The name "Tugarin" may symbolize Turkic or Mongol steppe-peoples.[6]

Chudo-Yudo

The Chudo-Yudo (or Chudo-iudo, чудо-юдо; pl. Chuda-Yuda) is a multi-headed dragon that appears in some wondertale variants, usually considered to be water-dwelling.[7][8] Some legends portray him as the brother of Koshchey the Deathless, and thus the offspring of the witch Baba Yaga; others present him as a personification of the witch in her foulest form.[9] A Chudo Yudo is one of the guardians of the Water of Life and Death, and his name traditionally was invoked in times of drought.[9] He can apparently assume human-like forms and is able to speak and to ride a horse. He has the ability to regenerate any decapitated heads.[10][11]

The term Chudo-Yudo may not be a name for a specific type of dragon at all, but rather a fanciful term for a generic "monster". According to this explanation, the term is to be understood as a poetic form of chudovishche (чудовище) meaning "monster", with a -iudo ending appended simply for the rhyme.[12][13] Chudo in modern Russian means "a wonder", and once also had the meaning of "a giant"; "yudo" may relate to Iuda, the Russian form of the personal name "Judas", with connotations of uncleanness and the demonic.[14]

Three- and six-headed zmei, slain by the titular hero in "Ivan Popyalov" (Иван Попялов, "Ivan Cinders", Afanasyev's tale #135)[15] appear as six-, nine-, and twelve-headed Chuda-Iuda in the cognate tale #137 "Ivan Bykovich" (Иван Быкович). The inference is that Chudo-Yudo must also be a dragon, even though the word "serpent" (zmei) does not appear explicitly in the latter tale.[16][17] The six-, nine-, and twelve-headed Chuda-Yuda that appear out of the Black Sea are explicitly described as zmei in yet another cognate tale, #136 "Storm-Bogatyr, Ivan the Cow's Son" (Буря-богатырь Иван коровий сын). The Storm-Bogatyr possesses a magic sword (sword Kladenets), but uses his battle club (or mace) to attack them.[18][19][11]

A Chudo-Yudo's heads have a remarkable healing property: even if severed, he can pick them up and re-attach them with a stroke of his fiery finger, according to one of these tales,[10] comparable to the regenerative power of the Lernaean hydra that grows its head back.[20]

Folktales often depict Chuda-yuda as living beyond the River Smorodina (ru) (the name may suggest "Stench River")—that is, in the realm of the dead, reached by crossing over the Kalinov Bridge (ru) ("White-hot Bridge").

Smok

The terms smok ("serpent") and tsmok ("sucker") can signify a dragon, but also just an ordinary snake. There are Slavic folk tales in which a smok, when it reaches a certain age, grows into a dragon (zmaj, etc.). Similar lore is widespread across Slavic countries, as described below.

Some common themes

Snake into dragons

The folklore that an ancient snake grows into a dragon is fairly widespread in Slavic regions. This is also paralleled by similar lore in China.[lower-alpha 1]

In Bulgaria is a similar folk belief that the smok ("Aesculapian snake"[21]) begins its life-cycle as a non-venomous snake but later grows into a zmei dragon after living 40 years.[22][23][24] Or, if the body of a decapitated snake (zmiya) is joined to an ox or buffalo horn, it grows into a lamia after just 40 days, according to Bulgarian folk tradition published by Racho Slaveykov [bg] in the 19th century.[25]

There are also among the East Slavic folk the tradition that a viper transforms into a dragon.[26] In Ukrainian folklore the viper needs 7 years to metamorphosize into a dragon, while in Belarusian folklore the requisite time is 100 years, according to one comparison.[26]

The weather-making dragon, ismeju (or zmeu[27]), of Romanian Scholomance folklore is also locally believed to grow out of a snake which has lived for 9 years (belief found at "Hatzeger Thal" or Hațeg).[28]

Weather

Locally in Ukraine, around Lutsk, the rainbow is called tsmok ("sucker") which is said to be a tube that guzzles water from the sea and rivers and carries the moisture up into the clouds.[31][32]

There is the notion (thought to be inspired by the tornado) of a Slavic dragon that dips its tail into a river or lake and siphons up the water, ready to cause floods.[33]

In Romanian folklore, dragons are ridden by weather-controlling wizards called the Solomonari. The type of dragon they ride may be the zmeu[lower-alpha 2][27] or the balaur, depending on the source.[34][35]

The lamia and the hala (explained further below) are also generally perceived as weather dragons or demons.

Balkan Slavic dragons

In Bulgarian lore, the zmei is sometimes described as a scale-covered serpent-like creature with four legs and bat's wings,[23] at other times as half-man, half-snake, with wings and a fish-like tail.[22]

In Bulgaria, this zmei tends to be regarded as a benevolent guardian creature, while the lamya and hala were seen as detrimental towards humans.[36][37][lower-alpha 3]

Zmei lovers

A favorite topic of folk songs was the male zmey-lover who may marry a woman and carry her to the underworld, or a female zmeitsa (zmeitza) who falls in love with a shepherd.[38][39] When a zmei falls in love with a woman, she may "pine, languish, become pale, neglect herself.. and generally act strangely", and the victim stricken with the condition could only be cured by bathing in infusions of certain herbs, according to superstition.[39]

In Serbia, there is the example of the epic song Carica Milica i zmaj od Jastrepca (Serbian: Царица Милица и змај од Јастрепца) and its folktale version translated as "The Tsarina Militza and the Zmay of Yastrebatz".[40][41]

Zmey of Macedonian fairy tales

In most Macedonian tales and folk songs they are described as extremely intelligent, having hypnotizing eyes. However, sometimes Zmey's could be men who would astrally project into the sky when there is a storm to battle the Lamia, a female evil version that wants to destroy the wheat. They were also known as guardians of the territory, and would even protect the people in it. Hostile behaviour was shown if another zmey comes into his territory. They could change their appearance in the form of a smoke, strong spark, fire bird, snake, cloud but almost afterwards he would gain the form of a handsome man and enter the chambers of a young maiden. They fell in love with women who were conceived on the same night as them, or born in the same day as them. He usually guards the girl from a small age and his love lasts forever. Some girls get sick by loving a zmey, and symptoms include paleness, shyness, antisocial behaviour, watery eyes, quietness and hallucinations. They didn't live a long life, because it resulted in suicide. Zmeys would kidnap girls and lead them into their mountain caves where she would serve him.

Benevolent zmei of the Balkans

There is a pan-Balkan notion that the zmei (known by various cognates) is a sort of "guardian-spirit dragon" against the "evil" types of dragon, given below.[42][43] One explanation is that the Balkan zmej symbolized the patriotic dragon fighting the Turkish dragon, a way to vent the local population's frustration at not being able to overthrow the long-time Turkish rule.[44]

Zmaj of Serbian fairy tales

Serbian tale "A Pavilion Neither in the Sky nor on the Earth". —Painting by William Sewell

The zmaj dragon in Serbian fairy tales nevertheless have sinister roles in a number of instances. In the well-known tale[45] "A Pavilion Neither in the Sky nor on the Earth" the youngest prince succeeds in killing the dragon (zmaj) that guards the three princesses held captive.[lower-alpha 4][47]

Vuk Karadžić's collection of folktales have other examples. In "The Golden Apple-tree and the Nine Peahens", the dragon carries away the peahen maiden who is the hero's lover.[48][47] In "Baš Čelik" the hero must contend with a dragon-king.[49][50]

Lamia

The lamia [bg] or lamya (Bulgarian: ламя), derived from the Greek lamia,[51] is also seen as a dragon-like creature in Bulgarian ethnic population, currently inhabiting Bulgaria, with equivalents in Macedonia (lamja, lamna; ламја), and South-East Serbian areas (lamnia ламња).[52]

The Bulgarian lamia is described as reptile- or lizard-like and covered with scales, with 3–9 heads which are like dog's heads with sharp teeth.[53][26] It may also have sharp claws, webbed wings, and the scales may be yellow color.[26]

The Bulgarian lamia dwells in the bottoms of the seas and lakes, or sometimes mountainous caverns,[26] or tree holes[lower-alpha 5][54] and can stop the supply of water to the human population, demanding sacrificial offerings to undo its deed.[26][53] The lamia, bringer of drought, was considered the adversary of St. Ilya (Elijah) or a benevolent zmei.[53]

In the Bulgarian version of Saint George and the Dragon, the dragon was a lamia.[53] Bulgarian legends tell of how a hero (actually a double of St. George, denoted as "George of the Flowers", Cveten Gǝorgi, Bulgarian: цветен Гьорги[55]) cuts off the heads of the three- or multi-headed Lamia, and when the hero accomplishes its destruction and sever all its heads, "rivers of fertility" are said to flow.[53][56][55] This song about St. George's fight with the lamia occurs in ritual spiritual verse supposed to be sung around St. George's day.[lower-alpha 6][58]

One of the versions collected by ethnologist Dimitar Marinov [bg] begins: "Тръгнал ми е цветен Гьорги/Да обиди нивен сънор/На път среща сура ламя.. (George of the Flowers fared out / Going around his congregation /On the road he met the fallow lamia..)".[59][lower-alpha 7] Another version collected by Marinov substitutes "Yuda-Samodiva" in the place of the lamia.[55] Three rivers gush out of the dragons head-stumps: typically one of corn, one of red wine, and one of milk and honey. These benefitted the crop-growers, vineyard growers (winemakers), and the beekeepers and shepherds, respectively.[59][56][55] .

Other evil Balkan dragons

There is some overlap or conflation of the lamia and the hala (or halla), although the latter is usually conceived of as a "whirlwind".[26][61] Or it might be described as regional differences. The lamia in Eastern Bulgaria is the adversary of the benevolent zmei,[62] and the hala or ala takes its place in Western Bulgaria.[52][42]

This motif of hero against the evil dragon (lamia, ala/hala, or aždaja) is found more generally throughout the Balkan Slavic region.[63] Sometimes this hero is a saint (usually St. George).[63] And after the hero severs all its (three) heads, "three rivers of wheat, milk, and wine" flow out of the stumps.[63][lower-alpha 8]

Hala

The demon or creature known as hala (or ala), whose name derived from the Greek word for "hail" took the appearance of a dense mist or fog, or a black cloud.[53][26] Hala was believed to be the cause of strong winds and whirlwind in Eastern Bulgaria,[53] whereas the lamya was blamed as the perpetrator in Southwestern Bulgarian lore.[64] In Western Bulgarian tradition, the halla itself was regarded as the whirlwind, which guarded clouds and contained the rain,[65] but was also regarded as a type of dragon,[52][42] alongside the folklore that the smok (roughly equated with "grass snake" but actually the Aesculapian snake[lower-alpha 9][21]) was a crag-dwelling whirlwind.[65]

These hala were also known in East and Central Serbia.[52] Similar lore occur in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro.[citation needed]

Aždaja

The demon hala was also called by other names regionally, in some parts of Bulgaria they were known as aždarha (Bulgarian: аждарха) or ažder (аждер), in Macedonian as aždaja or ažder (аждаја, аждер), in Bosnian and Serbian as aždaja (аждаја).[lower-alpha 10][52][42]

The word aždaja or aždaha is borrowed from Persian azdahā (اژدها),[66] and has its origins in the Indo-Iranian mythology surrounding the dragon azidahā.[63] As an example, in some local Serbian icons, St. George is represented as slaying the aždaja and not a zmaj.[67]

Pozoj

A pozoj is a dragon of legends in Croatia.[lower-alpha 11] In Međimurje County, the Čakovec pozoj was said to dwell beneath the city, with its head under the church and tail under the town square, or vice versa, and it could only be gotten rid of by a grabancijaš (a "wandering scholar", glossed as a "black [magic] student").[69]

The pozoj is also known in Slovenia, and according to legend there is one living underneath Zagreb, causing an earthquake whenever it shrugs.[70] Poet Matija Valjavec [sl] (1866) has published some tales concerning the pozoj in the Slovenski glasnik magazine, which also connected the creature to the črne škole dijak ("black school student"),[71] which other Slovene sources call črnošolec ("sorcerer's apprentice"),[72] and which some equate with a grabancijaš dijak[73]

Dragons in Slovenia are generally negative in nature, and usually appear in relation with St. George.[74] The Slovene god-hero Kresnik is known as a dragonslayer.[75]

Representations

Coat of arms of Moscow

There are natural and man-made structures that have dragon lore attached to them. There are also representations in sculpture and painting. In iconography, Saint George and the Dragon is prominent in Slavic areas. The dragon is a common motif in heraldry, and the coat of arms of a number of cities or families depict dragons.

The Dragon Bridge (Slovene: Zmajski most) in Ljubljana, Slovenia depicts dragons associated with the city or said to be the city's guardians,[76] and the city's coat of arms features a dragon (representing the one slain by Kresnik).[75]

The coat of arms of Moscow also depicts a St George (symbolizing Christianity) killing the Dragon (symbolizing the Golden Horde).[77][78][need quotation to verify]

Some prehistoric structures, notably the Serpent's Wall near Kyiv, have been associated with dragons as symbols of foreign peoples.[citation needed]

In popular culture

See also

Coats of arms of Ljubljana
  • Chuvash dragon
  • Smok Wawelski – dragon of Kraków
  • Zahhak (or Aži Dahāka) – Iranian dragon
  • žaltys
  • zduhać
  • Zilant – dragon of Kazan
  • Zirnitra – Wendish dragon and god of sorcery
  • Dobrynya Nikitich and Zmey Gorynych (2006 animated feature film)
  • Mavrud wine - story of a lion or lamya defeated by hero
  • Coats of arms of Ljubljana
  • Serpent's Wall, according to a legend, plowed by a dragon

Explanatory notes

  1. ↑ As Popova (1987), p. 56 points out, the tradition that an ancient snake becomes a dragon is also found in China, recorded for example in the Shuyiji [zh] or "Accounts of Strange Things", but in the Chinese version, the snake requires 500 years times 3 for it to evolve into a full dragon. Citation is given to Clébert, Jean Paul (1971) Bestiaire fabuleux, p. 157
  2. ↑ Also improperly spelt "ismeju" in this context.
  3. ↑ Kremenliev groups the zmei with the nymphs samodivi and samovili, which he says are winged serpents.
  4. ↑ This tale was set down in writing by Prince Michael Obrenović III based on a childhood tale he heard, and submitted to the folklore collector Vuk Karadžić[46]
  5. ↑ To hide from St. Ilya (Elijah)
  6. ↑ Marinov's example collected from Veslov was being sung around Christmas but the informant stated that it is supposed be sung on St. George's Day.[57]
  7. ↑ The adjective sura (сура) has been translated fauve in French by Auguste Dozon,[60] which is rather vague; Oxenford following Dozon, gave the color of the lamia as "fallow".[56]
  8. ↑ As "rivers of fertility" flows from the slain dragon in the Bulgarian version, as already noted.
  9. ↑ Smok was crudely translated as "grass snake" by Zhelyazkova,[65] but grass snake (Natrix spp.) in Bulgarian is actually vodnitsa водница[21] or vodna zmiya водна змия literally ‘water snake’.
  10. ↑ Or aždraja (аждраја).
  11. ↑ Vatroslav Jagić for one seemed to equate pazoj with lintvern.[68]

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Cited in: Kerewsky-Halpern, Barbara (Fall 1983), "Watch out for Snakes! Ethnosemantic Misinterpretations and Interpretation of a Serbian Healing Charm", Anthropological Linguistics (Indiana University) 25 (3): 321–322 and note 14  JSTOR 30027675
  2. ↑ Skok, Petar (1973), Etimologijski rjeinik Hrvatskoga ili Srpskoga jezika, 3, pp. 657–8, Zagreb, Jugoslavenska Akademija Znanosti i Umjetnosti.[1]
  3. ↑ "Ypatingas gyvatės ir žemės ryšys matomas užkalbėjim ų tekstuose, visoje tautosakos tradicijoje ir rus. змея etim ologijoje — šio žodžio pradinė reikšmė yra 'žeminis, šliaužiantis po žeme' ir kilęs iš земля". Zavjalova, Marija. "Lietuvių ir rusų užkalbėjimų nuo gyvatės pasaulio modelių palyginimas". In: Tautosakos darbai. 1998, t. 9 (16). p. 63.
  4. ↑ McCullough, Joseph A. (2013). Dragonslayers: From Beowulf to St. George. Osprey Publishing. p. 67. ISBN 9781472801029. https://books.google.com/books?id=NKedCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67. 
  5. ↑ W. R. M. (1911). "Russian Literature". in Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 914-915. 
  6. ↑ Тугарин // Мифологический Словарь / Ed. Елеазар Мелетинский. — М.: Советская Энциклопедия, 1991.
  7. ↑ Wigzell, Faith (2002), Cornwell, Neil, ed., "Folklore and Russian Literature", The Routledge Companion to Russian Literature (Routledge): pp. 3738, https://books.google.com/books?id=SKhZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA37  ISBN 9-781-1345-6907-6
  8. ↑ Warner (2002), p. 22.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Dixon-Kennedy (1998), p. 52.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Haney, Jack V. (2015). "Ivan, the Bull's Son". The Complete Folktales of A. N. Afanas'ev. 1. Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9781626743151. https://books.google.com/books?id=IQQbBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT415. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "#136. Storm-Bogatyr, Ivan the Cow's Son", Afanas'ev & Haney (2015).
  12. ↑ Levchin (2014), p. 161, note 39, stating that Vasmer concurs.
  13. ↑ Vasmer, Max (1973). "Etimologicheskiy slovar' russkogo yazyka" (in ru). Etimologicheskiy slovar' russkogo yazyka. 4. Progress. pp. 377–378. https://books.google.com/books?id=B65JAQAAIAAJ&q=%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE. 
  14. ↑ Aleksey Khomyakov (editor): Материалы для сравнит. словъ. — Saint Petersburg: Изд. Академіи наукъ (Academy of Sciences). — Volume 2.
  15. ↑ "Ivan Popyalof", Ralston (1880), pp. 79–83.
  16. ↑ Ralston (1880), pp. 83–85.
  17. ↑ Template:Wikisourcelang-inline
  18. ↑ Template:Wikisourcelang-inline
  19. ↑ Levchin, Sergei (2014). "Blast Bogatyr Ivan the Cow's Son". Russian Folktales from the Collection of A. Afanasyev: A Dual-Language Book. Mineola, New York: Dover. pp. 153–. ISBN 9780486782980. https://books.google.com/books?id=7XhpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA153. 
  20. ↑ Ralston (1880), p. 83.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Manoleva, A. (1981) (in bg). Naimenovaniya na zmeyata i vilovete zmii v selo Korten, Novozagorsko. 37. pp. 312–314. https://books.google.com/books?id=H75gAAAAMAAJ. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 MacDermott (1998), p. 65.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Georgieva (1985), p. 59.
  24. ↑ Popova, Assia (1987), "La naissance des dragons", Civilisations (Institut de Sociologie de l'Université de Bruxelles) 37 (2): 56, https://books.google.com/books?id=eK8EAAAAYAAJ&q=smok  JSTOR 41229340 (in French)
  25. ↑ Slaveykov (2014), p. 70.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 26.7 Kmietowicz (1982), p. 207.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Florescu, Radu R; McNally, Raymond T. (2009). Dracula, Prince of Many Faces: His Life and His Times. Little, Brown. ISBN 9780316092265. https://books.google.com/books?id=Zot08bJa3FAC&pg=PT217. "Ismeju [the correct Romanian spelling is Zmeu, another word for dragon"  ISBN 9-780-3160-9226-5
  28. ↑ Schmidt, Wilhelm (1865), "Das Jahr und seine Tage in Meinung und Brauch der Romänen Siebenbürgens", Österreichische Revue 1, https://books.google.com/books?id=lcwMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA211 ; reissued: (1866), Hermannstadt, A. Schmiedicke
  29. ↑ Dragomanof, M. (1879), L'Arc-en-ciel", Mélusine II, p. 41
  30. ↑ Dragomanov, Mikhaïl; Dragomanov, Lydia (2015). Travaux sur le folklore slave, suivi de Légendes chrétiennes de l'Ukraine. Lingva. p. 67. ISBN 9781472801029. https://books.google.com/books?id=NKedCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67. , citing Chubinski (1872).
  31. ↑ Chubinski, P. P. (1872) (in ru), Trudy Etnografichesko-statisticheskoy ekspeditsii v Zapadno-Russkiy kray, snaryazhennoy Imperatorskim russkim geograficheskim obshchestvom (Yugo-Zapadnyy otdyyel): materialy i izsliyedovaniya, 1, https://books.google.com/books?id=AvQKAAAAIAAJ , cited by Dragomanov[29][30]
  32. ↑ Patai, Raphael (1983). On Jewish Folklore. Wayne State University Press. p. 75. ISBN 9780814317075. https://books.google.com/books?id=F0HYAAAAMAAJ. 
  33. ↑ Kmietowicz (1982), p. 207: When the monster lowers his tail into the river or lake, he 'takes up' the water which he uses to make floods.
  34. ↑ Marian (1879): "Cînd voiesc Solomonarii să se suie în nori, iau friul cel de aur şi se duc la un lac fără de fund sau la o altă apă mare, unde ştiu ei că locuiesc balaurii [With these [golden] reins, the Solomonari rein their dragons called balaurii that they use instead of horses]", quoted in: Hasdeu, Bogdan Petriceicu; Brâncuș, Grigore (1976) edd., Etymologicum Magnum Romaniae 3, p. 438.
  35. ↑ Philippide, Alexandru (1907). "Travaux sur le title=Rümanische Etymologien" (in de). Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 31: 96. 
  36. ↑ MacDermott (1998), p. 65: "Unlike the lamia and hala which were always malevolent.. zmey was seen mainly as a protector".
  37. ↑ Kremenliev (1956), pp. 316–317: "In the majority of folksongs these creatures [zmei, samodivi, samovili, etc.] are quite agreeable,.. The exception is the lamiá".
  38. ↑ Kremenliev (1956), pp. 316–317.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 MacDermott (1998), pp. 65–66.
  40. ↑ Karadžić, Vuk Stefanović, ed. (1845), Srpske narodne pjesme, 2, U štampariji Jermenskoga manastira, pp. 255–, https://books.google.com/books?id=TX0RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA255 
  41. ↑ Petrovitch (1914), pp. 23, 129–133.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 Pócs (1989), p. 18.
  43. ↑ Plotnikova (2001), p. 306: Bulgarian lamia is the "enemy of the kind dragon (zmej)", and a list is given of the "corresponding demon, in "other parts of these Balkan Slavic zones". Also Plotnikova (2006), "[Balkan Demon's Protecting Places]", p. 216.
  44. ↑ Kmietowicz (1982), p. 208.
  45. ↑ Bing, Judith; Harrington, J. Brooke (1996), Cornwell, Neil, ed., "A Study of Words and Buildings: The Čardaks of Former Yugoslavia", Architectural Elements of Traditional Settlements (International Association for the Study of Traditional Environments): p. 38, https://books.google.com/books?id=FbdQAQAAMAAJ&q=dragons 
  46. ↑ Karadžić, Vuk Stefanović, ed. (1870), "Čardak ni na nebu ni na zemlji", Srpske narodne pripovijetke Српске народне приповиjетке: pp. 7–10, https://books.google.com/books?id=AmlcAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA7  Template:Wikisourcelang-inline
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Petrovitch (1914), pp. 220–224.
  48. ↑ Karadžić (1870), "Zlatna jabuka i devet paunica Златна јабука и девет пауница", pp. 15–26
  49. ↑ Karadžić (1870), "Baš Čelik Баш-Челик", pp. 185–205
  50. ↑ "Bash Tchelik or Real Steel".
  51. ↑ Kremenliev (1956), p. 317.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 52.4 Plotnikova (2001), p. 306.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 53.4 53.5 53.6 MacDermott (1998), p. 64.
  54. ↑ Boyadzhieva (1931), p. 31 Boyadzhieva (1931), cited by Plotnikova (2001), p. 306
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 Cigán, Ing. Mgr. Michal (2016). Anthropological and Philological Analysis of Social and Gender Relations in Indo-European Myths Priest-King of the Warriors and Witch-Queen of the Others (Thesis). Masaryk University.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 Oxenford, John (1876). "The Bogies of Bulgarian Song". Macmillan's Magazine XXXIV: 552. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzcFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA552. , after Auguste Dozon.
  57. ↑ Marinov (1981), p. 596
  58. ↑ Marinov (1981), p. 596
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Marinov (1981) Narodna vyara i religiozni narodni obichai], p. 596 Song collected from Vlesovo near Burgas.
  60. ↑ Dozon (1873), p. 227: "sura lamia, la fauve lamie".
  61. ↑ Georgieva (1985), pp. 62–63.
  62. ↑ Benovska-Sabkhova, Milena (1995) Змеят в българския фолклор [Serpents in Bulgarian Folklore], pp. 47–50, cited by Plotnikova (2001), p. 306
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 63.3 Zlatar, Zdenko (1995). The Slavic Epic: Gundulić's Osman. Peter Lang. p. 270. ISBN 9780820423807. https://books.google.com/books?id=EpxiAAAAMAAJ&q=Lamija. 
  64. ↑ Plotnikova (2001), p. 306 citing Boyadzhieva (1931), p. 213
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 Georgieva (1985), p. 63.
  66. ↑ Afnan, Elham (2010). Finding Myself: Loanwords as Aids to Identity-Building. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 221–222. ISBN 9781443825955. https://books.google.com/books?id=joonBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA221. 
  67. ↑ Marjanić (2010), p. 132–133, note 16, citing Banović, Stjepan (1918), "Vjerovanja (Zaostrog u Dalmaciji)", Zbornik za narodni život i običaje Južnih Slavena 23, p. 213.
  68. ↑ Marks (1990), p. 325.
  69. ↑ Marjanić (2010), p. 130.
  70. ↑ Marks (1990), p. 332.
  71. ↑ "XI. Pozoj" in: Valjavec, Matija (1866), "Národne stvarí priče , navade, stare vere", Slovenski glasnik 12: 309–310, https://books.google.com/books?id=ngULAQAAMAAJ , "five legends" according to Marks (1990), p. 325's count.
  72. ↑ Kropej (2012), p. 111.
  73. ↑ Grafenauer, Ivan (1956), p. 324, cited by Kropej (2012), p. 111
  74. ↑ "The Legend of the Ljubljana Dragon" (in en-US). 2015-01-15. http://www.ljubljana-slovenia.com/legend-ljubljana-dragon. 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 Copeland, Fanny S. (April 1933). "Slovene Myths". The Slavonic and East European Review 11 (33): 637–638, 645, 646. 
  76. ↑ "Slovenia's Ljubljana Dragon - Where Dragons are Part of History" (in en-US). 2016-09-17. https://decideyouradventure.com/ljubljana-dragons-part-history/. 
  77. ↑ Soboleva, N. A. (1998), Yu.A. Polyakova (preface), Гербы городов России, [Coats of arms of Russian cities], Moscow, Profizdat, p. 70. ISBN:9785255013319.
  78. ↑ Soboleva, N. A. (2002), Российская государственная символика: история и современность [Russian State Symbols: History and Modernity], Moscow, Vlados, p. 43. ISBN:9785691009907.

Bibliography

  • Boyadzhieva, Yordanka (1931) (in bg). Kyustendilskite polchani i tekhniyat govor. 7. 

Further reading



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