Foreign relations of Australia

Nations with which Australia has diplomatic relations.

File:Ac.dfat.jpg

RG Casey House, Canberra, is the headquarters of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

Foreign relations of Australia are influenced by its position as a leading trading nation and as a significant donor of humanitarian aid. Australia's foreign policy is guided by a commitment to multilateralism and regionalism, as well as to build strong bilateral relations with its allies. Key concerns include free trade, terrorism, refugees, economic co-operation with Asia and stability in the Indo-Pacific. Australia is active in the United Nations and the Commonwealth of Nations. Given its history of starting and supporting important regional and global initiatives, it has been described as a regional middle power par excellence.^[1]

It maintains significant ties with ASEAN and has become steadfastly allied with New Zealand, through long-standing ties dating back to the 1800s. The country also has a longstanding alliance with the United States of America. Over recent decades Australia has sought to strengthen its relationship with Asian countries, with this becoming the focus of the country's network of diplomatic missions.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] In 2021, Australia signed a significant security treaty with the United Kingdom and the United States of America (AUKUS) aimed at countering the growing threat of China in the region.

History[edit | edit source]

Before the Second World War, Australia saw its economic and military security assured by being a loyal dominion of the British Empire and generally sought to align its diplomatic policies with those of the British Government. Although Australia, like other British Dominions, was a signatory to the Treaty of Versailles and a member of the League of Nations, the British Government handled most of Australia's diplomatic exchanges outside the Empire.^[8] The approach of the Second World War saw the first steps by Australia in establishing its own diplomatic network, particularly with economically and politically important countries of the Pacific Rim. The first accredited diplomat sent to a foreign country was Richard Casey, appointed as the first Minister to the United States in January 1940.^[9] This was followed shortly after by the arrival of the first Australian high commissioner to Canada,^[10] and by appointments of Ministers to Japan in 1940 and China in 1941. With the entry of Japan into the war in December 1941 and the consequent heightened vulnerability of Australia to attack, a critical decision was made by the Curtin Government to more closely seek the military protection of the United States. Since that time, United States has been the most important security ally. The close security relationship with the United States was formalized in 1951 by the Australia, New Zealand, United States Security (ANZUS) Treaty which remains the cornerstone of Australian security arrangements.

During and after the Second World War, and in parallel with the evolution of the British Empire to the Commonwealth of Nations, Australia progressively took responsibility for fully managing its foreign relations with other states. Australia concluded an agreement in 1944 with New Zealand dealing with the security, welfare, and advancement of the people of the dependent territories of the Pacific (the ANZAC pact).^[11] Australia was one of the founders of the United Nations (1945) and the South Pacific Commission (1947), and in 1950, it proposed the Colombo Plan to assist developing countries in Asia. After the war, Australia played a role in the Far Eastern Commission in Japan and supported Indonesian independence during that country's revolt against the Dutch (1945–49).^[12]

File:Hands off Timorese Oil - Brisbane May Day 2017 parade.jpg

Protesters in Brisbane protesting Australia's claim on East Timorese oil, 1 May 2017

As the Cold War deepened, Australia aligned itself fully with the Western Powers. In addition to contributing to UN forces in the Korean War – it was the first country to announce it would do so after the United States – Australia sent troops to assist in putting down the communist revolt in Malaya in 1948–60 and later to combat the Indonesian-supported invasion of Sarawak in 1963–65.^[13] Australia sent troops to repel communism and assist South Vietnamese and American forces in the Vietnam War, in a move that stirred up antiwar activism at home.^[14] Australia has been active in the Five Eyes intelligence alliance, and in the Australia – New Zealand – United Kingdom agreement and the Five Power Defence Arrangement—successive arrangements with Britain and New Zealand to ensure the security of Singapore and Malaysia.

After the end of the Cold War, Australia remained an important contributor to UN peacekeeping missions and to other multilateral security missions, often in alliance with the United States. Notably, it joined coalition forces in the Persian Gulf War in 1991, the War in Afghanistan (2001-2021), the Iraq War of 2003-2011 and the War in Iraq (2013-2017). In 1999 Australian peace keeping forces intervened in East Timor following its referendum to secede from Indonesia. In 2006 Australia sent a contingent of Australian troops to the state to assist in the 2006 East Timor crisis.^[15] Australia has also most recently led security assistance, peacekeeping and policing missions elsewhere in its neighbourhood, including in the Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea and Tonga.

In the late 20th Century and early 21st Century, a new element in Australia's foreign relations was the growing relationship with the People's Republic of China. After the establishment of diplomatic relations in December 1972, Sino-Australian relations grew rapidly, to a point where China became Australia's main trading partner and extensive official and people-to-people links were well established. In the first 15 years of the 21st Century, Australia maintained privileged relations with both the United States and China. Since 2017, Sino-Australian relations have deteriorated dramatically, as a result of Australian criticism of policies and actions taken under General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping. This has strongly influenced recent Australian bilateral and multi-lateral engagements such as the Pacific Step-Up with Pacific Island states, the development of comprehensive strategic partnerships with a number of regional states, and the pursuit of alliances directed at countering Chinese predominance in the Indo-Pacific region. Since 2017, existing security arrangements have been augmented by a revived Quadrilateral Security Dialogue involving India, Japan and United States, the 2021 AUKUS security pact with the United States and United Kingdom and the 2022 Australia-Japan Reciprocal Access Agreement, which provides for closer Australian-Japanese cooperation on defense and humanitarian operations.

International agencies, treaties, and agreements[edit | edit source]

Membership of International Organizations and Groupings[edit | edit source]

One of the drafters of the UN Charter, Australia has given firm support to the United Nations system. Australia held the first Presidency of the Security Council in 1946 and provided the first military observers under UN auspices a year later, to Indonesia. It has been a member of the Security Council a further four times, in 1956–57, 1973–74, 1986–87 and 2013–14.^[16] It has been regularly elected a member of the Economic and Social Council most recently for 2020–22, a member of the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2018-20 and its predecessor the UN Commission on Human Rights in the 1990s. Australia takes a prominent part in many other UN activities, including peacekeeping, disarmament negotiations, and narcotics control. In September 1999, acting under a UN Security Council mandate, Australia led an international coalition to restore order in East Timor upon Indonesia's withdrawal from that territory. Australia has also been closely engaged in international development cooperation and humanitarian assistance through the Specialized agencies, Funds and Programmes and Regional Commissions of the United Nations and major International Financial Institutions, in particular the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Asian Development Bank and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.

Australia is a member of the G20, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and the APEC forum. It is active in meetings of the Commonwealth Heads of Government, the Pacific Islands Forum and other Pacific Islands regional organizations and the Indian Ocean Rim Association. It has been a leader in the Cairns Group – countries pressing for agricultural trade reform in the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) negotiations. Australia is also a member of MIKTA, an informal and diverse middle power partnership between Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, Turkey and Australia, led by its foreign ministers, which seeks to promote an effective, rules-based global order.

Australia has devoted particular attention in the early 21st century to promoting regional architecture centered around the countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), to support dialogue on political, security and economic challenges in the Indo-Pacific region. Australia is an active participant in the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), and the ASEAN sponsored East Asia Summit. Australia's place at the 2005 inaugural summit was only secured after it agreed to reverse its policy and accede to ASEAN's Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia. Australia had been reluctant to sign the treaty out of concerns regarding how it would affect Australia's obligation under other treaty arrangements including ANZUS.

Security treaties[edit | edit source]

Instrument	Countries
Five Power Defence Arrangements	United Kingdom • Australia • New Zealand • Singapore • Malaysia
AUKUS	Australia • United Kingdom • United States
ANZUS	Australia • New Zealand (partially suspended) • United States
ANZUK	Australia • New Zealand • United Kingdom

Special Strategic Partnership[edit | edit source]

Japan (as of 2014)^[17]

Comprehensive Strategic Partnership[edit | edit source]

Australia has a formal Comprehensive Strategic Partnership with the following countries and multi-national organizations.

India (as of 2020)^[18]
Singapore (as of 2016)^[19]
Indonesia (as of 2018)^[20]
Malaysia (as of 2021)^[21]
South Korea (as of 2021)^[22]
ASEAN (as of 2021)^[23]

Trade[edit | edit source]

Overall Australia's largest trading partners are the United States, South Korea, Japan, China, and the United Kingdom. Australia currently has bilateral Free Trade Agreements with New Zealand, the United States, Thailand and Singapore as of 2007 and the United Kingdom as of 2021. As well as this, Australia is in the process undertaking studies on Free Trade Agreements with ASEAN, China, Chile, India, Indonesia, and Malaysia.

Australia–Chile Free Trade Agreement
Australia–China Free Trade Agreement
Australia–Korea Free Trade Agreement
Australia–New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement
Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement
Australia–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement
Australia–Fiji Free Trade Agreement

Armaments[edit | edit source]

To bolster its foreign policy, Australia maintains a very well-equipped military, According to SIPRI, Australia is the fourth largest importer of major weapons in the world. The US supplied 60 per cent of Australia's imports and Spain 29 per cent.^[24] All armed services have received new major arms in 2014–18, but mainly aircraft and ships. The F-35 combat aircraft and antisubmarine warfare aircraft from the USA made up 53 per cent of Australian arms imports in 2014–18, while ships from Spain accounted for 29 per cent. Large deliveries for additional aircraft and ships are outstanding.^[24]

Australia is modernising its armed forces but also acquiring weapons that significantly increase its long-range capabilities. Among the weapons imported in 2010–14 were 5 tanker aircraft and the first of 2 amphibious assault ships from Spain, along with 2 large transport aircraft and 4 airborne early warning (AEW) aircraft from the USA. Australia also received 26 combat aircraft from the US, with 82 more on order (see box 3), as well as 8 anti-submarine warfare aircraft from the US and 3 Hobart destroyers from Spain. Australia's imports of major weapons increased 37 percent between 2010–2014 and 2014–18, making it the fourth largest importer in the world according to SIPRI.^[24]

In 2021, after Australia ended its 20-year military mission in Afghanistan, the defence officials held formal talks on strengthening military ties with the United Arab Emirates. However, the human rights groups said that it was "very concerning" to witness, as the Emirates was accused of carrying out "unlawful attacks" in war-torn nations like Libya and Yemen.^[25]

In December 2021, Australia signed a defence procurement deal with South Korea worth $1billion AUD (US$720 million) for modern artillery, supply trucks and radars supplied by South Korean defense company Hanwha. The South Korean President Moon Jae-in and Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison met for the signing of the agreement and additionally announced they were formally upgrading the Australian-South Korean relationship to a "comprehensive strategic partnership."^[26]

Foreign missions[edit | edit source]

Australia has diplomatic missions in over 110 locations in the form of embassies, high commissions and consulates.^[27] As of 2011, Australia had established formal diplomatic relations with all members of the United Nations as well as the Holy See, Kosovo, Cook Islands and (in 2013) Niue. In many cases, diplomatic relations are maintained on a non-resident basis, with the Australian ambassador or high commissioner based in another country. Since 2012, diplomatic relations have been effectively suspended with the Syrian Arab Republic, with no diplomatic accreditation by either country maintained, but consular relations continue.^[28] In the case of Afghanistan, following the Taliban takeover in 2021, diplomatic relations are in an ambiguous status with Australia "temporarily" closing its embassy in Kabul and not recognizing the Islamic Emirate government but maintaining the credentials of the embassy of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in Canberra.^[29] A number of Canadian missions provide consular assistance to Australians in countries in Africa where Australia does not maintain an office (and Australia reciprocates this arrangement for Canada in some other countries) through the Canada-Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement.^[30]

Due to the One China Policy of the People's Republic of China, the Australian Office in Taiwan (formerly the Australian Commerce and Industry Office) unofficially represents Australia's interest in Taiwan, serving a function similar to other Australian Consulates.

Bilateral relations[edit | edit source]

Africa[edit | edit source]

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Algeria	8 July 1974	See Algeria–Australia relations Australia and Algeria enjoy friendly relations and cooperate in international fora on areas of mutual interest. The two countries announced the establishment of diplomatic relations on 8 July 1974.^[31] Algeria has an embassy in Canberra. Australia is accredited to Algeria from its embassy in Paris, France. An Australian resident embassy was established in Algiers in 1975 and was closed in 1991 for budgetary reasons. For a history of Australian representation to Algeria see List of ambassadors of Australia to Algeria. Bilateral goods and services trade in 2020 was valued at approximately A$165 million, mostly Australian imports of crude petroleum.^[32]
Angola	30 May 1988	Australia and Angola established diplomatic relations in May 1988 with the accreditation by Australia of an ambassador resident in Lusaka, Zambia.^[33] Accreditation soon switched to the High Commissioner in Pretoria, South Africa. Australia also has an honorary consulate in Luanda. Angola's ambassador is accredited from its embassy in Singapore. The trade and investment relationship between the two countries is limited, with two way merchandise trade being just over A$5.6m in 2019–20.^[34]
Benin		Australia's ambassador is accredited from Abuja, Nigeria. Benin's ambassador is accredited from Tokyo, Japan.
Botswana	9 July 1973	Australia and Botswana have enjoyed good relations since Botswana's independence, as members of the Commonwealth of Nations. The two countries formally established diplomatic relations in July 1973 with the non-resident accreditation of an Australian High Commissioner based in Pretoria.^[35] Australia also has an honorary consulate in Gaborone. Botswana has a high commission in Canberra and has honorary consulates in Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth, and the New South Wales mid-north coast town of Kendall^[36] The Governor General Quentin Bryce made the first official visit of an Australian Governor-General to Botswana in March 2009.^[37] President Ian Khama made the first official visit of a Botswanan President to Australia in March 2010.
Burkina Faso	13 November 2008^[38]	Australia and Burkina Faso established diplomatic relations in 2008 as part of a broadening of Australia's engagement with Africa under the Governments of Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard.^[39] Australia's ambassador is accredited from Accra, Ghana. Burkina Faso's ambassador is accredited from Tokyo, Japan.
Burundi		Australia's ambassador to Burundi is accredited from Nairobi, Kenya.^[40]^[41] Burundi has an honorary consulate in the capital of Western Australia, Perth.
Cape Verde	22 September 2009-Joint Communique, New York	Australia and Cape Verde established diplomatic relations in 2009 as part of a broadening of Australia's engagement with Africa under the Governments of Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard.^[39] Australia is accredited to Cape Verde from its embassy in Lisbon, Portugal. Cape Verde has not yet established diplomatic representation to Australia.
Cameroon	2 March 2002^[42]	Australia and Cameroon enjoy good relations as members of the Commonwealth of Nations. The Australian high commissioner is accredited from Abuja, Nigeria. Australia also maintains an honorary consulate in Yaounde. The Cameroonian high commissioner is accredited from Tokyo, Japan. Cameroon also maintains an honorary consulate in the northern Sydney suburb of Waitara. The two countries have modest trade links. In 2019-2020 total merchandise trade was A$1.3 million.^[43]
Central African Republic	18 January 2010^[44]	Australia and the Central African Republic established diplomatic relations in 2010 as part of a broadening of Australia's engagement with Africa under the Governments of Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard.^[39] Australia is accredited to the Central African Republic from its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The Central African Republic has not yet established diplomatic representation to Australia.
Chad		Australia is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Paris, France. Chad does not currently have an accreditation to Australia.
Comoros	27 July 1983	Australia and Comoros established diplomatic relations in July 1983 with the presentation of credentials of Australia's first ambassador.^[45] The two countries cooperate as members of the Indian Ocean Rim Association and through small development cooperation projects. Australia's ambassador to Comoros is accredited from Port Louis, Mauritius.^[46] Comoros has not yet established diplomatic representation to Australia.
Congo	7 May 2009^[47]	Australia and Congo established diplomatic relations in 2009 as part of a broadening of Australia's engagement with Africa under the Governments of Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard.^[39] The Australian ambassador is accredited from Harare, Zimbabwe. Congo has not yet established diplomatic representation to Australia.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	2011	Australia and the DRC established diplomatic relations in 2011 as part of a broadening of Australia's engagement with Africa under the Governments of Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard. The Australian ambassador is accredited from Harare, Zimbabwe. The DRC has not yet established diplomatic representation to Australia. Immigration from the DRC to Australia has occurred mainly since the early 2000s. At the end of June 2019, 7,210 people born in the DRC were living in Australia.^[48] Trade between the two countries is small. In 2019-2020 total merchandise trade was only A$3.4 million.^[49]
Djibouti		Australia is accredited to Djibouti from its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Djibouti is accredited to Australia from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.
Egypt	8 April 1950, severed diplomatic relations from 6 November 1956 to 19 October 1959	See Australia–Egypt relations Egypt was the first Arab country with which Australia established diplomatic relations, with the opening of an Australian legation in Cairo in 1950. Following President Gamal Abdel Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal in July 1956, Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies lead a five-nation delegation to Cairo in August 1956 to negotiate with Nasser about the return of the Canal to international control. The Suez Canal was the preeminent economic trade route for Australia at that time.^[50] Diplomatic relations were broken by Egypt in November 1956 in protest over subsequent Australian support for the Anglo-French invasion during the Suez Crisis.^[51] Relations were restored in 1959 and raised to embassy-level in 1961. Egypt has an embassy in Canberra and two consulates-general (in Melbourne and Sydney).^[52] There is a significant community in Australia of Egyptian-born immigrants and their descendants, resulting in significant people-to-people ties between the two countries. Immigration from Egypt became significant after the Second World War, including by a large number of Coptic Christians. The 2016 Australian census recorded almost 40,000 Egyptian-born residents.^[53] (See also Egyptian Australians) Australia supported the 1979 Egypt-Israel peace treaty and has provided deployments of military personnel to the Multinational Force and Observers in the Sinai since 1982. Australia engages with Egypt on a number of shared regional and international priorities, including counter-terrorism and countering violent extremism.^[54] in 2016-17 two-way merchandise trade totalled A$582 million (A$533 million in exports from Australia and A$49 million in imports from Egypt). Australia's principal exports to Egypt are agricultural products including vegetables, wool and wheat. Australian companies are prominent investors in Egypt's mining sector.^[54] Then Governor-General Peter Cosgrove visited Egypt in October 2017 to attend commemorations for the 75th anniversary of the Battle of El Alamein and make an official visit that included a meeting with President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. Coptic Orthodox Pope Tawadros II visited Australia in September 2017.^[54]
Equatorial Guinea	23 July 2009^[55]	Australia and Equatorial Guinea established diplomatic relations in 2009 as part of a broadening of Australia's engagement with Africa under the Governments of Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard.^[39] Australia's ambassador is accredited from Madrid, Spain. Equatorial Guinea's ambassador is accredited from Beijing, China.
Eritrea	1993	Australia is accredited to Eritrea from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt. Eritrea is accredited to Australia from its embassy in Beijing, China and has a consulate-general in Melbourne. A small but influential Eritrean refugee community in Australia since the 1970s promoted a sympathetic view of Eritrean independence and in 1989 Australia hosted a quasi-official visit of Eritrean rebel leader Issaias Afewerki. The Australian NGO Fred Hollows Foundation has been active in Eritrea since the 1980s in supporting the elimination of trachoma and established Africa's only factory making intra-ocular lenses required for cataract operations.^[56] Australia established diplomatic relations with Eritrea following its internationally recognized independence in 1993 and implemented a significant aid program. Eritrea opened an embassy in Canberra that year, which remained open until 2013 when it was closed. Political repression in Eritrea, human rights violations and war with neighbouring Ethiopia led to a chill in political relations and Australia has applied Eritrea-related UN sanctions. The 2016 Australian census recorded 4,303 Eritrean-born residents, mostly living in Melbourne.^[57]
Eswatini	9 July 1973	Australia and Eswatini have enjoyed good relations since Eswatini's independence, as members of the Commonwealth of Nations. The two countries formally established diplomatic relations in July 1973.^[35] Australia is accredited to Eswatini from its High Commission in Pretoria, South Africa. Eswatini is accredited to Australia from its High Commission in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Ethiopia	13 December 1965	Ethiopia and Australia have enjoyed diplomatic relations since 1965 with an Australian ambassador accredited on a non-resident basis from Nairobi, Kenya. In 1984 an Australian embassy was opened in Addis Ababa. It was closed in 1987 due to budget cuts and accreditation returned to the High Commission in Nairobi. In September 2010, a resident Ambassador was reappointed and since then Australia has continued to maintain an embassy in Addis Ababa, with concurrent accreditation to the African Union. Ethiopia opened an embassy in Canberra in December 2013. Prior to this Ethiopia's ambassador was accredited from Tokyo.^[58] The embassy was closed in 2021 as part of a general reduction by the Ethiopian Government of its overseas posts.^[59]^[60] However, as of October 2022 it is in the process of reopening, following the arrival of a new ambassador. Emperor Haile Selassie I paid a 5-day state visit to Australia in May 1968. This was commemorated, ahead of its 50th anniversary, in a 2017 visit by the President of the Crown Council of Ethiopia Prince Ermias Sahle Selassie, the Emperor's grandson.^[61]^[62] Australian Governor-General Quentin Bryce made a state visit to Ethiopia in March 2009.^[63] A Memorandum of Understanding on Development Cooperation and a Bilateral Cooperation Agreement were signed by the two countries in May 2012 and January 2013 respectively. Australia has a small but growing Ethiopian-born community, primarily in Melbourne, Victoria. The 2016 Australian census recorded 11,792 Ethiopia-born people of diverse ethnic and linguistic heritage.^[64] See also Ethiopian Australians. Merchandise trade between Australia and Ethiopia is small, valued at A$31 million in 2019-2020 and mainly comprising Australian imports of coffee.^[65]
Gabon		Australia's high commissioner to Gabon is accredited from Abuja, Nigeria. Gabon has not yet accredited a representative to Australia. Two way merchandise trade between the two countries was almost A$120 million in 2019–2020. A significant part of that trade is Australian imports of crude petroleum and Gabonese imports of aircraft.^[66] President Ali Bongo Ondimba made a state visit to Australia in 2012.^[67] His father, President Omar Bongo, had earlier been officially welcomed to Australia during a largely private visit in 1978.^[68]
File:Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana	6 December 1957	Australia has a high commission in Accra. Ghana has a high commission in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney.^[69]^[70] Australia's trade relations are modest, valued at A$113 million in 2007, most of that exports to Ghana. Australian mining investment in Ghana has grown in recent years, primarily in the gold mining sector. Australia also provides foreign aid to Ghana to alleviate poverty, improve the environment and promote human rights.^[71]
Guinea		Australia and Guinea share close interests in the mining sector. They are the two largest bauxite producers in the world (see List of countries by bauxite production) and were founding signatories in the 1970s of the (now defunct) International Bauxite Agreement. Australian companies are involved in developing the Guinean mining sector. Australia is accredited to Guinea from its high commission in Accra, Ghana. Guinea is accredited to Australia from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.
Guinea-Bissau	March 2011	Australia and Guinea-Bissau established diplomatic relations in March 2011 as part of a broadening of Australia's engagement with Africa under the Governments of Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard.^[72] Australia's ambassador is accredited from Lisbon, Portugal. Guinea-Bissau has not yet established representation to Australia.
Ivory Coast	17 September 1974	Australia and Côte d'Ivoire established diplomatic relations with the accreditation in September 1974 of an Australian ambassador resident in Accra, Ghana.^[73] Côte d'Ivoire opened an embassy in Canberra in 2016 but this was closed in 2021.^[74] Two way merchandise trade between the countries was A$123 million in 2019–2020.^[75]
Kenya	23 August 1965	See Australia–Kenya relations Australia's relations with Kenya are based on Kenya's key role and position in East Africa and its importance in multilateral bodies such as the United Nations, the Commonwealth and the World Trade Organization. Australia has a high commission in Nairobi, opened in September 1965.^[76] Kenya has a high commission in Canberra, opened in 1983.^[77] Australian Governor-General Quentin Bryce made a state visit to Kenya in March 2009 to promote bilateral relations.^[78] There is a small but growing Kenya-born community in Australia. The latest Australian Census in 2016 recorded 17,652 Kenya-born people in Australia.^[79] Trade has been growing between the two countries, with two-way merchandise trade reaching $115 million in 2018–19. Wheat and minerals are Australia's main exports to Kenya, while coffee and vegetables make up the bulk of imports.^[80] Australia has provided development assistance to Kenya since the late 20th Century.
Lesotho	9 July 1973	Australia and Lesotho have enjoyed good relations since Lesotho's independence, as members of the Commonwealth of Nations. The two countries formally established diplomatic relations in July 1973.^[35] Australia is accredited to Lesotho from its High Commission in Pretoria. Lesotho is accredited to Australia from its High Commission in Kuala Lumpur. It also has an honorary consulate-general in Newcastle.^[81]
File:Flag of Liberia.svg Liberia	26 September 2008^[82]	Australia and Liberia established diplomatic relations in 2008 as part of a broadening of Australia's engagement with Africa under the Governments of Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard.^[39] Australia's ambassador is accredited from Accra. Liberia has not yet established representation to Australia.
Libya	2 January 1978, broke off 19 May 1987, Restored in June 2002	Australia and Libya announced the establishment of diplomatic relations on 4 January 1978.^[83] A Libyan People's Bureau was opened in Canberra and the Australian ambassador to Italy was accredited on a non-resident basis. Concerns about Libyan destabilising activities in the Pacific region, part of a broader sponsorship by Muammar Gaddafi of such activities around the world, led to the expulsion of the Bureau in Canberra in 1987.^[84]^[85] As part of the thawing of relations between Libya and Western nations following Gaddafi's post 9-11 policy u-turns, diplomatic relations were restored in 2002, the Libyan People's Bureau reopened in Canberra and the Australian ambassador in Rome resumed non-resident accreditation. This has remained the case, though with the Bureau's name reverting to embassy following the overthrow of Gaddafi. Australia was a major non-military backer of the revolutionaries during the Libyan Civil War, sending more humanitarian aid to Libya than any other single country after the United States.^[86]^[87] It was relatively early to recognise the NTC, doing so on 9 June 2011, months before the capture of Tripoli.^[88]^[89] In December 2011, when then Australian Foreign Affairs Minister Kevin Rudd travelled to Libya to meet with Libyan Prime Minister Abdurrahim El-Keib. Rudd ceremonially hoisted the flag of Australia at his country's consulate-general in Tripoli and pledged Canberra's support for efforts to remove unexploded landmines in Libya, as well as advice on Libya's planned transition to democratic governance.^[90] There is a small Libyan community in Australia, mainly in Victoria. The 2016 Australian census recorded 2,535 Libyan-born people.^[91] The Libyan civil war that has followed Gaddafi's overthrow and the lack of a stable political settlement has constrained the development of trade and investment links between the countries. In 2019-20 total merchandise trade was valued at A$738 million, almost all being imports by Australia of Libyan crude petroleum.^[92]
Madagascar	8 September 1974	Australia and Madagascar established diplomatic relations in August 1974 with the accreditation of an Australian ambassador on a non-resident basis. Australia is currently accredited to Madagascar from the high commission in Port Louis, Mauritius and maintains an honorary consulate in Antananarivo. Madagascar is accredited to Australia from its embassy in Port Louis, Mauritius and maintains an honorary consulate-general in Sydney. Two-way merchandise trade in 2019-2020 was valued at a modest A$40 million.^[93]
Malawi	1981	Australia and Malawi have enjoyed good relations as members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Australia's high commissioner is accredited from Harare, Zimbabwe.^[94] Australia also has an honorary consulate in Lilongwe. Malawi's high commissioner is accredited from Tokyo. Malawi also has an honorary consulate in Melbourne. Australian companies have mining interests in Malawi, including the Kayelekera uranium project.^[95]
Mali		Australia is accredited to Mali from its high commission in Accra, Ghana. Mali is accredited to Australia from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.
Mauritania	13 December 2001	Australia's ambassador is accredited from Paris, France. Mauritania's ambassador is accredited from Tokyo, Japan. Australian companies are present in Mauritania's mining sector and two-way trade between the two countries is mainly mining-related, In 2019-2020 Australia imported about A$100m in iron ore, and exported about A$8 million, mainly in specialized civil engineering equipment.^[96]
Mauritius	25 September 1970^[97]	Australia and Mauritius have enjoyed good relations as members of the Commonwealth of Nations since Mauritius's independence. The two countries formally established diplomatic relations in 1970. There are strong economic, education and people-to-people links.^[98] Australia has a high commission in Port Louis. Mauritius has a high commission in Canberra and four Honorary Consuls based in Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne and Perth. Australian Governor-General Quentin Bryce made a state visit to Mauritius in March 2009 to promote bilateral relations.^[99]
Morocco	13 July 1976	See Australia–Morocco relations Australia has had an embassy in Rabat.^[100] Morocco has an embassy in Canberra. Australia has an embassy in Rabat, located inside the Canadian Embassy. Australian Parliamentary Delegations have visited Morocco in 1993, 2011 and 2013.
Mozambique	7 June 1982	Diplomatic relations were established on 7 June 1982 when the first Ambassador of Australia to Mozambique with residence in Harare presented his credentials to President Samora Machel.^[101] Since Mozambique was admitted to the Commonwealth of Nations, the two countries have exchanged High Commissioners. Australia is currently accredited from its High Commission in Pretoria, South Africa. In addition, Australia has an honorary consulate in Maputo. Mozambique is accredited from its Embassy in Tokyo, Japan. Mozambique also has an honorary consulate in Melbourne. Bilateral merchandise trade reached A$484 million in 2019–20, comprising mostly Australian aluminium exports.^[102] Australian Governor-General Quentin Bryce made a state visit to Mozambique in April 2009 to promote bilateral relations.This was reciprocated by the state visit of President Armando Guebuza in March 2013.^[103]
Namibia	1990	Australia was an active supporter for the peaceful decolonization of Namibia, becoming a member of the United Nations Council on Namibia in 1974 and contributing military engineers to the United Nations Transition Assistance Group in 1989-1990 (see Australian contribution to UNTAG). Australia's high commissioner to Namibia is accredited from Pretoria and has an honorary consulate in Windhoek. Namibia has an honorary consulate-general in Sydney. Australian Governor General Quentin Bryce made a state visit to Namibia in March 2009 to promote bilateral relations.^[104]
Niger	7 May 2009^[105]	Australia and Niger established diplomatic relations in 2009 as part of a broadening of Australia's engagement with Africa under the Governments of Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard.^[39] Australia is accredited to Niger from Abuja, Nigeria. Niger is accredited to Australia through its embassy in New Delhi, India. President Issoufou Mahamadou made the first visit to Australia by a Nigerien President in October 2017, to promote bilateral relations in such areas as mining, energy and dryland agriculture and security and counter-terrorism cooperation.^[106]
Nigeria	1 October 1960	Australia and Nigeria enjoy good relations as members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Diplomatic relations were established upon Nigeria's independence in 1960 with the appointment of an Australian high commissioner based in the then capital of Lagos. Periodic Nigeria-Australia Senior Officials Talks are held under a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the Nigerian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade signed in September 2012. The third such bilaterial discussions were held in Abuja in February 2020.^[107] Australia has a high commission in Abuja and an honorary consulate in Lagos. Nigeria has a high commission in Canberra. There is a small but growing Nigerian-born community in Australia. The 2016 Australian census recorded 8,488 Nigerian-born residents. Migration from Nigeria started with students in the 1960s and nowadays continues through skilled and family migration.^[108] See also Nigerian Australians. Total merchandise trade between the countries in 2019-2020 was A$460 million, a significant element being Australian imports of crude petroleum.^[109] Nigeria-Australia Investment Fora, most recently held in Melbourne in 2020, have sought to promote an expansion of Australian investment.^[110]
Rwanda	2007	Australia and Rwanda enjoy good relations as members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Diplomatic relations were formalized in 2007.^[111] Australia's high commissioner is accredited from Nairobi, Kenya. Rwanda's high commissioner is accredited from Singapore. It also has an honorary consulate-general in Melbourne. The two countries' trading relationship is modest. In 2019-2020 the two-way merchandise trade was A$1.6 million.^[112] Rwanda exports coffee and tea to Australia while it has also attracted Australian companies in mining, agro-inputs and technology to Rwanda. Additionally, a sizable number of Rwandans have benefited from Australian government scholarships to pursue graduate and post-graduate courses in Australia over the years.^[113] In 1994-1995 Australia provided two small military medical contingents to support the post-genocide United Nations Assistance Mission to Rwanda (UNAMIR II).^[114]
São Tomé and Príncipe	8 July 2009^[115]	Australia and São Tomé and Príncipe established diplomatic relations in 2009 as part of a broadening of Australia's engagement with Africa under the Governments of Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard.^[39] Australia is accredited to São Tomé and Príncipe from its embassy in Lisbon, Portugal.^[116] São Tomé and Príncipe is accredited to Australia through its embassy in Lisbon.
Senegal	26 September 1974	See Australia–Senegal relations Australia and Senegal established diplomatic relations with the accreditation in September 1974 of an Australian ambassador resident in Accra, Ghana.^[73] Senegal's ambassador to Australia is accredited from Tokyo, Japan. It maintains an honorary consulate-general in Melbourne. Two way merchandise trade between the countries was A$110 million in 2019–2020.^[117]
Seychelles	29 June 1976	Australia and Seychelles have enjoyed good relations, as members of the Commonwealth of Nations and the Indian Ocean Rim Association, dating back prior to Seychelles' independence. Then Prime Minister James Mancham made an official visit to Australia in April 1976.^[118] Diplomatic relations were established on 29 June 1976, Seychelles' independence day.^[119] Australia's high commissioner to Seychelles is resident in Port Louis, Mauritius. Seychelles' high commissioner to Australia is resident in New Delhi, India. There has been a significant Seychellois diaspora living in Australia, traditionally the largest outside Seychelles, although the number of Seychelles-born residents has dropped in recent years. The latest Australian Census in 2016 recorded 2,519 Seychelles-born people in Australia.^[120] The diaspora is significantly enlarged by second and third-generations of Seychellois ancestry who maintain links with the island nation. Many Seychelles political and business leaders have studied in Australia. Total merchandise trade between the two countries in 2019-2020 was valued at A$10.6 million.^[121] Australian Governor General Quentin Bryce made a state visit to Seychelles in April 2009 to promote bilateral relations. This was reciprocated in August 2011 by the state visit of President James Michel.^[122] An Australian lawyer heads the Truth, Reconciliation and National Unity Commission (TRNUC) established by the Seychelles National Assembly in 2018. The TRNUC is examining the political, human rights and legal legacy of Seychelles long-time authoritarian ruler France-Albert René.^[123]
Sierra Leone	9 October 1981	Australia and Sierra Leone have enjoyed good relations as members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Diplomatic relations were formally established in October 1981 with the appointment of the first non-resident Australian high commissioner.^[124] Australia is accredited to Sierra Leone from its high commission in Accra, Ghana. Sierra Leone is accredited to Australia from its embassy in Beijing, China. It also has an honorary consulate-general in Sydney. There is a small Sierra Leone community in Australia, the majority of whom have come after 2001 under the Humanitarian Program. The 2016 Australian census recorded 3,410 Sierra Leone-born persons.^[125] Bilateral trade is modest. Total merchandise trade in 2019-2020 was A$4.5 million.^[126]
Somalia	2010	Australia established diplomatic relations with Somalia in 2010.^[127] Australia's ambassador to Somalia is accredited from Nairobi, Kenya. Somalia currently does not have representation to Australia. Australia has supported the state-building and counter-terrorism efforts of the UN Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) and the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) and has provided humanitarian assistance. Australia's first involvement was to support the United Nations-approved Unified Task Force (UNITAF) which delivered humanitarian aid in 1992–1993. The Australian operation was called Operation Solace and involved the deployment of some 900 military personnel to provide a secure environment for the distribution of humanitarian aid in the Baidoa region. In May 1993, UNITAF handed over to a reinforced UNOSOM II. The Australian Battalion Group withdrew to Australia. The Australian Defence Force Contingent provided movement control, air traffic control, some HQ staff and a ready reaction security team at the Mogadishu airport. The Australian force was withdrawn in 1996.^[128] Australia provided over $61 million to Somalia in 2011 in response to the Horn of Africa humanitarian crisis and has since provided funding to support the AMISOM mission and humanitarian projects.^[129] In September 2012 following the election of Hassan Sheikh Ahmed Mohamoud, foreign minister Bob Carr said," Australia shares the cautious optimism of the international community about Somalia's future prospects."^[130] There is a small Somali community in Australia. Most Somalis began to settle in Australia in the early 1990s following the outbreak of the civil war in Somalia. About 80 per cent of the new arrivals came under the aegis of the local Refugee and Special Humanitarian Program. The latest Census in 2016 recorded 7,668 Somalia-born people in Australia, half of whom are resident in Victoria.^[131] See Somali Australians for more information. Trading ties are modest and mainly comprise Australian merchandise exports. In 2019-2020 this was valued at A$1.8m^[132]
South Africa	8 May 1946	See Australia–South Africa relations Australia has a High Commission in Pretoria. South Africa has a High Commission in Canberra. Both countries are members of the Commonwealth of Nations
South Sudan	24 September 2011, New York	Australia and South Sudan established diplomatic relations on 24 September 2011, not long after South Sudan's independence in July 2011.^[133] Australia's ambassador is accredited on a non-resident basis from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. South Sudan has not yet established representation to Australia. Australia is home to a significant South Sudanese community. According to the 2016 Australian Housing and Population Census, 7,699 Australian residents were born in South Sudan. Community leaders estimate that, counting persons born when South Sudan was part of the Republic of Sudan, and who report their birthplace as Sudan, the total is about 20,000. The majority of the South Sudan-born population arrived in Australia between 2001 and 2006 under Australia's refugee resettlement program.^[134] South Sudanese Australians have distinguished themselves in a wide variety of fields including sport, fashion, music and law. Australia has contributed almost $113 million in humanitarian assistance to South Sudan since the outbreak of conflict in December 2013, including over $60 million since 2017.^[135] Australia has a contingent of Australian Defence Force personnel in South Sudan who have been deployed with the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) since its inception in 2011.
Sudan	8 February 1974	Australia is accredited to Sudan from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt. Sudan has an embassy in Canberra, which took over the old Eritrean embassy and opened in 2017. Although Australia had been critical of human rights violations and political repression in Sudan, and has applied Sudan-related UN sanctions, relations have improved since 2017. In September 2018, Australia and Sudan held inaugural Senior Officials Talks in Canberra. The 2016 Australian Census recorded 17,031 Sudan-born people in Australia. Since 2001 many immigrants from Sudan, or those born to Sudanese parents in regugee camps, have come under the Humanitarian Program.^[136] Trade between the two countries is modest, totalling about A$10m in 2019–2020.^[137] Sudan regularly attends the Africa Down Under and the International Mining and Resources Conferences at ministerial level.
Tanzania	11 May 1962	Australia announced the establishment of diplomatic relations with the then-known Tanganyika on 11 May 1962. A resident high commission was opened in July 1962 ^[138] The post was closed in 1987 for budgetary reasons. Australia has since been accredited to Tanzania from its high commission in Nairobi, Kenya. Tanzania is accredited to Australia from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan. It also has honorary consulates in Adelaide and Perth. President Julius Nyerere made a 5-day state visit to Australia in March 1974.^[139]^[140] Australian Governor-General Quentin Bryce paid a state visit to Tanzania in March 2009.^[141] There is a small Tanzanian community in Australia, with the Australian Census in 2016 recording 3,830 Tanzanian-born persons.^[142] Several Australian companies are involved in mining projects in Tanzania, and minerals and engineering equipment are Australia's main exports to the country. Tanzania's main exports to Australia are coffee and agricultural crops. Two-way merchandise trade between Australia and Tanzania was over $61 million in 2018–19.^[143]
The Gambia		Australia and The Gambia have enjoyed good relations as members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Australia is accredited to The Gambia from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria. The Gambia is accredited to Australia from its embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Togo	22 July 2009^[144]	Australia and Togo established diplomatic relations in 2009 as part of a broadening of Australia's engagement with Africa under the Governments of Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard.^[39] The Australian high commissioner is accredited from Accra. Togo has not yet established representation to Australia.
Tunisia	17 February 1977	Australia is accredited to Tunisia from its high commission in Malta. Tunisia maintained an embassy in Canberra for a number of years until 2021 and is now accredited to Australia from its embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia. It also has an honorary consulate in Brisbane. Australia and Tunisia have a modest trading relationship, with two-way merchandise trade valued at about A$40 million in 2019–2020.^[145]
Uganda	23 August 1965	Australia and Uganda have enjoyed good relations as members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Diplomatic relations were announced in August 1965.^[76] Australia is accredited to Uganda from its high commission in Nairobi, Kenya. It also has an honorary consulate in Kampala. Uganda has a high commission in Canberra and an honorary consulate in Perth. The Australian-Uganda trade relationship is modest, with two-way merchandise trade and investment reaching almost A$7 million in 2018–19. The main Australian exports are engineering equipment, and the main imports are coffee and spices.^[146]
Zambia	1972	Australia is accredited to Zambia from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe. Zambia has a high commission in Canberra.^[147] Both countries are full members of Commonwealth of Nations. Australian Governor-General Quentin Bryce made a state visit to Zambia in March 2009 to promote bilateral relations.^[148]
Zimbabwe	18 April 1980	See Australia–Zimbabwe relations Australia and Zimbabwe established diplomatic relations upon Zimbabwe's independence on 18 April 1980. The Australian liaison office in Harare (then Salisbury) was upgraded on that date to a high commission (embassy since 2003 when Zimbabwe left the Commonwealth). Zimbabwe has an embassy in Canberra, which opened in 1988. Australia played a leading role in the Lancaster House negotiations for the internationally recognized decolonisation of Southern Rhodesia and the then Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser attended the independence celebrations on the invitation of then Prime Minister Robert Mugabe. Australia had contributed to the Commonwealth Ceasefire Monitoring Force.^[149] Relations between the two countries soured in the late 1990s, following the implementation in Zimbabwe of a controversial land reform program and later the increasingly autocratic behaviour of the Mugabe government. In 2002, the Howard government in Australia imposed targeted sanctions against members of the Zimbabwean government in protest against the deteriorating political situation in Zimbabwe. These sanctions, adjusted over time, remain in force as of 2021. They include an arms embargo and sanctions against listed individuals designated as having seriously undermined democracy, respect for human rights or the rule of law in Zimbabwe. There is a significant Zimbabwean diaspora in Australia. The latest Census in 2016 recorded 34,787 Zimbabwe-born people in Australia. While most of these are white Zimbabweans and of English or Scottish backgrounds, there are growing numbers of people of indigenous Shona and Ndebele ethnicities.^[150] Zimbabwean Australians across ethnic backgrounds have distinguished themselves in sports, music and the arts. Following Zimbabwe's independence, trade between the countries developed modestly, but is presently minimal (two-way trade in 2019-2020 was only about A$2 million).^[151]

Americas[edit | edit source]

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Antigua and Barbuda	1981	Australia and Antigua and Barbuda enjoy good relations, with links through shared membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and sporting ties, particularly cricket. Both countries have established diplomatic relations.^[152] Australia is accredited to Antigua and Barbuda from its High Commission in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. Antigua and Barbuda have not yet established representation in Australia.
Argentina	1959	See Argentina–Australia relations They are both members of multi-national groups such as the G20 and Cairns Group and share common interests in many issues such as Antarctica and international peacekeeping. There is significant trade and investment between the two countries. Argentina has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney. Australia has an embassy in Buenos Aires.
Bahamas	7 January 1974	Australia and the Bahamas enjoy good relations, with links through shared membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and sporting ties, particularly cricket. Formal diplomatic relations between the two countries were announced on 7 January 1974.^[153] Australia is accredited to the Bahamas from its High Commission in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. The Bahamas has an honorary consulate in Sydney.
Barbados	7 January 1974	See Australia–Barbados relations Australia and Barbados enjoy good relations, with links through shared membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and sporting ties, particularly cricket. Formal diplomatic relations between the two countries were announced on 7 January 1974.^[153] Australia is accredited to Barbados from its high commission in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.^[154] The lone Australian High Commission in the Caribbean was located in Bridgetown, Barbados from 1994 to 2004, before it moved to Port of Spain. Australia also has an honorary consulate in Bridgetown. Barbados is accredited to Australia from its High Commission in Ottawa, Canada.
File:Flag of Belize.svg Belize	17 January 1982	Australia and Belize enjoy good relations, with links through shared membership of the Commonwealth of Nations. Australia and Belize are Co-Chairs with Mauritius of the Commonwealth Blue Charter Action Group on Coral Reef Protection and Restoration, and members of the International Coral Reef Initiative.^[155] Australia is accredited to Belize from its High Commission in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.^[156] Belize has an honorary consulate in Sydney.
Bolivia	10 April 1975^[157]	The first non-resident Australian ambassador to Bolivia presented credentials on 14 October 1975.^[158] Australia is accredited to Bolivia from its embassy in Lima, Peru and maintains an honorary consulate in La Paz. Bolivia is accredited to Australia from its embassy in Ottawa, Canada and maintains an honorary consulate in Sydney. Bolivia and Australia work together, as part of the Cairns Group, on agricultural trade reform. In 2002 the Australian Minister for Trade and Investment Mark Vaile visited Santa Cruz for a Cairns Group meeting. Australia also provides a small amount of development assistance to Bolivia at local community level through its Direct Aid Program. There is a small bilateral trade relationship. Total merchandise trade in 2020 was A$26 million, mostly comprising Bolivian food-related exports to Australia.^[159] There is investment in mining services and technology. Australia–Bolivia bilateral treaties include two extradition treaties.
Brazil	7 June 1945	See Australia–Brazil relations Australia has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate in São Paulo. Brazil has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate general in Sydney.
Canada	12 September 1939	See Australia–Canada relations File:Australia House, Ottawa.JPG Australia House, Canada, is an example of an Australian mission (it serves as the ambassadorial residence). As Canada is a fellow Commonwealth nation, Australia maintains a High Commission there. Canada's and Australia's militaries have fought alongside each other numerous times including the Second Boer War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War and many United Nations Security Council-sanctioned missions. To maintain this military alliance, a Canadian Defence Advisor is stationed at the High Commission in Canberra to share intelligence.^[160] Australia and Canada both contributed the International force in East Timor and both worked closely together to fight terrorism in Afghanistan. Australia has a high commission in Ottawa, a consulate-general in Toronto, and a consulate in Vancouver. Canada has a high commission in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney.
Chile	27 December 1945	See Australia–Chile relations During the Australian gold rush of the 1850s, Chile became one of Australia's major food suppliers. After 1866, however, interaction and trade was minimal until after the Second World War.^[161] The intention to exchange diplomatic representatives between the two countries was announced in April 1945. The Chilean consulate was upgraded to a legation and headed by a Chargé d'Affaires en titre from July 1945.^[162] The first Australian Minister to Chile was appointed in January 1946^[163] and presented credentials in August 1946. Relations were upgraded to ambassadorial level in the 1960s when the Australian legation was upgraded to an embassy in 1968 and Chile reciprocated in 1969. Australia has an embassy in Santiago. Chile has an embassy in Canberra, consulates-general in Melbourne and Sydney and honorary consulates in Brisbane and Perth. In 1993, President Patricio Aylwin became the first Chilean head of state to pay an official visit to Australia.^[164] In 2004, Prime Minister John Howard became the first Australian head of government to visit Chile and to attend the APEC Summit. Governor General Peter Cosgrove made a state visit to Chile in 2016. There are strong people-to-people links between the two countries. The 2016 Australian census recorded 26,086 Chile-born people in Australia.^[165] Australia is also a popular destination for Chilean students and there is a working holiday agreement between the two countries. See also Chilean Australians. Both countries are members of APEC and the Cairns Group. Australia and Chile signed the Australia-Chile Free Trade Agreement on 30 July 2008. The agreement came into effect in the first quarter of 2009. Two-way merchandise trade in 2020 was over A$1.26 billion and Australian investment in Chile was A$2.8 billion.^[166]
Colombia	9 September 1975	Australia and Colombia are part of the Cairns Group. Colombia reopened its embassy in Canberra in 2008, Australia established an honorary consulate in Bogotá in 1989 and upgraded representation to a resident embassy in Bogotá in 2017.^[167] Colombia and Australia have a growing trade relationship in mining and Agriculture. Both armies fought alongside each other in the Korean war. A total of 6 Australia–Colombia bilateral treaties, all extended to Australia by the British Empire, are in force with Colombia, covering trade, arbitration and extradition. Australia has an embassy in Bogotá. Colombia has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate in Sydney.
Costa Rica	15 October 1974	In 1884, Costa Rica opened a consular office in New South Wales.^[168] Australia and Costa Rica established formal diplomatic relations in October 1974, with the presentation of credentials of Australia's first non-resident Ambassador.^[169] Australia is accredited to Costa Rica through its embassy in Mexico City. It also has an honorary consulate in San Jose. Costa Rica opened an Embassy in Canberra in 2017. It also has an honorary consulate in Sydney. Costa Rica is Australia's second largest trading partner in Central America. Bilateral merchandise trade in 2019-2020 was A$132 million, mostly Australian imports of medical instruments and other manufactured goods.^[170]
File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba	31 January 1989	Official relations began in January 1989. Cuba opened an embassy in Australia on 24 October 2008. The relations between the countries were given a fresh new start in 2009, when the foreign minister at the time Stephen Smith visited Cuba. Foreign Minister of Cuba Bruno Rodriguez, visited Australia as a guest of government in 2010. There are only two Australia–Cuba bilateral treaties, extended to Australia by the British Empire covering extradition. Australia is accredited to Cuba from its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico. Cuba has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney.
Dominica		Australia and Dominica enjoy good relations, with links through shared membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and sporting ties, particularly cricket. Australia is accredited to Dominica from its High Commission in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. Dominica has not yet established representation in Australia. The Australian Government provided A$1.5 million in humanitarian assistance to Dominica through the International Organization for Migration and the United Nations Population Fund after Hurricane Maria in 2017.^[171]
Dominican Republic	22 April 1997	Australia and the Dominican Republic established diplomatic relations on 22 April 1997^[172] Australia is accredited to the Dominican Republic from its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico. The Dominican Republic is accredited to Australia from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan. It also has an honorary consulate in Adelaide. Bilateral merchandise trade in 2019-20 was valued at almost A$69 million, a large component being Australian imports of medical instruments.^[173]
Ecuador	3 February 1975	Australia is accredited to Ecuador from its embassy in Santiago, Chile. Ecuador has an embassy in Canberra. Trade between the two countries is small but is increasing and there are future opportunities to strengthen trade and investment. A number of Australia–Ecuador bilateral treaties have been agreed between the two countries – such as extradition.
El Salvador	5 December 1983	See Australia–El Salvador relations There is a large Salvadoran community in Australia, many of whom migrated after the Salvadoran Civil War. There are some old Australia–El Salvador bilateral treaties covering trade and extradition. Australia is accredited to El Salvador from its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico and has an honorary consulate in San Salvador. El Salvador has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate-general in Melbourne.
Grenada		Australia and Grenada enjoy good relations, with political links through shared membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and sporting ties, particularly cricket. Australia is accredited to Grenada from its High Commission in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.^[174] Grenada has not yet established diplomatic representation in Australia.
Guatemala	7 January 1974	There are four Australia–Guatemala bilateral treaties extended to Australia by the British Empire. Australia is accredited to Guatemala from its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico. Guatemala has an embassy in Canberra.
Guyana	7 January 1974	Australia and Guyana enjoy good relations, with political links through shared membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and sporting ties, particularly cricket. Formal diplomatic relations between the two countries were announced on 7 January 1974.^[153] Australia is accredited to Guyana from its high commission in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. Guyana is accredited to Australia from its high commission in Ottawa, Canada. Bilateral merchandise trade between the two countries was A$7 million in 2019–20.^[175] Guyana attended at ministerial level the 2017 Latin America Down Under Conference in Perth, to promote investment and cooperation in the mining sector.^[176]
Haiti	2000	Australia and Haiti established diplomatic relations in 2000.^[177] Australia is accredited to Haiti from its High Commission in Trinidad and Tobago. Haiti has an honorary consulate in Melbourne. After the devastating 2010 earthquake, the Australian Government provided A$26.7 million in humanitarian assistance to Haiti which was matched by A$26 million from the Australian public. Australia has since provided further humanitarian aid to Haiti after subsequent natural disasters, including Hurricane Matthew in 2016.
Honduras	1984	Australia and Honduras established diplomatic relations in 1984.^[178] Australia is accredited to Honduras from its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico. It also has an honorary consulate in Tegucigalpa. Honduras has not yet established representation in Australia. Bilateral merchandise trade in 2019-20 reached A$81 million, mostly Australian imports of mineral ores, coffee and textiles.^[179]
Jamaica	7 January 1974	Australia and Jamaica enjoy good relations through shared membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and sporting ties, particularly cricket. Formal diplomatic relations between the two countries were announced on 7 January 1974.^[153] Australia is accredited to Jamaica from its high commission in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. It has an honorary consulate in Kingston. The Australian high commission to the Caribbean was located in Kingston From 1975 until 1994, when it moved to Barbados. Jamaica is accredited to Australia from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan. It has an honorary consulate in Sydney. Bilateral merchandise trade in 2019-20 was valued at A$33 million, a large component of which was Australian meat exports.^[180]
Mexico	14 March 1966^[181]	See Australia–Mexico relations The two APEC members Australia and Mexico celebrated the 40th anniversary of diplomatic relations in 2006. Cooperation expansions recently has resulted in several commercial outcomes, including bilateral double taxation agreements signed in 2004, a memorandum of understanding on mining (MOU) in 2002, an MOU on Training and Education signed in 2003 an MOU on energy in 2005 and in August 2005 an MOU on investment protection and promotion agreement. Two-way trade is worth A$3 billion.^[182] Australia has an embassy in Mexico City. Mexico has an embassy in Canberra.
Nicaragua	1987	Australia and Nicaragua established diplomatic relations in 1987.^[183] Australia is accredited to Nicaragua from its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico. Nicaragua is accredited to Australia from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan. Bilateral merchandise trade is modest. In 2019-20 this was valued at A$18.6 million, half of which was Australian imports of coffee.^[184]
Panama	1974	Australia and Panama established diplomatic relations in 1974.^[185] Australia is accredited to Panama from its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico. It has an honorary consulate in Panama City. Panama opened an embassy in Canberra in 2018. It also has an honorary consulate-general in Sydney. Bilateral merchandise trade is modest. In 2019-20 this reached A$80 million, mostly Australian exports of manufactured articles.^[186]
Paraguay	30 November 1974	See Australia–Paraguay relations Australia and Paraguay established diplomatic relations in 1974, with the first non-resident Australian ambassador presenting his credentials on 2 December 1974.^[187] Australia is accredited to Paraguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It has an honorary consulate in Asuncion. Paraguay opened an embassy in Canberra in 2011. As agricultural producers and exporters, the two countries work together to achieve fairer international trade in agricultural products through membership of the Cairns Group and co-operation in other multilateral fora. Australia is also increasing its engagement with Paraguay through development co-operation and people-to-people exchanges. An increasing number of Paraguayan students are pursuing their education at Australian institutions.^[188]
Peru	1 March 1963	The two APEC members have worked together on a wide range of issues. The two countries have mutual interests. In 2006 the Australian Bureau of Meteorology signed a memorandum of understanding to help with the El Niño and La Niña weather patterns.^[189] Another memorandum of understanding was signed on co-operation with education.^[190] With goodwill the Peruvian congress signed a Peru Australia Friendship league in 2004. Trade ties are strong and are growing. Many big mining companies have offices in Peru. Australia has an embassy in Lima. Peru has an embassy in Canberra.
Saint Kitts and Nevis	6 February 1986	Australia and Saint Kitts and Nevis enjoy good relations, with political links through shared membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and sporting ties, particularly cricket. Formal diplomatic relations were established with the presentation of credentials of Australia's first non-resident high commissioner on 6 February 1986.^[191]^[192] Australia is accredited to St Kitts and Nevis from its High Commission in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. St Kitts and Nevis have not yet established diplomatic representation in Australia.
Saint Lucia	1982	Australia and Saint Lucia enjoy good relations, with political links through shared membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and sporting ties, particularly cricket. Diplomatic relations were established in 1982.^[193] Australia is accredited to Saint Lucia from its High Commission in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. Saint Lucia has not yet established diplomatic representation in Australia.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	31 January 1986	Australia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines enjoy good relations, with political links through shared membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and sporting ties, particularly cricket. Formal diplomatic relations were established with the presentation of credentials of Australia's first non-resident high commissioner on 31 January 1986.^[194] Australia is accredited to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from its High Commission in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.^[195] Saint Vincent and the Grenadines have not yet established representation in Australia.
File:Flag of Suriname.svg Suriname	19 January 1996^[196]	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1994.^[197] Australia is accredited to Suriname from its high commission in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. Suriname is accredited to Australia from its embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia.
Trinidad and Tobago	7 January 1974	Australia and Trinidad and Tobago enjoy good relations, with political links through shared membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and have sporting ties, particularly cricket. Formal diplomatic relations between the two countries were announced on 7 January 1974.^[153] Australia has a high commission in Port of Spain which is also accredited on a non-resident basis to other Commonwealth Caribbean countries. Trinidad and Tobago has not yet established representation in Australia.
United States	8 January 1940	File:Howard and Bush.jpg Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard, with US President George W. Bush on 16 May 2006, during Howard's seventh official visit to the White House as Prime Minister. From left to right: the Prime Minister's wife Janette Howard, former US First Lady Laura Bush, Howard and Bush. See Australia–United States relations While Australia has emphasised its relationship with the United States since 1942, as Britain's influence in Asia declined. At the governmental level, United-States-Australia relations are formalized by the ANZUS treaty and the Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement. Australia has an embassy in Washington, D.C. and has consulates-general in Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York City and San Francisco. United States has an embassy in Canberra and consulates-general in Melbourne, Perth and Sydney.
Uruguay	1957	See Australia–Uruguay relations Australia is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina and maintains an honorary consulate in Montevideo. Uruguay has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney. Australia and Uruguay share an interest in the Antarctic waters and the fisheries therein.
Venezuela	31 May 1973	Australia and Venezuela established diplomatic relations on 31 May 1973.^[198] Australia is currently accredited to Venezuela from its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico. Venezuela has an embassy in Canberra. During the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s Australian governments were keen to promote expanded trade and investment between the two countries. Australia maintained an embassy in Caracas from 1979 until 2002. Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Trade Tim Fischer visited Caracas in June 1996 and as a result a number of key areas for development were identified including the mining, agriculture and maritime sectors.^[199] However progress has been constrained by political and economic instability in Venezuela, particularly since the launch of the Bolivarian Revolution by President Hugo Chávez . Bilateral trade is currently small, amounting to about A$20 million in 2020, mostly related to export of educational services to Venezuelan students.^[200] Australia's investment interests in Venezuela have focussed on the mining and related services sectors. There is a small Venezuelan community in Australia, expanded by skilled immigration since 2005. The 2016 Australian census recorded 5,460 Venezuela-born people in Australia.^[201] Notwithstanding Australia's decision in January 2019 to formally recognise Juan Guaidó as interim President of Venezuela,^[202]^[203] the embassy in Canberra representing the Nicolás Maduro Government has remained fully accredited.

Asia[edit | edit source]

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Afghanistan	30 March 1969^[204]	Australia and Afghanistan have shared a friendly and long-standing relationship which can be traced back as far as the 1860s when Afghan cameleers came to Australia to contribute to the carriage of explorers, assistance in transportation for the wool and mining industry and supporting major inland infrastructure projects such as the overland telegraph and railways. The early cameleers built the first mosques in Australia, with the oldest permanent mosque built in Adelaide in 1888.^[205] The Ghan train is named in their honour.^[206] Formal diplomatic relations were established in 1969. The Australian ambassador was accredited from Islamabad and the Afghan ambassador was accredited from Tokyo.^[207] In 1975 the then Australian Governor General Sir John Kerr made the first state visit between the countries.^[208] Diplomatic relations were suspended between the 1978 coup which deposed President Mohammed Daoud Khan and the overthrow of the Taliban regime in 2002. However consular relations were re-established in 1994 with the opening of an Afghan honorary consulate in Australia by the government of the Islamic State of Afghanistan. The consulate continued operation after the Taliban seized power in Kabul in 1996.^[209] In late 2001, the Australian Defence Force commenced Operation Slipper as Australia's contribution to assist the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force mission in the War in Afghanistan and the War on Terror to combat the Taliban and their allied groups.^[210] The operation ended on 31 December 2014 and was replaced with Operation Highroad, which commenced on 1 January 2015 to assist the NATO-led Resolute Support Mission.^[211] Australia completed a withdrawal of its remaining troops based in Afghanistan in June 2021^[212] Diplomatic relations resumed in 2002. An Afghan embassy was opened in Canberra in July 2002 by the Interim Afghan administration of Hamid Karzai. The same year, Australia resumed its non-resident accreditation from Islamabad. An Australian embassy was opened in Kabul in 2006. It has been closed since the end of May 2021.^[213] A Comprehensive Long-term Partnership Between Australia and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was signed in 2012 to provide the framework for Australian development assistance and the promotion of political, security, economic, social and cultural ties between the two nations.^[214] Between 2001 and 2021, Australia provided more than $1.5 billion in Official Development Assistance to Afghanistan^[215] Australia has also accepted many Afghan refugees, with the first wave following the Soviet invasion in 1979. According to the 2016 Australian census 46,800 Australians were born in Afghanistan - see Afghan Australians. President Ashraf Ghani made the first visit to Australia by an Afghan head of state in April 2017. Governors-General Quentin Bryce, Peter Cosgrove and David Hurley and successive Prime Ministers visited Afghanistan in the period when Australian troops were stationed there. Since the Taliban victory in 2021, Australia has not recognized the Islamic Emirate government and continues to accredit the embassy of the Islamic Republic in Canberra.
Armenia	15 January 1992	See Armenia–Australia relations The first Armenians migrated to Australia in the 1850s, during the gold rush. The majority came to Australia in the 1960s, starting with the Armenians of Egypt after Nasser came to power then, in the early 1970s, from Cyprus after the Turkish occupation of the island and from 1975 until 1992, a period of civil unrest in Lebanon. Person-to-person governmental links are increasing although they are still modest. In September 2003, The Hon Mr Philip Ruddock MP visited Armenia in his former capacity as Australian Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs. In October 2005, the Armenian Foreign Minister, H.E. Mr Vardan Oskanyan, visited Australia. In November 2005, The Hon Mr Joe Hockey MP, Minister for Human Services, visited Armenia. The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia has not passed a motion recognising the mass murder of Armenians in 1915 as genocide, although the State of NSW has done so. The Australian Government elections of 2007 created an atmosphere in which the Opposition Labor party declared it will push for the Recognition of the Armenian Genocide in Australian Parliament if Labor wins the Elections.^{[citation needed]}
Azerbaijan	19 June 1992	See Australia–Azerbaijan relations The Australian government recognized Azerbaijan's independence on 26 December 1991. Australia and Azerbaijan established diplomatic relations in June 1992. Australia is accredited to Azerbaijan from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey. Azerbaijan has an embassy in Canberra. In February 2020, the government of Azerbaijan provided material assistance to Australia to combat the impact of forest fires.^[216]
Bahrain	13 April 1987	Australia has long standing ties with Bahrain that predate its full independence in 1971. Australia maintained a consulate-general in Manama from 1964 to 1986. Formal diplomatic relations were established in April 1987 with the presentation of credentials of Australia's first non-resident ambassador.^[217] Australia's ambassador is accredited from Riyadh and Bahrain's ambassador is accredited from Jakarta. Bahrain is an important trading partner for Australia. In 2018–19, Australian merchandise exports were worth $1.43 billion. Australia's exports mainly comprised alumina, meat, dairy products and wheat.^[218] Bahrain provides port access to Australian naval ships. The two countries participate in the Australia, Bahrain and Israel Food Security Initiative under the 2020 Abraham Accords.^[219]
Bangladesh	15 March 1972	See Australia–Bangladesh relations Australia was the fourth country, and the first in the developed world, to recognise Bangladesh's independence in 1971. A high commission was opened in Dhaka and relations have been warm since then. A Bangladeshi High Commission was opened in the former North Korean embassy in Canberra. In 2008, Bangladesh signed a bilateral counter-terrorism MOU with Australia, their first with any country. The number of Bangladeshis in Australia has increased in recent years. Bangladesh is a significant recipient of foreign aid from Australia.^[220]
Bhutan	14 September 2002^[221]	Relations between Bhutan and Australia date back to 1962 when Bhutan was just emerging from self-imposed isolation and starting to engage with the rest of the world. Australia's support at the time was instrumental in Bhutan being admitted as a member of the Colombo Plan. Subsequently, Australia was among the first countries to support and welcome Bhutan's membership to the United Nations in 1971.^[222] Australia and Bhutan established formal diplomatic relations on 14 September 2002. Australia's ambassador is accredited from New Delhi Bhutan established a resident embassy in Canberra in September 2021, having previously accredited its ambassador from Bangkok. Bhutan also has an honorary consulate in Sydney. According to the 2016 Australian Census, 5,953 people reported their birthplace as Bhutan. These include Bhutanese refugees having arrived in Australia since 2008 under the Humanitarian Resettlement Program. Australia is a modest trade and development cooperation partner to Bhutan. Total Australian Official Development Assistance to Bhutan in 2019-20 was budgeted for A$6.4 million.^[223] In October 2016, LyonchhenTshering Tobgay made the first visit by a Bhutanese Prime Minister to Australia.
Brunei	1 January 1984	See Australia–Brunei relations Australia's High commission is situated in Brunei's capital Bandar Seri Begawan while Brunei's High commission is located in Australia's capital Canberra. Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Cambodia	15 January 1952	See Australia–Cambodia relations Australia has an embassy in Phnom Penh and Cambodia has an embassy in Canberra. Diplomatic relations between Australia and Cambodia were established in 1952 with the appointment of an Australian Minister, resident in Saigon.^[224] An Australian legation was opened in Phnom Penh in 1955.^[225] Diplomatic relations were raised to Ambassadorial level in 1959. Australia maintained relations with the Khmer Republic following the military coup of 1970. The Australian embassy closed in 1975 ahead of the fall of Phnom Penh to the Khmer Rouge on 17 April 1975. That day, Australia recognized the Royal Government of National Union of Kampuchea, soon replaced by the fully Khmer Rouge-controlled government of Democratic Kampuchea, but diplomatic relations were effectively suspended during the entire period of Khmer Rouge rule. In solidarity with ASEAN countries, Australia did not recognize the People's Republic of Cambodia following the 1979 Vietnamese invasion, and continued to recognize the Democratic Kampuchea government-in-exile. However, it withdrew recognition on 14 February 1981 in response to information about the atrocities committed by the Khmer Rouge.^[226] Australia played a leading role in the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia in the early 1990s. In November 1991, Australia's diplomatic presence in Phnom Penh resumed with the appointment of a Permanent Representative to the Supreme National Council of Cambodia,^[227] upgraded in 1993 to Ambassador to the restored Royal Government of Cambodia. Australia has been a substantial contributor to Cambodian development projects since the early 1990s. Cambodia and Australia signed a controversial refugee resettlement deal in September 2014.^[228] There are over 66,000 people of Cambodian origin living in Australia (2016 Census). Cambodian refugees began arriving in Australia after the Khmer Rouge regime gained power in 1975, with numbers peaking in the 1980s. Approximately 6,000-7,000 Australians reside in Cambodia, most being dual Cambodian-Australian citizens or expatriates involved in development assistance work or business.^[229] The two-way trade relationship is modest ($752 million in 2019) but has been growing quickly. Australia and Cambodia are parties to the ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement.
China	21 December 1972	See Australia–China relations Australia and the People's Republic of China established formal diplomatic relations on 21 December 1972. Australia has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Chengdu, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Shanghai and Shenyang. China has an embassy in Canberra and consulates-general in Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney. The Australia-China relationship has traditionally been dominated by global geopolitical and strategic concerns, but since the 1980s the bilateral relationship has grown dramatically based on strong economic and trade complementarities and longstanding community and cultural links. Significant Chinese migration started in the middle of the nineteenth century and Chinese now form the second largest migrant community in Australia, equivalent to 8.9 per cent of Australia's overseas-born population and 2.6 per cent of Australia's total population.^[230] Prime Minister Gough Whitlam's 1973 diplomatic trip was the first visit to China by an Australian Prime Minister^[231] This was followed over the years by regular visits of China's Paramount leaders and Premiers and Australia's Governors-General and Prime Ministers as the relationship deepened. On two occasions, in 2003^[232] and 2014,^[233] China's Paramount leaders have accepted rare invitations to address the Australian Parliament. In 2014, the Australian Prime Minister and Chinese President agreed to describe the relationship as a "comprehensive strategic partnership"^[234] A China-Australia Free Trade Agreement (ChAFTA) entered into force in December 2015.^[235] China is Australia's largest two-way trading partner in goods and services. In 2020 Australia accounted for $53.5 billion (2.1%) of China's exports, ranking 13th among its top trade partners.^[236] Prior to travel restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, Australia was a major destination for Chinese tourists and students. The relationship has been strained from time to time, such as in 1989-90 following the suppression of the Tiananmen Square Protests, and in the late 1990s at a time when China-US relations were being affected by a number of disagreements, with Australia supporting the US positions. Beginning in mid-2017, the relationship has significantly deteriorated. Points of friction include Australia's ban on Huawei's participation in the implementation of a 5G network on national security grounds; new Australian foreign investment and anti-espionage laws; Australian criticism of China in relation to its stance on the South China Sea dispute, the treatment of the Uyghurs in Xinjiang and changes in electoral and security laws in Hong Kong; a new defence pact between Australia and Japan and reactivation of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue with the United States, Japan and India; Australia's lead in calling for an independent international investigation into the origins of COVID-19; and the formation of AUKUS in September 2021, under which the US and the UK will help Australia to acquire nuclear-powered submarines.^[237] By 2020 China had suspended all high-level diplomatic and trade dialogue channels and halted trade in a number of economically important sectors.^[238] In July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including Australia, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC condemning China's mistreatment of the Uyghurs as well as its mistreatment of other minority groups, urging the Chinese government to close the Xinjiang re-education camps.^[239] In November 2020 the Chinese embassy in Australia released to the media a long list of grievances, which were promptly rejected by the Australian Government.^[240] Through 2021 and much of 2022, relations between the two countries remained tense.^[241] Following the election of the Albanese government in May 2022, ministerial contacts have modestly restarted. Australians` trust in China has plunged. The 2021 Lowy Institute Poll, released in June 2021, found only 16 per cent of Australian respondents trusted China "a great deal" or "somewhat" to act responsibly in the world – a third of the number from 2018.^[242]
East Timor	20 May 2002	See Australia–East Timor relations Australia and East Timor are near neighbours with close political and trade ties. East Timor, one of the poorest countries in Asia, lies about 610 kilometres (380 mi) northwest of the Australian city of Darwin and Australia has played a prominent role in the young republic's history. Australia led the military force that helped stabilise the country after it chose independence from Indonesia in 1999 and has been a major source of aid since. Australia has an embassy in Dili. East Timor has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate general in Sydney.
Georgia	16 July 1992	Australia recognised Georgia's independence and established diplomatic relations in 1992. Australia's embassy in Turkey is accredited to Georgia. Georgia has an embassy in Canberra and an honorary consulate in Melbourne. In 2008 Australia provided $1 million in humanitarian aid to Georgia in the aftermath of the Russo-Georgian War. Australia has supported Georgia's sovereignty and territorial integrity in international fora and does not recognize the breakaway republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia established with Russian support. There is a small community of Georgian-born people in Australia and modest trade relations.^[243]
India	1941	See Australia–India relations^[244] India established diplomatic relations with Australia in 1941, six years before its independence. The Australian Government subsequently supported the independence of India and Pakistan from the British Empire.^[245] India and Australia share close historical ties, with both countries being former British colonies and members of the Commonwealth of Nations. They also share close sporting ties, with both countries sharing their passion for cricket.^[246] They also compete against each other in field hockey and in the Commonwealth Games. Economic relations between the two nations is strong, with India being Australia's fourth largest export partner and the eighth largest trading partner.^[247] In 1963 Australia provide defence aid to India in the face of Chinese action.^[248] In 2009, relations were strained between the two nations by attacks on Indian students (termed Curry Bashings) in Melbourne.^[249] Police denied any racial motivation, but this was viewed differently by the Government of India leading to high-level meetings with Australian officials.^[250] The persistent refusal of Australia to sell uranium to India due to the latter not being a signatory to the NPT has also hampered bilateral relations. However, this policy was reversed in 2011.^[251]
Indonesia	17 March 1950	See Australia–Indonesia relations Since Indonesian independence, the two countries have maintained mutual diplomatic relations, formalised co-operation (especially in the fields of fisheries conservation, law enforcement, and justice co-operation), a measure of security co-operation, broadening treaty relationships, co-membership of regional forums, and co-participation in several multilateral Treaties of significance. Recent years have seen a deepening of Australia's aid commitment to Indonesia, and Australia has become a popular venue for Indonesian students.^[252] In 2008–09 Indonesia is the largest recipient of Australian aid at a value of $462 million.^[253]
Iran	July 1968	Australia opened an embassy in Tehran in 1968^[254] and Iran has had an embassy in Canberra since 1971. The then Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi made a state visit to Australia in September 1974 to promote economic, scientific and political cooperation between the two countries.^[255] This was reciprocated in March 1975 by the visit of Australian Governor-General John Kerr.^[256] Diplomatic relations have been maintained without interruption through the Iranian Revolution of 1979 and the replacement of the monarchy with an Islamic republic. Two-way trade has diminished in recent years but the value of Australia's two-way goods and services trade with Iran was $319 million in the 2019-20 financial year. Traditionally, Iran has been one of Australia's leading wheat export destinations, and other primary exports include wool and meat.^[257] Australia, like most Western countries, has expressed concerns about Iran's human-rights record and its nuclear-weapons program.^[258] Although not a signatory to the agreement, Australia supports the objectives of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. It continues to implement certain sanctions in respect of Iran, pursuant to UN Security Council resolution 2231 (2015) and Australia's autonomous sanctions regime. Migration from Iran to Australia has mainly occurred since the early 1980s and particularly in the 21st century. The 2016 census recorded 58,112 Iran-born people in Australia, with most settled in New South Wales and Victoria.^[259]
Iraq	2 December 1973	Australia and Iraq have had relations in various forms since 1938, but formal diplomatic relations were established in December 1973, with the accreditation of the Australian Ambassador in Beirut on a non-resident basis. Australia opened an Embassy in Baghdad in 1976 and Iraq established an Embassy in Canberra in 1995. The Australian embassy closed in 1991 just prior to the start of the 1991 Gulf War. The Iraqi embassy closed in 2003 ahead of the US-led invasion. Both countries reopened their embassies in 2004. Iraq has a Consulate-General in Sydney and the Kurdish Regional Government retains a representative office, also in Sydney.^[260] The relationship during the Saddam Hussein era was complex, particularly in the 1990s and early 2000s with Australian efforts to promote trading links competing, sometimes diametrically (see AWB oil-for-wheat scandal), with support for diplomatic and military actions against the Iraqi government. Australian participation in the 1991 Gulf War was followed by the Australian contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq as part of the United States-led coalition. Bilateral relations have improved significantly following the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003. Total merchandise trade between Australia and Iraq in 2018 – 2019 was over $201 million. Historically, Australia's primary commercial interest in Iraq has been wheat, which it has exported to Iraq for over 50 years.^[260] Between 2003 and 2014, Australia provided $382 million in development and humanitarian assistance to Iraq to re-establish services to over 1.3 million people, including over half a million refugees and internally displaced people. This was in addition to $987 million in debt relief to support Iraq's transition to a stable and democratic nation after decades of war and dictatorship. Australia has worked in partnership with the Government of Iraq to improve the management of water, agriculture research, rural development, public sector governance, education, landmine clearance and basic services delivery. Australia is contributing to capacity building missions with the Iraqi Army, law enforcement personnel, the Iraqi Counter-Terrorism Service and the NATO Training Mission headquarters in Iraq. There is a sizeable Iraqi community in Australia. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics Migration Australia data, at 23 October 2017, 67,355 people born in Iraq were living in Australia. The resettlement of Iraqis who have fled their home country remains a priority within Australia's offshore Humanitarian Programme.^[261] In 2009 Nouri al-Maliki became the first Iraqi prime minister to visit Australia. He and then Australian prime minister Kevin Rudd signed a declaration to increase co-operation and to strengthen trade and investment ties.^[262] In the post-Saddam era there have been frequent high level visits of Australian Governors-General and Prime Ministers to Iraq, combined with visits to Australian Defence Force personnel stationed in the country.
Israel	11 May 1949	See Australia–Israel relations Australia and Israel share a close relationship with significant people-to-people links and broad commercial engagement. Australia was the first country to vote in favour of the 1947 UN partition resolution, which ultimately led to the creation of Israel as a nation state.^[263] The Australian Government formally recognized Israel on 28 January 1949.^[264] The Australian Legation in Tel Aviv, and the Israeli Legation in Canberra, were both opened in that year.^[265] Diplomatic relations were raised to ambassadorial level in 1960. Australia is committed to a two-state solution in which Israel and a future Palestinian state co‑exist, in peace and security, within internationally recognised borders. In December 2018, Australia recognized West Jerusalem as the capital of Israel but this was reversed by the Albanese government in October 2022 ^[266] ^[267] The Australian-Jewish community, which numbers about 91,000 (2016 census), is an important element of Australia's relationship with Israel. There are approximately 10,000 Israeli-born people living in Australia and about 10–12,000 Australians living in Israel. Australia and Israel have a growing bilateral economic relationship. In 2019–20, two-way goods and services trade amounted to approximately $1.3 billion. In February 2017, Australia and Israel signed a Technological Innovation Cooperation Agreement. Since 2017, Australia and Israel have expanded cooperation on national security, defence and cyber security. Israeli President Chaim Herzog made the first visit by a serving Israeli President to Australia in November 1986. This was followed in 2005 and 2020 by Presidents Moshe Katsav and Reuven Rivlin. In January 1987, Prime Minister Bob Hawke made the first visit to Israel by a serving Australian Prime Minister. This was followed by subsequent Prime Ministerial visits in 1995, 2000 and 2017. In February 2017, Benjamin Netanyahu became the first incumbent Israeli Prime Minister to visit Australia.^[268]
Japan	14 September 1940 (broken from 8 December 1941 to 28 April 1952)	See Australia–Japan relations Australia-Japan relations are generally warm, substantial and driven by mutual interests, and have expanded beyond strong economic and commercial links to other spheres, including culture, tourism, defence and scientific co-operation. Australia has an embassy in Tokyo and consulates-general in Fukuoka, Osaka and Sapporo. Japan has an embassy in Canberra and consulates-general in Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth, Sydney and a consular office in Cairns.
Jordan	28 April 1975	Australia has an embassy in Amman, established in 1979 and Jordan has an embassy in Canberra, established in 1976. Australia and Jordan have long standing friendly relations reflected in diverse political, cultural and economic links. His Majesty King Hussein made the first visit by an Arab Head of State to Australia in March 1976.^[269] His Majesty King Abdullah visited in November 2016. Australian Governor-General Peter Cosgrove visited Jordan in October 2017. There have also been regular exchanges at senior ministerial level. In 2019–20, two‑way goods and services trade was $285 million (A$198 million in exports to Jordan and A$86 million in imports from Jordan).^[270] Since 2017, as part of Australia's response to the Syria crisis, it has provided over A$105 million in support of refugees and their host communities in Jordan.
Kazakhstan	22 June 1992	See Australia–Kazakhstan relations Australia and Kazakhstan relations began in 1992. Australia opened an embassy in Almaty in 1995, which closed in 1999 due to resource constraints. Kazakhstan opened a Consulate-General in Sydney in 2015. There have been a number of high level visits between the two countries to sign co-operation agreements: Prime Minister Sergey Tereshchenko visited Australia in 1993; Governor-General Bill Hayden visited Kazakhstan in 1993; President Nursultan Nazarbayev visited Australia in 1996. The countries signed an agreement on economic and commercial cooperation, which came into force on 2 June 2004. Trade relations are modest.^[271]
Kuwait	1 July 1974	Diplomatic relations between Australia and Kuwait were established in 1974 with the accreditation of the Australian ambassador in Riyadh on a non-resident basis. Australia opened an embassy in Kuwait City in December 2004. Kuwait opened an embassy in Canberra in January 2002 and a Cultural Office in Canberra in 2008. Australia supported Kuwait's independence and territorial integrity with its contribution to the coalition force which in 1991 liberated Kuwait from the Iraqi occupation. Kuwait's investments in Australia are estimated at over A$13.4 billion (2019). Two-way trade amounted to A$664 million in 2019. Kuwait is a significant market for Australian exports of wheat and live sheep. It is also an important market for Australian education and tourism services. About 1,000 Australians reside in Kuwait, employed mainly in the education, banking, oil and gas and security industries.^[272] In May 2016, the then Australian Governor-General Peter Cosgrove made a state visit to Kuwait.^[273]
Kyrgyzstan	26 December 1991	Australia is represented in Kyrgyzstan by its embassy in Moscow.^[274]
Laos	15 January 1952	Diplomatic relations between Australia and Laos were established in 1952 with the appointment of an Australian Minister, resident in Saigon.^[224] This is the longest unbroken diplomatic relationship Laos has with any country.^[275] Australia has an embassy in Vientiane. This was established as a legation in December 1960.^[276] Relations were raised to full Ambassadorial level in January 1963.^[277] The embassy has remained open throughout the political changes in Laos, in particular the abolition of the monarchy and establishment of the Lao People's Democratic Republic in 1975. Laos has an Embassy in Canberra. Australia is a long-standing development, trade and investment partner to Laos. In 2019-20 Australia provided $45 .3 million in total Official Development Assistance to Laos. This included $25 .6 million in bilateral funding. In February 2022, Australia committed to a substantial increase in assistance.^[278] Two-way trade in goods and services was worth $13 9 million in 2019 -20. An agreement on the promotion and protection of investment between Australia and Laos has been in place since 1995. Australia and Laos are parties to the ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement (AANZFTA). The Australian Chamber of Commerce in Laos (AustCham Lao) was established in 2005 – the first international chamber of commerce in the country.^[275] At the time of the 2016 national census, more than 15,000 people in the Australian community identified as having Lao ancestry. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, Australia was a favored destination for Lao students studying abroad.
Lebanon	20 February 1967	Australia has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Canberra. 74,000 Lebanese-born people live in Australia, mainly in Sydney, and there are more people of Lebanese descent including Marie Bashir, Steve Bracks and Hazem El Masri. Australia has a modest trade relationship with Lebanon and has also given foreign aid in the aftermath of the Lebanese civil war^[279] of 1975–1990.
Malaysia	31 August 1957	See Australia–Malaysia relations Australia has a high commission in Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia has a high commission in Canberra. Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Both Australia and Malaysia are members of the Five Power Defence Arrangements and often participate in military exercises together.^[280]
File:Flag of Maldives.svg Maldives	25 January 1974	Australia and Maldives established diplomatic relations in early 1974, with Australia's first non-resident ambassador presenting credentials on 17 February 1974.^[281] With Maldives joining the Commonwealth of Nations in 1983 and rejoining in 2020 after its withdrawal in 2016, the two countries representatives have been high commissioners. The Australian high commissioner has been accredited on a non-resident basis from Colombo but in February 2022 Australia announced plans to open a resident high commission in Male^[282] as part of a series of measures by the Morrison Government to enhance Australia's bilateral relations in the North-East Indian Ocean sub-region.^[283] The Maldives high commissioner is accredited on a non-resident basis from Singapore. It has an honorary consulate-general in Melbourne. Total bilateral trade was A$160 million in 2018, of which A$46 million was Australian merchandise exports, mainly food and beverage. Australia is also a development partner, supporting projects related to climate change, governance and maritime safety, and is a significant source of educational scholarships to Maldivian students. The total Australian Official Development Assistance to Maldives in 2019-20 had a budget of A$2.6 million.^[284]
Mongolia	15 September 1972^[285]	See Australia–Mongolia relations Australia and Mongolia established relations in 1972. Relations have grown stronger in recent years with free-market reforms in Mongolia and high-profile visits from leaders of both countries. Trade between the two countries is small but mainly based on mining and there have been steps to grow this. Australia provides foreign aid to Mongolia.^[286]
Myanmar	1 August 1953	Australia has an embassy in Rangoon. Myanmar has an embassy in Canberra.
Nepal	15 February 1960	Australia and Nepal have had diplomatic relations for over 50 years. They have a modest trade relationship but Australia provides more foreign aid than exports. Australia has a few points of interest such as in tourism, commerce and education.^[287]
North Korea	31 December 1974, broken 30 October 1975, Restored 8 May 2000	See Australia–North Korea relations Diplomatic relations are stressed due to North Korea's nuclear weapons program. Since October 2006 visas have not been issued for North Korean citizens and North Korean ships have been banned from Australia's ports. Economically, relations are more modest; North Korea ranks 125th in the order of Australia's trade partners, with two-way trade valued between A$6–11 million. On 22 April, North Korea threatened Australia with a nuclear strike.
Oman	1981	Australia and Oman established diplomatic relations in 1981. The Australian ambassador in Riyadh is accredited to Oman on a non-resident basis. Australia has an honorary consulate in Muscat. The Omani ambassador in Tokyo is accredited to Australia on a non-resident basis. Oman has a consulate-general in Melbourne. Australia and Oman cooperate closely in the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA). Australia's two-way goods and services trade with Oman totalled $615.0 million in 2018–19. Australia's principle exports include meat, wheat and livestock. There are eight formal agreements between Australian and Omani universities to facilitate student and academic exchange, and research collaboration. The Sultan of Oman Endowed Chair in Arab and Islamic Studies was established in 2003 at the University of Melbourne.^[288]
Pakistan	8 March 1948	See Australia–Pakistan relations Relations with Pakistan started before partition. Australia supported India and Pakistan's independence.^[245] In 1960, Australia provided A£11 million in aid to Pakistan as part of the Indus Waters Treaty.^[289] The relations between the two countries have been friendly, with former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf having visited Australia in 2005^[290] and the former Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard, also having extended a visit to Pakistan in 2005 as well, following the 2005 Kashmir earthquake which had immensely targeted the northern areas of Pakistan. He also announced 500 new scholarships for students in Pakistan to study in Australia.^[291]
Philippines	17 March 1950	See Australia–Philippines relations Australia has an embassy in Manila.^[292] Philippines has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate general in Sydney.^[293]
File:Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar	1 May 1980	Australia and Qatar established diplomatic relations on 1 May 1980.^[294] Australia has an embassy in Doha, opened in November 2016.^[295] Prior to then the Australian ambassadors in Riyadh and later Abu Dhabi were accredited on a non-resident basis. Qatar has an embassy in Canberra, opened in 2012. Prior to then the Qatari ambassador in Tokyo was accredited on a non-resident basis. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, there were extensive aviation links between the countries, with Qatar serving as a major air route for Australians travelling to the Middle East and Europe. Qatar Airways provided daily direct flights between Doha and Melbourne, Perth, Sydney, Canberra and Adelaide. Around 3,000 Australians reside in Qatar and prior to the pandemic nearly 40,000 Australians visited Qatar annually.^[296] The two countries are important trading and investment partners, with two-way goods and services trade worth A$2.1 billion in 2018. The Qatar Investment Authority and its subsidiaries have invested around $3 billion in Australia. A Memorandum of Understanding on Higher Education, Research and Vocational Training was signed in 2016, and significant research links have developed between Australian Universities and Qatari institutions.^[296]
Saudi Arabia	15 January 1974	See Australia–Saudi Arabia relations Saudi Arabia is one of Australia's most important trading partners in the Middle East; two-way trade was valued^{[by whom?]} at $1.9 billion in 2011.^[297] Australia has an embassy in Riyadh. Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Canberra. A large number of Saudi students choose to study in Australia, mostly under the King Abdullah Scholarship Program. In 2009, 12,500 Saudi students enrolled in Australian educational institutions.^[298] Australians in Saudi Arabia are a sizeable community consisting mainly of up to 5,000 with the majority based in major commercial centres such as Riyadh and Jeddah.^[299] A Memorandum of Understanding was signed in Canberra between Australia-Saudi Business Council^[300] Official Press Agency stated on Apr,14,2015 that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Australia are Discussing Developing Cooperation Ties^[301] Bilateral relations between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Australia have improved and progressed significantly in recent years and moved from normal relations to relations of mutual trust and partnership in various fields.^[302] Saudi Arabia's Foreign Affairs statement on Australian-Saudi Arabian relations
Singapore	18 August 1965	See Australia–Singapore relations Australia has a high commission in Singapore. Singapore has a high commission in Canberra. Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Both Australia and Singapore are members of the Five Power Defence Arrangements and often participate in military exercises together.^[280]
South Korea	30 October 1961	See Australia–South Korea relations The establishment of diplomatic relations between South Korea and Australia began in October 1961. Both are a member state of the MIKTA. Australia has an embassy in Seoul. South Korea has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney.^[303] During the Korean War Australia sent 17,000 soldiers to offer military co-operation with South Korea. Economic ties has been strengthened while trade value between the two reached $18 billion in 2007 Australia–Korea Free Trade Agreement (KAFTA).^[304]
Sri Lanka	4 February 1948	Bilateral relations are generally warm, supported by trade, investment flows, education, immigration and other development co-operations. Australia is also a member in helping the economic and social development of Sri Lanka. In 2007 a two-way trade agreement was created between Australia and Sri Lanka valued at $232 million a year. The trade agreement includes exports from Australia such as vegetables and dairy products. Tea and other foods, textiles, clothing, rubber, iron and steel which are the main imports from Sri Lanka. In 2008–09 the estimated budget for aid to Sri Lanka is $27 million.^[305] Sri Lanka Country Brief
Syria	1975	Australia and Syria established diplomatic relations in 1975 when the Australian ambassador in Lebanon was accredited concurrently as non-resident ambassador to Syria.^[306] An Australian embassy was opened in Damascus in 1977. Syria opened an embassy in Canberra in the early 2000s. Until the start of the current Syrian Civil War in 2011, the two countries enjoyed good relations, supported by people-to-people links. Since 2011, Australia has imposed autonomous sanctions in relation to Syria "to reflect Australia’s grave concern at the Syrian regime’s deeply disturbing and unacceptable use of violence against its people".^[307] In May 2012, in response to a civilian massacre in Houla, the Syrian charge d'affaires and another diplomat based in Canberra were expelled, and Syria closed its embassy in June 2012.^[308] There is currently no exchange of diplomats between the countries but Syria maintains an honorary consulate in Sydney. The 2016 Australian census recorded 15,321 Syrian-born residents, including a wave of migrants arriving since 2011 under the Humanitarian Program.^[309] In response to the ongoing crisis in Syria, Australia has provided about $525 million dollars in humanitarian support since 2011, including the $249 million, four-year Syria Crisis Humanitarian and Resilience Package (2017-20).^[310]
Taiwan	16 September 1941 – 22 December 1972	See Australia–Taiwan relations Australia does not have diplomatic relations with Taiwan, in conjunction with its recognition in December 1972 of the People's Republic of China (PRC) as the sole legitimate government of China. Prior to that, Australia had recognized the government of the Republic of China, based on Taiwan since 1949. The first Chinese Consul-General to Australia arrived in Melbourne in 1909, but it wasn't until 1921 that Australia established representation in China through a trade commissioner, an effort that was disbanded the following year.^[311] Lin Sen, Chairman of the National Government of China and figurehead head of state, made the first visit by a Chinese head of state to Australia in 1931–32.^[312] Formal diplomatic relations with the Republic of China date from 1941 with the first exchange of Ministers. The Australian legation was based in Chungking and after the war in Nanking. Relations were upgraded to Ambassadorial level in June 1948 but the embassy closed in October 1949 following the Communist victory. Cold War fears of Communism characterized Australia's relations with China over the next two decades, with Australia refusing to recognize the Communist government of the PRC in Beijing, continuing to recognizing the Chiang Kai–shek administration on Taiwan as representing the Government of the Republic of China, and maintaining accreditation of a Republic of China embassy in Australia.^[313] However the Robert Menzies government was reluctant to open an embassy on Taiwan. This finally occurred under the Harold Holt government in 1966.^[314] The embassy in Taipei and the Republic of China embassy in Canberra were closed in early 1973 following Australia's switch of recognition to the PRC. Nevertheless, Australia supports Taiwan's participation in international organisations and encourages private investment. An Australian Office in Taipei, dating from 1981, represents Australian interests in Taiwan. Taiwan has four economic and cultural offices in Australia, in Brisbane, Canberra, Melbourne and Sydney. Taiwan and Australia share a wide range of people-to-people links developed through business and tourism-related travel, academic exchanges, and Australia's Working Holiday Maker Scheme. The two countries have a large trade relationship. Taiwan was Australia's 12th largest trading partner in 2020, worth $16.1 billion. Taiwan was Australia's ninth largest merchandise export market in 2020, worth $10 billion.^[315]
Tajikistan	26 December 1991	Australia is represented in Tajikistan by its embassy in Moscow.^[316]
Thailand	19 December 1952	See Australia–Thailand relations Thailand is represented through its embassy in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney. Australia has an embassy in Bangkok. Thailand-Australia Free Trade Agreement
Turkey	28 February 1967	See Australia–Turkey relations Australia has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulates General in Istanbul and Çanakkale.^[317] Turkey has an embassy in Canberra and Consulates General in Melbourne and Sydney.^[317] Both countries are members of G20, MIKTA, OECD and WTO.^[317] Trade volume between the two countries was US$1.66 billion in 2015 (Australia exports/imports: 544.8/521.6 million USD.^[318] 150 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Australia.^[317] Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Melbourne.
Turkmenistan	14 May 1992	Australia and Turkmenistan established diplomatic relations on 14 May 1992.^[319] Australia is accredited to Turkmenistan from its embassy in Moscow. Turkmenistan has not yet established representation to Australia.
United Arab Emirates	16 March 1975	See Australia–United Arab Emirates relations Australia has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate in Dubai. United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Canberra. Both countries have extensive trade relations. In 2009 trade was worth over A$4.25 billion. There are 91 flights per week between the two countries, and roughly 12,000 to 15,000 Australians live and work in the UAE. The countries have a shared strategic view on regional security, thanks to high-level dialogue between them.^[320]
Uzbekistan	26 December 1991	Australia's ambassador accredited to Uzbekistan is resident in Moscow. Uzbekistan's ambassador accredited to Australia is resident in Singapore.
Vietnam	26 February 1973 (with Republic of Vietnam from 15 January 1952 to 5 May 1975)	Australia has an embassy in Hanoi and a consulate general in Ho Chi Minh City. Vietnam has an embassy in Canberra and consulates general in Sydney and Perth.^[321] Australia's relations with Vietnam date from 1952 when a resident Australian Minister was appointed to the then State of Vietnam and a Vietnamese legation was opened in Canberra.^[224] After the Geneva Conference of 1954 the State, which became the Republic of Vietnam in 1955, controlled the southern part of Vietnam. In 1959 diplomatic relations with the Republic of Vietnam were raised to Ambassadorial level.^[322] Between 1962 and 1972, Australia committed almost 60,000 personnel, including ground troops, naval forces and air assets, and significant amounts of materiel to militarily support the Republic of Vietnam as part of a United States-led coalition (see Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War). The Australian Government of Gough Whitlam completed the withdrawal of Australian forces, begun in 1970, upon its election in December 1972. On 26 February 1973 Australia concurrently recognized and established diplomatic relations with the then Democratic Republic of Vietnam, which controlled the northern part of Vietnam. The Australian embassy in Hanoi opened on 28 July 1973. The Australian embassy in Saigon was closed on 25 April 1975,^[323] just ahead of the dissolution of the Republic of Vietnam government on 30 April 1975 following the capture that day of Saigon (renamed Ho Chi Minh City) by the People's Army of Vietnam and the Viet Cong. Australia announced its recognition of the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (PRG) on 6 May 1975.^[324] Diplomatic relations with the PRG were announced on 22 August 1975, with the Australian Ambassador in Hanoi accredited on a non-resident basis. On 22 January 1976 the Australian Ambassador presented his credentials in Ho Chi Minh City. In July 1976 the northern and southern Vietnamese states formally merged as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam to which the Australian embassy in Hanoi remained accredited. Australian representation in the south, in the form of the Consulate-General in Ho Chi Minh City, was re-established in November 1994. Since the end of the Vietnam War, the bilateral relationship between the two countries has become close. Australia and Vietnam have become important trading partners, development cooperation partners and defence and security partners. Australia's total two-way trade with Vietnam in 2019 was valued at $15.5 billion. Australia and Vietnam are parties to the ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement (AANZFTA). In October 2010, Australia and Vietnam signed a bilateral Memorandum of Understanding on Defence Cooperation. In March 2018, Australia and Vietnam officially elevated relations by signing in Canberra a Joint Statement on the Establishment of a Strategic Partnership. During Prime Minister Scott Morrison's official visit to Vietnam in August 2019, Australia and Vietnam agreed on a Plan of Action for the Strategic Partnership for the period of 2020-2023 focusing on enhancing economic engagement; deepening strategic, defence and security cooperation; and building knowledge and innovation partnerships.^[325] There has been significant migration of Vietnamese people to Australia since the end of the Vietnam War, and there are around 295,000 people of Vietnamese descent living in Australia. Australia has been a popular destination for Vietnamese studying abroad and Vietnam has been a popular tourist destination for Australians.
Yemen	20 December 1980 with Yemen Arab Republic (June 1984-22 May 1990 with People's Democratic Republic of Yemen)	Australia and the Yemen Arab Republic established diplomatic relations on 20 December 1980.^[294] Australia established diplomatic relations with the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen in 1984.^[326] Relations continued with the Republic of Yemen following unification of the northern and southern states in 1990. The Australian ambassador is accredited from Riyadh and the Yemeni ambassador is accredited from Jakarta. Since 2015, Australia has provided A$45.25 million to Yemen in humanitarian assistance through UN agencies.^[327]

Europe[edit | edit source]

Formal Relations Began	Notes
Albania	15 September 1984	Albania opened an embassy in Canberra in 2020 and has honorary consulates in Adelaide and Brisbane. Australia's embassy in Rome is accredited to Albania Albania's foreign minister Edmond Panariti visited Australia in August 2012, following on from a visit to Albania from Richard Marles, parliamentary secretary for foreign affairs.^[328] There are approximately 11,000 people in Australia of Albanian descent. In recent years, the Australian Government has provided financial and humanitarian assistance to Albania.
Austria	1952	Australia has an embassy in Vienna. Austria has an embassy in Canberra.
Belarus	9 January 1992^[329]	Australia is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia,^[330] and operated a resident embassy in Canberra until budget cuts forced its closure in 2018. Belarus is accredited to Australia from its embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia.
Belgium	1947	Both countries have a growing bilateral commercial relationship, going back to World War One when they entered after Belgium was invaded by Germany. They share similar approaches to many international issues, including arms control, whaling and Antarctica. Trade and investment relations are very significant. In 2012, total Belgian investment in Australia was valued at A$6.4 billion, and Australian investment in Belgium totalled $2 billion. In 2012, Belgium was ranked as Australia's 24th largest merchandise trading partner.^[331] Almost 30 Australia–Belgium bilateral treaties cover extradition, trade, taxation, and social security.
Bosnia and Herzegovina	7 January 1993	Australia recognised Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992 and established diplomatic relations in 1994. Australia has a consulate in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Canberra. Australia has a continuing interest in efforts to maintain peace and build prosperity in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Since 1993–94, Australia has contributed humanitarian assistance worth over A$17 million to countries in the Balkans, including to Bosnia and Herzegovina.^[332]
Bulgaria	5 April 1972	Australia is represented in Bulgaria through its embassy in Athens (Greece). Australia has an honorary consulate in Sofia.^[333] Bulgaria has an embassy in Canberra.^[334]
Croatia	13 February 1992	See Australia–Croatia relations Australia gave recognition of Croatia in January 1992 Australia has an embassy in Zagreb. Croatia have an embassy in Canberra and consulates in Melbourne, Perth and Sydney. Over 118,000 Australians are of Croatian descent, the largest of the former Yugoslav nations. The two nations have signed a few bilateral agreements such as a social security agreement in May 2003 to give greater protection to people who have lived or worked in Australia and/or Croatia. Bilateral trade is worth A$42 million.^[335]
Cyprus	12 June 1973	Since 1964, Australia has provided personnel and equipment to the UNFICYP. Australia has a High Commission in Nicosia.^[336] Cyprus has High Commission in Canberra.^[337] Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Cyprus Cypriot Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Australia (PDF)
Czech Republic	18 June 1972/1 January 1993	Australia is represented in the Czech Republic through its embassy in Warsaw (Poland) and through an honorary consulate in Prague.^[338] The Czech Republic has an embassy in Canberra, a consulate in Sydney and five honorary consulates (in Melbourne, Perth, Adelaide, Hobart and Brisbane).^[339]^[340] There are around 21,000 people of Czech descent living in Australia. The Czechoslovak 11th Infantry Battalion fought together with Australia during the Siege of Tobruk A number of Australia–Czech Republic bilateral treaties have been agreed between the two countries, covering extradition, trade, nuclear energy and other matters. Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about the relation with the Czech Republic
Denmark	1947	See Australia–Denmark relations Australia has an embassy in Copenhagen. Denmark has an embassy in Canberra.
Estonia	21 November 1991	See Australia–Estonia relations In 1935 Estonia opened an honorary consulate in Sydney to promote trade and provide services to Estonians living in Australia. At that time about 2000 Estonians were estimated to be living in New South Wales.^[341] Except for a brief period in 1974–75,^[342] Australia did not recognize the 1940 incorporation of Estonia into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. However, in October 1940, the Estonian government-in-exile directed the closure of the consulate.^[343] Australia was among the first countries to recognize Estonia's restoration of independence on 27 August 1991. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 November 1991 with the accreditation of the Australian Ambassador in Stockholm on a non-resident basis.^[344] Australia has an embassy in Tallinn. It is Australia's first 'Pop-up Embassy': the Ambassador to Estonia operates from an office in Tallinn during April and May. Outside this period, the Ambassador is based in Canberra but visits Tallinn a number of times a year, and maintains relations via phone, video conferencing, social media and websites. Australia also has ah honorary consulate in Tallinn.^[345] Estonia is represented in Australia through its embassy in Canberra, established in 2016, and four honorary consulates, in Adelaide, Hobart, Perth and Brisbane.^[344] Australia and Estonia have friendly relations, based on shared interests in promoting democracy, peace and free trade, and work closely in international fora on these subjects. Australia is host to one of the largest communities of Estonians abroad. The 2016 census in Australia recorded over 9,500 people who identified as being of Estonian ancestry. People-to-people exchanges are also supported by a reciprocal working holiday visa scheme between the two countries. Two-way merchandise trade between Australia and Estonia is modest, valued at $160 million in 2018.^[344] President Kersti Kaljulaid visited Australia in October 2018 to attend the Invictus Games in Sydney.
Finland	31 May 1949	See Australia–Finland relations Diplomatic relations were established on 31 May 1949. Australia is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden, and through an honorary consulate in Helsinki. Finland has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate in Sydney.
France	1944	See Australia–France relations France and Australia have a close relationship founded on historical contacts, shared values of democracy and human rights, substantial commercial links, and a keen interest in each other's culture. Australia has an embassy in Paris and consulates-general in Nouméa and Papeete. France has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney.
Germany	28 January 1952 with FRG^[346] (22 December 1972 – 3 October 1990 with GDR)	See Australia–Germany relations Australia has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Frankfurt. Germany has an embassy in Canberra.
Greece	1952	See Australia–Greece relations There is a large Greek community in Australia (dating back from the 1950s and 1960s). See Greek Australian. Australia has an embassy in Athens.^[347] Greece has an embassy in Canberra and consulates-general in Adelaide, Melbourne and Sydney and consulates in Perth. A Greek consulate exists in Maitland, representing the city of Newcastle.^[348] Australia and Greece were Allies during WWII and Australian forces took part in the Battle of Greece and Battle of Crete. Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Greece Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Australia Archived 7 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
File:Flag of the Vatican City.svg Holy See	24 March 1973	Since the establishment of diplomatic relations with the Holy See in 1973, Australia has maintained a non-resident Head of Mission, based in another European capital, as well as an office at the Holy See, headed by a Counsellor. The Holy See has maintained an Apostolic Nunciature in Canberra since 1973. On 21 July 2008, the Australian Government announced that it would appoint for the first time a resident Ambassador to the Holy See – the Hon Tim Fischer AC. According to the Australian Foreign Ministry, this marked a significant deepening of Australia's relations with the Vatican since it would allow Australia to expand dialogue with the Vatican in areas including human rights, political and religious freedom, inter-faith dialogue, food security, arms control, refugees and anti-people trafficking, and climate change.^[349] Mr Fischer commenced his appointment on 30 January 2009 and presented credentials to Pope Benedict XVI on 12 February 2009. The Australian Prime Minister, Mr Rudd, visited the Pope Benedict XVI and met the Vatican's Secretary of State on 9 July 2009. The Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs, the Hon Stephen Smith MP, met HE Archbishop Dominique Mamberti, the Holy See's Secretary for Relations with States on 3 December 2008 during his visit to Oslo to sign the Convention on Cluster Munitions. The Holy See played a facilitating role in relation to the Oslo process as a member of the Core Group of States.
Hungary	6 April 1972	Australia is accredited to Hungary via its embassy in Vienna, Austria, and closed its resident embassy in Budapest in 2013 due to budget constraints.^[350] Hungary has an embassy in Canberra, a consulate general in Sydney and four honorary consulate (in Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne and Perth).^[351] There are 67,000 people of Hungarian ancestry living in Australia, many Hungarian-Australians have been active in the fields of business, academia, politics and the arts such as Nick Greiner, Frank Lowy, Judy Cassab, and Les Murray In recent years there have been several high-level visits to strengthen relations. Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Hungary
Iceland	17 April 1984	Australia is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark. Iceland is accredited to Australia from its embassy in Beijing, China.
Ireland	1 July 1946	See Australia–Ireland relations Australia and Ireland share a close historical relationship with strong cultural links between the two nations. Australia has an embassy in Dublin.^[352] Ireland has an embassy in Canberra, a consulate general in Sydney and an honorary consulate in Victoria, and both nations are former British colonies.^[353] About 20% of the Australian population have Irish ancestry, which often predates Irish Independence in 1922. Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Ireland
Italy	1948	See Australia–Italy relations Australia has an embassy in Rome and a general consulate in Milan.^[354] Italy has an embassy in Canberra and consulates-general in Melbourne and Sydney and honorary consulates in Newcastle,^[355] Adelaide, Brisbane and Perth.^[356]^[357]^[358] Italy and Australia have for long years, sustained a muscular and positively friendly relationship in the categories of immigration, political strategism, and commercial trade. There are around 850,000 people of Italian descent living in Australia. Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about the relation with Italy Archived 28 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine
Kosovo	21 May 2008^[359]	See Australia–Kosovo relations Australia recognised the Republic of Kosovo on 19 February 2008.^[360] Australia's Ambassador to Kosovo is subordinate to the embassy in Vienna.^[361] Kosovo has an embassy in Canberra.^[362]
Latvia	27 August 1991	See Australia–Latvia relations Except for a brief period in 1974–75,^[342] Australia did not recognize the 1940 incorporation of Latvia into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. A Latvian honorary consulate which had opened in Melbourne prior to the Soviet incorporation continued operations throughout the period of occupation. Australia recognised the restoration of Latvian independence and announced its intention to establish diplomatic relations on 27 August 1991.^[363] The Australian Ambassador in Copenhagen was subsequently accredited later that year. Currently the Australian Ambassador in Stockholm is accredited to Latvia and Australia has an honorary consul in Riga. Latvia has established a resident embassy in Canberra in October 2021, having previously accredited its ambassador based in Tokyo. It also has honorary consulates in Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney. Australia and Latvia have friendly relations, based on shared interests in promoting democracy, peace and free trade, and work closely in international fora on these subjects. There are also important people-to-people links between the two countries. Between 1947 and 1952, 19,700 Latvian refugees arrived in Australia having fled the Soviet re-occupation. The resident Australian population born in Latvia (2016 census) was 3,756 and Australian residents of Latvian descent numbered 20,514.^[364] Australia's merchandise trade with Latvia in 2018 was $83.7 million.^[365]
Liechtenstein	1999	Australia and Liechtenstein formalized diplomatic relations in 1999 with the first accreditation on a non-resident basis of the Australian Ambassador in Berlin. Liechtenstein is represented in Australia through the Swiss embassy and consulates. Australia and Liechtenstein work closely to fight modern slavery and human trafficking through the ‘Liechtenstein Initiative: Finance Against Slavery and Trafficking’. The Initiative is a public-private partnership that focuses on the finance sector's role in ending modern slavery and human trafficking. Australia, Liechtenstein and the Netherlands are lead countries in the Initiative.^[366]
Lithuania	6 November 1991	See Australia–Lithuania relations Except for a brief period in 1974–75,^[342] Australia did not recognize the 1940 incorporation of Lithuania into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Australia recognised the restoration of Lithuanian independence and announced its intention to establish diplomatic relations on 27 August 1991.^[363] The Australian Ambassador in Copenhagen was subsequently accredited later that year. Currently the Australian Ambassador in Warsaw is accredited to Lithuania and Australia has an honorary consul in Vilnius. Lithuania established a resident embassy in Canberra in 2020, having previously accredited its ambassador based in Tokyo. It also has honorary consulates in Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide. Australia and Lithuania have friendly relations, based on shared interests in promoting democracy, peace and free trade, and work closely in international fora on these subjects. There are also important people-to-people links between the two countries. Approximately 10,000 Lithuanians migrated to Australia, mainly between 1947 and 1953, as refugees fleeing the Soviet re-occupation of Lithuania. They and their descendants have integrated into Australian society but retain cultural and family links with Lithuania.^[367] The resident Australian population born in Lithuania (2016 census) was 2,607 and Australian residents of Lithuanian descent numbered 16,292. According to unofficial estimates by the Lithuanian community, however, the actual number could be over 50,000 people.^[368] In 2019, Australia's two-way goods and services trade with Lithuania was valued at $145 million.^[369]
Luxembourg	13 October 1970	Australia and Luxembourg formalized diplomatic relations in August 1977 with the first appointment of Australia's Ambassador in Brussels as non-resident Ambassador to Luxembourg.^[370]^[371] Since then Australia has remained represented in Luxembourg through its embassy in Brussels. Luxembourg is represented in Australia through the embassy of the Netherlands^[372] in Canberra and through honorary consulates in Sydney and Melbourne. Trade and investment figure strongly in the bilateral relationship and ministerial visits between the countries have focussed on this. Luxembourg's investment in Australia was valued at A$78.4 billion in 2018. Australian investment in Luxembourg was valued at A$21.1 billion in 2018.^[373] There is a reciprocal working holiday visa scheme between the two countries.
Malta	21 September 1964	See Australia–Malta relations Australia has a High Commission in Valletta.^[374] Malta has a High Commission in Canberra, two consulates-general (in Melbourne and Sydney), and four honorary consulates (in Adelaide, Ascot Vale, Melbourne and Perth).^[375] Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Malta
Moldova	1 April 1992	Australia is represented in Moldova by its embassy in Moscow.^[376]
Montenegro	1 September 2006	See Australia–Montenegro relations Australia recognised the Republic of Montenegro on 27 June 2006. Australia is represented in Montenegro through a non-resident ambassador based in the Australian embassy in Belgrade (Serbia). Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Montenegro
Netherlands	18 March 1942	See Australia–Netherlands relations Australia has an embassy in The Hague The Netherlands has an embassy in Canberra.
North Macedonia	20 October 1995	See Australia–North Macedonia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 February 1994.^[377] Australia is represented in North Macedonia by its embassy in Belgrade, Serbia and an honorary consulate in Skopje.^[378] North Macedonia has an embassy in Canberra.^[379]
Norway	23 June 1947	See Australia–Norway relations Australia has an honorary consulate in Oslo, and is represented in Norway through its embassy in Copenhagen (Denmark). Norway has an embassy in Canberra.
Poland	20 February 1972^[380]	See Australia–Poland relations Australia has an embassy in Warsaw.^[381] Poland has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney.^[382] It also has an honorary consulate-general in Melbourne and honorary consulates in Adelaide, Brisbane, Hobart and Perth.^[383] Poland established consulates in Sydney in 1919 and Melbourne in 1931. During the Second World War, the two countries were wartime allies. Australian and Polish forces fought alongside each other in the Siege of Tobruk in 1941, and a number of Australian aircrews flew in support of the Warsaw Uprising in 1944. In 1943–1944, during the rupture of relations between the Polish government-in-exile and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Australia served as the protecting power for Poland in the Soviet Union, the first time it had played this diplomatic role.^[384] Following the establishment of a post-war Communist government in Poland, official relations were more limited. Diplomatic relations were formally established in February 1972. After a brief period of non-resident accreditation from the embassy in Moscow, an Australian resident embassy was opened in Warsaw in 1973. Over 45,000 Australian residents are Polish-born and 184,000 people of Polish ancestry live in Australia. The Polish community is active in promoting people-to-people contact and commercial, cultural and academic ties through various community organisations, bilateral business councils and institutes. In 2014 Poland and Australia signed a Memorandum on a bilateral Work and Holiday Maker Visa Arrangement. Australia's two-way goods and services trade with Poland was valued at nearly A$2.0 billion in 2019, dominated by merchandise imports from Poland. Australian investment in Poland is valued at around A$1.2 billion.^[385] In August 2018 President Andrzej Duda made the first ever official visit of a Polish president to Australia.^[386] President Aleksander Kwaśniewski had earlier paid a visit to Australia to attend the opening ceremony of the 2000 Summer Olympics being held in Sydney. Australian Governor General David Hurley paid an official visit to Poland in August 2022 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of diplomatic relations.^[387]
Portugal	15 August 1960	Formal diplomatic relations between Australia and Portugal were announced on 15 August 1960.^[388] Australia has an embassy in Lisbon. For a detailed history of Australian representation in Portugal see List of ambassadors of Australia to Portugal. Portugal has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney. It also has honorary consulates in Adelaide, Brisbane, Darwin, Melbourne and Perth. With the end of World War II and the return of Portuguese authority to its territory in Timor, the Australian Government established a consulate in Dili, commencing operations on 1 January 1946.^[389] Following the establishment of an Australian Embassy in Lisbon in 1970, the consulate was closed in 1971. The two countries disagreed on East Timor during the period of Indonesian occupation and incorporation of the former Portuguese territory but today work closely in ensuring stability there and giving foreign aid. According to the 2016 census, 61,886 Australians claim Portuguese ancestry while 15,804 are Portuguese-born. Australia and Portugal signed a work and holiday visa arrangement in September 2014.^[390] The global economic crisis and the associated downturn in the Portuguese economy had a dramatic impact on Australian merchandise exports to Portugal, which more than halved to around A$16.6 million by 2016 but have since risen to A$59 million in 2020. On the other hand, Portuguese exports to Australia have grown in recent years, with merchandise exports totaling A$318 million in 2020.^[391] President Aníbal Cavaco Silva visited Australia in 2012.
Romania	18 March 1968	See Australia–Romania relations Australia has a non-resident ambassador in its embassy in Athens (Greece), and has a consulate general in Bucharest. Romania has an embassy in Canberra and a general consulate in Melbourne and Sydney.^[392] Romania and Australia have concluded an Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement, signed in 1994, a Trade and Economic Agreement (signed with full effect for Australia in July 2002 and for Romania in January 2003) and an Agreement for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion, signed in 2001.^[393]
Russia	10 October 1942,(broken from 23 April 1954 to 16 March 1959)	See Australia–Russia relations The first Australian embassy in Moscow opened in 1943. Australia has an embassy in Moscow and two honorary consulates (in Saint Petersburg and Vladivostok).^[394] Russia has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney.^[395] Australian Department of Foreign Affaires and Trade about the relation with Russia
Serbia	26 April 1966	See Australia–Serbia relations Australia has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney. The European office of the Australian Federal Police is located in Belgrade as of 2003. In the 2006 Australian Census, 95,364 people identified themselves as having Serbian origin.
Slovakia	1 January 1993	Australia's embassy in Vienna is accredited to Slovakia. Slovakia has an embassy in Canberra and consulates in Brisbane and Melbourne. Two-way trade between the countries stands at $115 million. There are approximately 10,000 people of Slovak origin living in Australia.^[396]
Slovenia	5 February 1992	Australia recognised Slovenia as an independent state on 16 January 1992.^[397] Australia is represented in Slovenian through its embassy in Vienna, Austria, and through an honorary consulate in Ljubljana. Slovenia has an embassy in Canberra and an honorary consulate in Camperdown, New South Wales.^[398] There are between 20,000 and 25,000 Slovenians who live in Australia. Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Slovenia
Spain	26 October 1967	See Australia–Spain relations Australia has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Canberra and consulates-general in Melbourne and Sydney.
Sweden	24 September 1947	See Australia–Sweden relations Australia has an embassy in Stockholm. Sweden has an embassy in Canberra as well as a consulate-general in Sydney. Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Sweden
Switzerland	2 June 1961	See Australia–Switzerland relations Switzerland opened a consulate in Sydney in 1855 and one in Melbourne in 1856. Australia is accredited to Switzerland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany and maintains a consulate-general in Geneva. From 1974 to 1993, there was an embassy in Bern, which closed due to a government review of its diplomatic missions abroad. Switzerland has an embassy in Canberra, a consulate-general in Sydney and six honorary consulates in Adelaide, Brisbane, Darwin, Hobart, Melbourne and Perth. Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Switzerland Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs about relations with Australia
Ukraine	26 December 1991	See Australia–Ukraine relations Ukraine opened an embassy in Canberra in March 2003.^[399] Australia opened an embassy in Kyiv in November 2014. The 2016 Census recorded 13,366 Ukrainian-born persons in Australia. Most Ukrainian migrants to Australia arrived in the post-World War II period. The small but active Ukrainian community in Australia plays an important role in developing bilateral relations. In 2002 the Australian Federation of Ukrainian Organisations helped establish Ukrainian-Australian House in Kyiv to promote commercial ties. Trade relations are modest. Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Ukraine
United Kingdom		See Australia–United Kingdom relations British-Australian relations are close, marked by shared history, culture, institutions and language, extensive people-to-people links, aligned security interests, and vibrant trade and investment co-operation. Australia has a high commission in London. United Kingdom has a high commission in Canberra and consulates-general in Melbourne and Sydney and consulates in Brisbane and Perth.

Oceania[edit | edit source]

Australia is a member of the Pacific Islands Forum and other regional organisations. As part of its Pacific Step-Up initiative announced in 2016^[400] Australia has uniquely established resident High Commissions and embassies in all independent and self governing members of the Pacific Islands Forum as well as consulates-general in New Caledonia and French Polynesia. Australia provides aid to many of its developing Pacific Islands neighbours, and to Papua New Guinea. For decades, it has been the largest donor of aid to the Oceania region.^[401] China and New Zealand, the next biggest donors, donated only one sixth of Australia's aid during the 2010s.^[402]

Since the end of the Cold War, the understanding from the United States has been that Australia and New Zealand would assume responsibility for the security of much of the Oceania region, whom they already share pre-existing cultural and economic ties to.^[403]

Australia's approach to the Pacific has included frequent references to what it has perceived as an "Arc of Instability" among its island neighbours. In August 2006 Australian Defence Minister Brendan Nelson stated to the Australian Parliament:

We cannot afford to have failing states in our region. The so-called 'arc of instability', which basically goes from East Timor through to the south-west Pacific states, means that not only does Australia have a responsibility in preventing and indeed assisting with humanitarian and disaster relief, but also that we cannot allow any of these countries to become havens for transnational crime, nor indeed havens for terrorism.^[404]

As from early 2008, the Australian government led by Kevin Rudd began what it called a "new approach" to relations between Australia and the Pacific, appointing a Parliamentary Secretary for Pacific Island Affairs, Duncan Kerr. In February, Kerr and fellow Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs, Bob McMullan visited Samoa, Tonga and Kiribati in February, and stated:

Broadly, the approach is one of much more partnership and engagement on the basis of mutual respect. We're not going to be lecturing or hectoring, we're going to try and work together with them and I think we set a pretty good standard with the way we started. The relationships we've established with ministers and leaders in those countries [Kiribati, Tonga and Samoa] is very positive.^[405]

Richard Marles, the deputy leader of the Australian Labor Party, has strongly advocated for Australia to prioritize its role in the Pacific. In 2021, he wrote a book titled Tides that bind: Australia in the Pacific, and claimed in an interview that, "By any measure, we are huge part of the Pacific. We're the largest donor into the Pacific, we’ve got the biggest diplomatic footprint in the Pacific, we’ve got the most development resources in the Pacific of any country. For most of the Pacific, we're the most important bilateral relationship they have, more important than the United States, more important than China."^[406]

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Cook Islands	1994	Australia and the Cook Islands established diplomatic relations in 1994, with the Australian High Commissioner resident in Wellington, New Zealand.^[407] Australia has a high commission in Raratonga, opened in December 2019. Although the Cook Islands maintained a resident high commission in Canberra for some years in the 1990s, at present it has no diplomatic representation to Australia. Australia's relationship with the Cook Islands focusses on shared membership of regional organisations, trade and investment, people-to-people links and security cooperation. The 2016 census records that a diaspora of at least 22,000 Cook Islands citizens live in Australia, including in Melbourne, Sydney and Perth.^[408] There have been regular exchanges of ministerial visits. Prime Minister Henry Puna made an official visit to Australia in November 2019
Fiji	10 October 1970^[409]	See Australia–Fiji relations Australia and Fiji established diplomatic relations upon Fiji's independence in 1970. Australia has had a high commission in Suva since independence. Prior to that Australia was represented in Fiji by a commission opened in 1963.^[410] For a detailed history of Australia's accreditation to Fiji see List of Australian High Commissioners to Fiji. Fiji has a high commission in Canberra, a consulate-general in Sydney and honorary consulates in Brisbane and Melbourne. Australia and Fiji have extensive people-to-people links. Over 3,000 Australian companies do business in Fiji and 61,000 people born in Fiji live in Australia. Fiji participates in Australia's Pacific Labour Mobility program. Fiji is also one of the top tourist destinations for Australians. Australia is one of Fiji's largest trade and investment partners. Two-way goods and services trade has been steadily increasing year-on-year, totaling $2.47 billion in 2019. Australian investment in Fiji, valued at approximately $1.34 billion in 2018, is focused on tourism, the financial sector and manufacturing. Fiji's investment in Australia was valued at $346 million in 2018.^[411] Relations have been periodically strained as a result of the 1987, 2000 and 2006 coups in Fiji, which led to Australian government condemnations, sanctioning of post-coup Fijian governments and insistence on swift restoration of human rights and democracy. In November 2009 the Fijian government of Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama expelled the Australian and New Zealand high commissioners, accusing them of interference in Fijian affairs and Australia reciprocated, leading to a freeze in diplomatic relations until 2012. A new Australian high commissioner took up residence in 2014 with Fiji's return to the Commonwealth of Nations. Relations improved thereafter with Fiji's return to democracy. Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison visited Fiji in September 2019, during which he signed with Fijian Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama the 'Fiji-Australia Vuvale Partnership'. The Partnership commits to deeper security, economic and people-to-people links between both countries and for both governments to strengthen bilateral political cooperation. Governor General David Hurley made a state visit to Fiji in April 2022.^[412]
Kiribati	12 July 1979	Australia and Kiribati established diplomatic relations upon Kiribati's independence in 1979. Australia has a high commission in Tarawa, opened in 1982. For a detailed history of Australia's accreditation to Kiribati see List of Australian High Commissioners to Kiribati. Kiribati has an honorary consulate-general in Burradoo, New South Wales. Australia and Kiribati enjoy close relations based on regional and international cooperation, trade links, a substantial development assistance program, support for maritime surveillance and broader security cooperation, and people to people contacts. The Kiribati-Australia Partnership for Development, signed in 2012, sets out the framework for Australia's development assistance.^[413] In December 2021, Australia announced funding with Japan and the United States of a major internet connectivity project under the US-Australia-Japan Trilateral Partnership for Infrastructure Investment in the Indo-Pacific.^[414] Kiribati is a participating country in Australia's Pacific Seasonal Workers Programme. Kiribati is internationally recognised as one of the world's most vulnerable countries to climate change impact, and has been critical in recent years of Australia's climate policy.^[415]^[416] Australia has provided approximately $17.5 million in bilateral climate change and disaster resilience support to Kiribati since 2016 and at the 2019 Pacific Islands Forum pledged further financial support to strengthen climate change and disaster resilience in the Pacific.^[417] Australian Governor General Quentin Bryce made a state visit to Kiribati in March 2012.^[418]
Marshall Islands	8 July 1987	See Australia–Marshall Islands relations Australia was the second country, after the US, to establish diplomatic relations with the Marshall Islands following its independence.^[419] From 1989 to 2021 Australia was accredited to the Marshall Islands from its embassy in Pohnpei, Micronesia. Australia opened a resident embassy in Majuro in May 2021.^[420] The Marshall Islands is accredited to Australia from its embassy in Suva, Fiji.^[421] The President of the Marshall Islands Hilda Heine visited Australia in 2017. Australia is engaged closely with the Marshall Islands through Pacific regional organizations. Australia's bilateral aid program has traditionally focused on securing water supply and sanitation services, and improving social and economic opportunities for women and girls.
Micronesia	6 July 1987	See Australia–Federated States of Micronesia relations Following Micronesia's independence, with the entry into force in November 1986 of a Compact of Free Association with the United States, Australia and Micronesia established diplomatic relations in July 1987.^[422] At that time, the Australian Consul-General in Honolulu was appointed non-resident Minister. In presenting credentials on 6 July 1987 the Minister became the first formally accredited diplomatic representative to the new country.^[423] Diplomatic relations were raised to ambassadorial level in 1989.^[424] Australia has an embassy in Pohnpei, opened in November 1989. Micronesia does not presently have an accredited representative to Australia. Australian merchandise trade with FSM in 2018-19 totalled $5.9 million. Australia's bilateral aid program in FSM has traditionally focussed on basic education and improving social and economic opportunities for women and girls.^[425] In December 2021, Australia announced funding with Japan and the United States of a major internet connectivity project under the US-Australia-Japan Trilateral Partnership for Infrastructure Investment in the Indo-Pacific.^[414] Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull visited Pohnpei in 2016 to attend the 47th Pacific Islands Forum.
Nauru	21 November 1972	See Australia–Nauru relations Australian-Nauruan relations go back the early 20th century. Australia administered Nauru as a dependent territory from 1914 to 1968, and has remained one of Nauru's foremost economic and aid partners thereafter. Upon independence until 1972 Nauru hosted a resident Australian Representative. Full diplomatic relations began in 1972 with the upgrade of Australia's Representative to High Commissioner.^[426] Australia has a high commission in Aiwo. Nauru has a high commission in Canberra, established in 2021, and a consulate-general in Brisbane. At the beginning of the 21st century, relations between Australia and Nauru were essentially framed by the Pacific Solution, whereby Nauru housed a detention centre from 2001 - 2008, and later the Nauru Regional Processing Centre from 2012 - 2019, for unauthorised refugee applicants who had attempted to enter Australia by boat, and Australia provided financial aid in return. This was an important source of employment for Nauruans. Australia has expanded its engagement with Nauru in the context of its Pacific Step-Up initiative announced in 2016^[400] In September 2017, Nauru and Australia signed a Memorandum of Understanding on security cooperation. In October 2017, Australia and Nauru signed a Memorandum of Understanding on development cooperation. In December 2021, Australia announced funding with Japan and the United States of a major internet connectivity project under the US-Australia-Japan Trilateral Partnership for Infrastructure Investment in the Indo-Pacific.^[414] There have been regular high level visits between the two nations. The most recent high level visits were the state visit of the Nauruan President in 2017, an official visit of the Nauruan President to open premises of the new Nauruan High Commission in March 2022^[427] and the Australian Governor-General's visit commemorating Nauru's 50th anniversary of independence in 2018.^[428]
New Zealand	14 December 1943	See Australia–New Zealand relations Australia has a high commission in Wellington and a consulate-general in Auckland. New Zealand has a high commission in Canberra, consulates-general in Melbourne and Sydney and an honorary consulate in Perth. The relationship between Australia and New Zealand is exceptionally close on both the national and interpersonal scales.^[429] This originates from the time of British colonisation of the South Pacific and subsequent political developments within the British Empire. New Zealand sent representatives to the 1890s constitutional conventions which led to the uniting of the six Australian colonies but opted not to join. The ANZAC Spirit forged during the Gallipoli campaign in World War I cemented closer bonds which are commemorated annually in Anzac Day commemorations and in prominent memorials in both countries. World War II saw the development by both countries of diplomatic networks independent of British Empire arrangements. The two countries opened high commissions in each other's capitals in 1943. The Canberra Pact, formally the Australian-New Zealand Agreement, a treaty of mutual co-operation between the governments of Australia and New Zealand, was signed on 21 January 1944. This formalized by treaty the close bilateral relationship which had grown following World War I and during World War II. The Pact was followed by security treaties such as the 1951 ANZUS Treaty between the two nations and the United States, the 1971 Five Power Defence Arrangements with the United Kingdom, Malaysia and Singapore and the 1991 bilateral Closer Defence Relations Agreement. The two countries have extensive economic links which have accelerated under the 1983 Australia–New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement or ANCERTA. Building on the ANZCERTA, in August 2009 Australia and New Zealand committed to a process called the Single Economic Market agenda, designed to create a seamless trans-Tasman business environment. State visits are regularly exchanged between the Governors-General of the two countries. The most recent was the state visit of Dame Patsy Reddy to Australia in June 2021^[430] Australian and New Zealand prime ministers hold an annual Leaders' Meeting and there are frequent ministerial meetings. New Zealand ministers and government officials have often participated with their Australian federal and state counterparts in relevant meetings of the Council of Australian Governments. The 1973 Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement allows for the free movement of Australian and New Zealand citizens between the two countries. Hundreds of thousands of Australians and New Zealanders cross the Tasman each year as tourists, for business purposes, or to visit family members. It is estimated that around 670,000 New Zealand citizens live in Australia (close to 15 per cent of New Zealand's population), while there are around 70,000 Australians in New Zealand.^[431] The two countries maintain close cultural and sporting links. Former New Zealand Prime Minister Mike Moore declared that Australians and New Zealanders have more in common than New Yorkers and Californians.^[432]
Niue	27 February 2013	Australia and Niue established diplomatic relations on 27 February 2013, with Australia's High Commissioner in Wellington appointed as non-resident High Commissioner to Niue. Australia established a resident High Commission in Alofi in August 2020.^[433] Niue does not presently have an accredited representative to Australia Australia and Niue enjoy a friendly relationship based on shared membership of Pacific regional organisations, development cooperation and people-to-people links.
Palau	1 October 1994	See Australia–Palau relations Australia has an embassy in Koror, opened in December 2019.^[434] Prior to this, the Australian Ambassador to the Federated States of Micronesia was accredited on a non-resident basis. Palau has an honorary consulate-general in Sydney. Australia engages with Palau through Pacific regional organizations and development assistance. Australia's bilateral aid program in Palau has traditionally focussed on digital sector reform, and improving social and economic opportunities for women and girls. To address the issue of underdeveloped digital connectivity, the United States, Australia and Japan are collaborating with the government of Palau on the construction of a second undersea fiber optic cable connecting the country with the Southeast Asia-United States (SEA-US) system. Currently valued at $30 million, the project will help ensure reliable and secure digital connectivity in the island state. This is the first project conducted under the US-Australia-Japan Trilateral Partnership for Infrastructure Investment in the Indo-Pacific signed in 2018.^[435]
Papua New Guinea	16 September 1975	See Australia–Papua New Guinea relations Papua New Guinea (PNG) is Australia's closest neighbour, and former dependent territory. The Territory of Papua came under Australian administration in 1902 and in 1920, Australia was given a League of Nations mandate to rule what was formerly German New Guinea. Diplomatic relations were established upon PNG's independence on 16 September 1975. Australia has a high commission in Port Moresby and a consulate-general in Lae. The high commission opened in December 1973, ahead of independence, upon PNG's achievement of self government. For a detailed history of Australian representation see List of Australian High Commissioners to Papua New Guinea. PNG has a high commission in Canberra and consulates-general in Brisbane and Sydney and a consulate in Cairns. Relations between Canberra and Port Moresby are close, although there have been occasional tensions in recent years such as over the "Julian Moti affair". PNG has developed much closer relations with Australia than with Indonesia, the only country with which it shares a land border. The Torres Strait Treaty was signed in December 1978 and entered into force in February 1985. It defines the maritime border between Australia and PNG and provides a framework for the management of the common border area. Both Australia and PNG have liaison officers, based respectively at Thursday Island and Daru, who consult regularly on the implementation of the Treaty at the local level. A special provision of the Treaty allows free movement (without passports or visas) between Australia and Papua New Guinea for traditional activities. Government relations are underpinned by the 2020 Comprehensive Strategic and Economic Partnership and the Joint Declaration for a New Papua New Guinea-Australia Partnership. Leaders and ministers are in close and regular contact, including through an Annual Leaders' Dialogue and Ministerial Forum. The most recent state visit was by Australian Governor-General Quentin Bryce in 2013.^[436] The 1979 Papua New Guinea-Australia Defence Cooperation Program is Australia's largest defence cooperation program with any country. Australia is PNG's largest trading and commercial partner, with bilateral trade worth A$6.7 billion in 2018. Australian investment in PNG is worth A$17 billion (2018). The resource sector has traditionally been a focus of this investment, particularly gold mining and oil and gas.^[437] Australia is PNG's largest source of Official Development Assistance. The 2021-2022 Australian bilateral aid budget is about A$480 million^[438] Reflecting the close historical association between Australia and PNG, there are over 10,000 Australians in PNG at any time, and approximately the same number of PNG nationals in Australia.
Samoa	31 March 1971	Australia and Samoa established diplomatic relations in 1971, with the appointment of a non-resident Australian high commissioner based in Suva, Fiji. Australia has a high commission in Apia, established in 1980. Samoa has a high commission in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney. The 2016 census recorded approximately 76,000 Australians identifying themselves as of Samoan ancestry. Samoa participates in Australia's Pacific Labour Scheme. Australia is among the largest development partners to Samoa. The 2020-2021 Australian Official Development Assistance budget for Samoa was $39.7 million.^[439] Australia is Samoa's fourth largest merchandise export destination. In 2018–19, Australia imported goods from Samoa worth around $6 million. Australia is Samoa's fifth largest source of merchandise imports. In 2018–19, Australian merchandise exports to Samoa totalled $34.6 million.^[440] Australian Governor General Peter Cosgrove made an official visit to Samoa in July 2017.
Solomon Islands	7 July 1978	See Australia–Solomon Islands relations Australia and the Solomon Islands established diplomatic relations upon the latter's independence in July 1978 Australia has a high commission in Honiara opened in 1982. For a detailed history of Australia's accreditation to the Solomon Islands see Australian High Commissioner to the Solomon Islands. The Solomon Islands has a high commission in Canberra, a consulate-general in Brisbane and an honorary consulate in Melbourne. Australia is the Solomon Islands' main development partner, providing over $174 million of Official Development Assistance in 2019–20.^[441] There are extensive business and people-to-people links between the two countries and the Solomon Islands participates in Australia's Pacific Labour Scheme. In response to ethnic violence and economic collapse in the Solomon Islands, Australia led, from 2003 to 2017, the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI), a multinational security deployment to restore law and justice, and to improve both economic governance and the machinery of government.^[442] This had military (2003-2013), policing and institutional capacity building components. In August 2017, following the termination of RAMSI, the two governments signed a security treaty which would allow Australian police, defence and associated civilian personnel to deploy rapidly to Solomon Islands in the event of an emergency.^[443] In 2006 relations reached a low point between the John Howard and Manasseh Sogavare governments, primarily over the "Julian Moti affair", leading to the expulsion of the Australian high commissioner^[444] Relations improved with the changes in government in both countries in 2007. Australian Governor General Peter Cosgrove visited in June 2017, leading a delegation of Australian ministers to farewell the RAMSI mission. During the July 2018 visit of Prime Minister Rick Houenipwela, the two countries and Papua New Guinea signed an agreement for a Coral Sea underwater telecommunication cable network primarily funded by Australia, to link remote Solomon Islands communities to Honiara and link the national network to Australia and Papua New Guinea.^[445] The new system was completed in late 2019.^[446] During the visit by Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison to Honiara in June 2019, as part of Australia's Pacific Step Up initiative Morrison announced an addiitonal bilateral infrastructure program worth up to $250 million in grant financing over 10 years.^[447] While close relations continued after the re-election of Sogovare as Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands in April 2019, a recently signed security pact between the Solomon Islands and China, and Sogovare's response to adverse Australian official and media reaction to this, produced a new chill in the relationship.^[448] The Albanese Government has sought to improve relations and Prime Minister Sogovare visited Canberra for official talks on 6 October 2022.
Timor Leste	20 May 2002	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 May 2002^[449]
Tonga	4 June 1970	See Australia–Tonga relations Australia and Tonga established diplomatic relations at the time of Tonga assuming full sovereignty in its foreign affairs in 1970. Australia has a high commission in Nukuʻalofa, established in 1980. Prior to this the Australian High Commissioner was accredited on a non-resident basis from Suva, Fiji. Tonga has a high commission in Canberra, established in 2008^[450] and an honorary consulate-general in Sydney. Australia and Tonga enjoy a close bilateral relationship, supported by a large development assistance program, Defence Cooperation Program, the Tonga Police Development Program and people-to-people links. Australia is an important focus for Tongans seeking education, travel and business opportunities. Approximately 32,000 Australians identify themselves as of Tongan ancestry. Tonga participates in Australia's Pacific Labour Mobility program. Two-way trade between Australia and Tonga was valued at approximately $119 million in goods and services in 2018–19.^[451] Following the 2006 riots in Tonga, Australia sent police officers, at Tonga's request, to help stabilise the situation in the kingdom. There are regular exchanges of high level and ministerial visits between the two countries. Most recently Governor-General Quentin Bryce made a state visit to Tonga in July–August 2011^[452] and represented Australia in March 2012 at the funeral for the late King of Tonga, His Majesty King George Tupou V.^[453] Her successor, Peter Cosgrove, visited Tonga in July 2015 for the coronation of His Majesty King Tupou VI.^[454]
Tuvalu	1 October 1978	See Australia–Tuvalu relations Australia established a high commission in Funafuti, Tuvalu in February 2019.^[455]^[456] Prior to this Australia's High Commissioner was accredited on a non-resident basis from Suva, Fiji Tuvalu does not currently have any representation in Australia. Australia has strong ties with Tuvalu, being one of the three founding donating countries to the Tuvalu Trust Fund, and continues as a major donor of aid and technical assistance to Tuvalu. Tuvalu participates in Australia's Pacific Labour Scheme.^[457] Australian Governor General Quentin Bryce paid an official visit to Tuvalu in 2012. Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison visited Tuvalu in August 2019 for the 50th Pacific Islands Forum summit.
Vanuatu	30 July 1980	Australia established a consulate in Port Vila in 1978, which was upgraded to a high commission in July 1980 upon Vanuatu's independence.^[458] Vanuatu has a high commission in Canberra. Australia is Vanuatu's largest bilateral aid donor and closest security partner.^[459] Since 2018 Australia has been seeking to negotiate a Bilateral Security Treaty.^[460] The 2020-2021 Australian Official Development Assistance budget for Vanuatu was $75.6 million.^[461] Australia is Vanuatu's largest source of foreign direct investment, mostly directed in the areas of tourist development, agriculture and construction. Australia has been Vanuatu's largest source of tourists. Australian Governor General Quentin Bryce paid an official visit to Vanuatu in 2010. As part of the Australian Government's Pacific Step Up initiative, Prime Minister Scott Morrison made the first bilateral visit to Vanuatu by an Australian Prime Minister in January 2019. Vanuatu's Prime Ministers have made periodic visits to Australia, the most recent from Prime Minister Charlot Salwai in June 2019.

References[edit | edit source]

This article incorporates public domain material from World Factbook (2026 ed.). CIA. (Archived 2000 edition)
2003 US Department of State website

^ Fels, Enrico (2017). Shifting Power in Asia-Pacific? The Rise of China, Sino-US Competition and Regional Middle Power Allegiance. Springer. p. 365. ISBN 978-3-319-45689-8. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
^ "The Growing Importance of the ASEAN–Australia Relationship – Australian Institute of International Affairs". Australian Institute of International Affairs.
^ "PM Lee congratulates new Australian PM Morrison, pens valedictory letter to former leader Turnbull". Channel NewsAsia.
^ Stolarchuk, Jewel. "Reflecting on the ASEAN–Australian relationship". The Independent.
^ "New poll suggests Trump causes Australians to form unfavourable view of US". SBS News.
^ "Trump a 'critical threat' to Australia's interests as trust in US hits record low". ABC News. 20 June 2018.
^ Curran, J. (2013). The Dilemmas of Divergence: The Crisis in American-Australian Relations, 1972–1975. pp. 377–408.
^ MacMillan, Margaret (2003). Parties Long Estranged: Canada and Australia in the Twentieth Century. UBC Press. p. 15. ISBN 9780774809764.
^ Roger John Bell, Unequal allies: Australian-American relations and the Pacific war (Melbourne University Press, 1977)
^ *Canada country brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
^ Joseph Gabriel Starke, The ANZUS Treaty Alliance (Melbourne University Press, 1965)
^ E. G. Whitlam, "Australia, Indonesia and Europe's empires." Australian Journal of International Affairs (1980) 34#1 pp: 3–12.
^ Percy Claude Spender, Exercises in diplomacy; the ANZUS treaty and the Colombo Plan (1969).
^ Peter Geoffrey Edwards, A Nation at War: Australian Politics, society and diplomacy during the Vietnam War 1965–1975 (Allen & Unwin, 1997)
^ James Cotton, East Timor, Australia and regional order: intervention and its aftermath in Southeast Asia (Routledge, 2004)
^ *Australia and the UN Security Council* United Nations Association of Australia. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
^ "Australian Embassy in". japan.embassy.gov.au.
^ "Joint Statement on a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between Republic of India and Australia". Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
^ "Joint announcement: Australia-Singapore Comprehensive Strategic Partnership". Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
^ "Joint Declaration on a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between Australia and the Republic of Indonesia". Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
^ "Joint Statement on a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between Australia and Malaysia". Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
^ "Australia, South Korea sign historic defense agreement | DW | 13.12.2021". DW.COM.
^ "Australia, ASEAN to establish comprehensive strategic partnership - ASEAN". Reuters. 27 October 2021 – via www.reuters.com.
^ ^a ^b ^c Wezeman, Pieter D.; Fleurant, Aude; Kuimova, Alexandra; Tian, Nan; Wezeman, Siemon T. (March 2019). "Trends in international arms transfers, 2018 | SIPRI". www.sipri.org.
^ "Australia pushes close military ties with United Arab Emirates despite war crime concerns". ABC News. 8 July 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
^ "Australia and South Korea sign defense deal as leaders meet". AP NEWS. 13 December 2021.
^ *Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Annual Report 2020-21* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 13 December 2021
^ *Consular List - Syrian Arab Republic* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
^ *Diplomatic List - Afghanistan* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
^ "Canada-Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement - Travel.gc.ca". Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
^ *Australia and Algeria establish diplomatic relations* Australian Foreign Affairs Record, Volume 45, No. 7 (July 1974). Retrieved 31 August 2021.
^ *Algeria Country/Economy Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
^ *Diplomatic and consular relations* Australian Year Book of International Law, Volume 24, page 444. Retrieved 30 September 2021
^ *Angola Country/Economy Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c *High Commissioner to Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland* Australian Foreign Affairs Record Volume 44, No. 7 (July 1974) page 488. Retrieved 31 August 2021
^ "The Department - About us - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". protocol.dfat.gov.au. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
^ *Governor-General's Program Australian Governor-General, 23 March 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Burkina Faso and Australia as of 13 Nov. 2008 (UN Digital Library)".
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ *Australia and Africa: Looking to the Future* National Library of Australia. Retrieved 31 August 2021
^ "Our embassies and consulates overseas".
^ "Foreign Missions in Burundi with Residence Abroad".
^ "Australian Year Book of International Law 2004 X. Diplomatic and Consular Relations".
^ *Cameroon economic fact sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Australia and Central African Republic as of 18 Jan. 2010 (UN Digital Library)".
^ *Representation* Australian Foreign Affairs Record, Vol. 54 No. 7 (July 1983), page 376. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
^ "Comoros". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Australia and Congo as of 7 May 2009 (UN Digital Library)".
^ *DRC country profile Archived 23 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
^ *DRC Country/Economy Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved on 23 January 2022.
^ *Lessons for Australia from the Suez Crisis* Robert Menzies Institute. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
^ *The Suez Dispute and the Death of Empire* Australian Institute of International Affairs. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
^ *Consular List Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
^ *Egypt-born Community Information Summary* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c *Egypt Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Equatorial Guinea and Australia as of 23 July 2009 (UN Digital Library)".
^ *Fessehaie Abraham: The Refugee who brought Eritrea to Australia* Devpolicy.org. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
^ *Eritrean-born Community Information Summary* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
^ *Ethio-Australia Relations* Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
^ *Embassy of Ethiopia website* Embassy of Ethiopia to Australia. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
^ *Ethiopia recalls dozens of diplomats* AddisStandard.com. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
^ *In Australia, Grandson Marks 50th Anniversary of Haile Selassie's State Visit* TADIAS online. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
^ *The Importance of Ethiopian-Australian Relations* International Strategic Studies Association. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
^ *Governor-General's Program* Australian Governor-General. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
^ *Ethiopia-born Community Information Summary* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
^ *Ethiopia Country/Economy Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 8 November 2021
^ *Gabon country/economy fact sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
^ *Joint Statement with President of Gabon* Australian Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
^ *Luncheon for President Bongo* Australian Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
^ "Foreign embassies and consulates in Australia – Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
^ "Ghana Visas, Passports, Travel Advice – Ghana Consulate, Sydney". ghana.org.au.
^ "Ghana country brief". Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
^ Rudd, Kevin (13 May 2011). "Building bridges between Africa and Australia" (Speech). Minister for Foreign Affairs. International Forum on Africa, University of Sydney: Australian Government. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
^ ^a ^b *Australian Representation Overseas* Australian Foreign Affairs Record Volume 45 No. 9 (September 1974). Retrieved 25 October 2021
^ *Côte d'Ivoire embassy in Canberra, Australia* Embassypages.com. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
^ *Côte d'Ivoire Country/Economy Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 25 October 2021
^ ^a ^b "Ties with Africa". The Canberra Times. 24 August 1965. p. 8. Retrieved 4 June 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
^ *About* Kenya High Commission. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
^ *Governor-General's Program* Australian Governor-General, 28 March 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
^ *Kenya-born Community Information Summary* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
^ *Kenya country profile* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
^ "The Department - About us - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". protocol.dfat.gov.au.
^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Liberia and Australia as of 26 Sept. 2008 (UN Digital Library)".
^ *Relations with Libya* Australian Foreign Affairs Record Vol. 49 No. 1 January 1978, page 51. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
^ *Prime Minister's Media Statement 19 May 1987* Australian Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet. Retrieved 14 February 2022
^ *Libya: Military activities in the South Pacific. Australian Foreign Affairs Record Vol. 58 No. 5 (May 1987) page 270. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
^ "Australia Supports the New Libya at International Conference". Australian Minister of Trade. 1 September 2011. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
^ Willingham, Richard (28 April 2011). "Australia Funding Libyan Evacuation Ship, Reveals Rudd". The Age. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
^ "Australia's FM says Libyan opposition NTC only representative of Libya". Xinhua. 9 June 2011. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
^ Oakes, Dan (10 June 2011). "Canberra backs new Libya". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
^ Pollard, Ruth (10 December 2011). "Australia extends a helping hand to Libya". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
^ *Libyan-born Community Information Summary* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
^ *Libya Country Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
^ *Madagascar Country/Economy Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2 September 2021
^ "Malawi". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
^ *About Lotus* Lotus Resources Ltd. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
^ *Mauritania economic fact sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
^ "Australian High Commission welcomes its new High Commissioner (Australian High Commission Mauritius)".
^ "Mauritius". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
^ *Govenror-General's Program* Australian Governor-General, 18 March 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
^ "Morocco". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
^ *Australian Ambassador to Mozambique* Australian Foreign Affairs Record, Vol. 53 No. 6 (June 1982), page 382. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
^ *Mozambique Country/Economy Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
^ *Governor-General welcomes President of the Republic of Mozambique* Australian Governor General's Office, 15 March 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
^ *Governor-General's Program* Australian Governor-General, 19 March 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
^ "Diplomatic Relations between Australia and Niger as of 7 May 2009 (UN Digital Library)".
^ *Visit to Australia* Government-world.com. Retrieved 31 August 2021
^ *Nigeria, Australia move to develop ICT sector, others* The Sun (Nigeria). Retrieved 7 November 2021
^ *Nigeria-born Community Information Summary* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
^ *Nigeria economic fact sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
^ *Can Australian expertise help Nigeria's mining industry to take flight?* Mine Australia. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
^ *Australia, Rwanda Strengthen Ties* The New Times, 22 August 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
^ *Rwanda country and economic fact sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 22 September 2021
^ *Ambassador presents credentials Archived 27 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine* Consulate-General of Rwanda in Australia. Retrieved 22 September 2021
^ *Rwanda (UNAMIR) 1993-1996* Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 22 September 2021
^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Sao Tome and Principe and Australia as of 8 July 2009 (UN Digital Library)".
^ "Sao Tome and Principe".
^ *Senegal Country/Economy Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 25 October 2021
^ *Seychelles: Prime Minister visits Australia* Australian Foreign Affairs Record. Volume 47, No. 5 (May 1976). Retrieved 3 September 2021
^ *Australian High Commissioner bids farewell* Office of the President of the Republic of Seychelles, 23 July 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2021
^ *Seychelles-born Community Information Sheet* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 3 September 2021
^ *Seychelles Country Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 September 2021
^ *President concludes Australia visit* Office of the President of the Republic of Seychelles 29 August 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2021
^ *Truth, Justice and Australia* The Interpreter 1 June 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2021
^ *Diplomatic appointments* Australian Foreign Affairs Record, Vol. 52, No.10 page 520. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
^ *[Sierra Leone-born Community Information Summary]* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
^ *Sierra Leone Country/Economic Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
^ *Australia and Africa: Looking to the Future* National Library of Australia archive. Retrieved 31 August 2021
^ *Somalia 1993-1996* AnzacDay.com. Retrieved 31 August. 2021
^ *Australia gives $10 million aid to Somalia* SBS News 10 March 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2021
^ Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. "Election of Somalia's President". foreignminister.gov.au. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
^ *Somalia-born Community Information Summary* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 31 August 2021
^ *Somalia economic fact sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 31 August 2021
^ *Australia establishes ties with world's newest nation* ReliefWeb. Retrieved 1 September 2021
^ *South Sudanese in Australia* SBS Cultural Atlas. Retrieved 1 September 2021
^ *South Sudan* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 1 September 2021
^ *Sudan-born Community Information Summary* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
^ *Sudan economic fact sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
^ *New mission planned in East Africa* The Canberra Times, 12 May 1962. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
^ *Visit by President Nyerere* Australian Foreign Affairs Record. Volume 45. No. 3 (March 1974). Retrieved 29 January 2022.
^ *President Nyerere ends Australian Visit* British Pathé. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
^ *The Governor-General's programme 31 March 2009* Governor-General of Australia. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
^ *Tanzanian-born Community Information Summary* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
^ *Tanzania country brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Togo and Australia as of 22 July 2009 (UN Digital Library)".
^ *Tunisia Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 6 January 2022
^ *Uganda country brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
^ "Search results". protocol.dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
^ *Governor-General's Program Australian Governor-General, 20 March 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
^ *Australia-Zimbabwe* Australian Foreign Affairs Record, Volume 51, No. 4 (April 1980). Retrieved on 2 September 2021
^ *Zimbabwe-born Community Information Summary* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 2 September 2021
^ *Zimbabwe Economy/Country Fact Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 2 September 2021
^ "Antigua and Barbuda".
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e *Australia's Diplomatic Relations with the Caribbean* Australian Foreign Affairs Record, Vol. 45 No. 1 (January 1974) page 53. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
^ Australian High Commission to Trinidad and Tobago Archived 3 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine (Accredited to Barbados)
^ *Belize Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
^ "Belize". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
^ "Bolivia country brief (MFA Australia)".
^ *Australian Representation Overseas* Australian Foreign Affairs Record Vol. 46 No. 10 (October 1975). Retrieved 18 April 2022.
^ *Bolivia Trade/Economic Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
^ "Australia-Canada bilateral relations". Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 12 September 2008. Retrieved 12 November 2008.
^ Jupp, James (2001). The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins. p. 196. ISBN 9780521807890.
^ *Chile: Review of Events since 1942 Current Notes on International Affairs Vol 17 No 9 (September 1946) page 547. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
^ *Representation* Current Notes on International Affairs, Vol, 17 No. 1 (January 1946) page 35. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
^ Speech at luncheon in Honour of his Excellency, Mr. Patricio Aylwin, President of the Republic of Chile, Parliament House-Canberra
^ *Chile-born Community Information Summary* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
^ *Chine Trade/Economic Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
^ "Australian Embassy in Bogota, Colombia". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
^ *Costa Rica Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
^ *Representation* Australian Foreign Affairs Record. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
^ *Costa Rica Economic Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
^ *Dominica Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
^ "Dominican Republic country brief (MFA Australia)".
^ *Dominican Republic Trade/Economic Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
^ "Grenada".
^ *Guyana Trade/Economic Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
^ *Australian Investors Express Interest in Guyana* Guyana Department of Public Information 23 May 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
^ *Haiti Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
^ *Honduras Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
^ *Honduras Country Information Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
^ *[https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/jmca-cef.pdf Jamaice Trade/Economic Fact Sheet}* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
^ "Bilateral Relationship Mexico-Australia".
^ "Mexico country brief". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
^ *Nicaragua Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
^ *Nicaragua Economic Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
^ *Panama Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
^ *Panama Economic Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
^ *Representation* Australian Foreign Affairs Record Vol. 45 No. 12 (December 1974) page 859. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
^ "Paraguay". dfat.gov.au.
^ "Peru country brief". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
^ "Bilateral relationships". Department of Education and Training. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
^ *Saint Kitts and Nevis Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
^ *Australian Representation Overseas* Australian Foreign Affairs Record Vol. 57 No. 2 (February 1986) page 142. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
^ *Saint Lucia Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
^ *Australian Representation Overseas* Australian Foreign Affairs Record Vol. 57 No. 1 (January 1986) page 36. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
^ "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Australia and Suriname as of 19 Jan. 1996 (UN Digital Library)".
^ "Suriname country brief".
^ *Relations with Venezuela* Australian Foreign Affairs Record, Vol. 44 No. 6 (June 1973), page 422. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
^ *Australia's Trade and Investment Relationship with South America. Chapter 10 Venezuela* Australian Parliament. Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Report September 2000. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
^ *Venezuela Country Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
^ *Venezuela-born Community Information Sheet* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
^ *Australia Recognizes Juan Guaidó as Venezuela president* The Guardian, 27 January 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
^ *The Barely Noticed Momentous Change in Australian Foreign Policy* The Interpreter (Lowy Institute) 14 February 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
^ "Celebrating 50 years of Afghanistan-Australia Diplomatic Relations".
^ "Cameleers 160th anniversary" Embassy of Afghanistan to Australia. Retrieved 3 July 2021
^ "Celebrating 50 years of diplomatic relations" Embassy of Afghanistan to Australia. Retrieved 3 July 2021
^ *Australia-Afghanistan Relations* Embassy of Afghanistan to Australia. Retrieved 14 August 2021
^ "Governor General Visits Afghanistan 1975}" Embassy of Afghanistan to Australia. Retrieved 3 July 2021
^ * Australia-Afghanistan Relations* Embassy of Afghanistan to Australia. Retrieved 14 August 2021
^ "Operation Slipper". Australian Army. 20 March 2015. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
^ "Australia supports new mission in Afghanistan". Australian Department of Defence. 31 December 2015. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
^ "Australian troops leave Afghanistan after 20 year mission" Australian Broadcasting Commission. Retrieved 3 July 2021
^ "Closure of Australian Embassy in Kabul" Australian Department of Foreign Afairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 July 2021
^ "Comprehensive Long-term Partnership Agreement Archived 9 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 July 2021
^ "Development Cooperation Fact Sheet for Afghanistan Archived 9 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 July 2021
^ "Азербайджан выделяет Австралии $50 тыс. для ликвидации последствий лесных пожаров". interfax.az. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
^ *Bahrain: Presentation of Credentials* Australian Foreign Affairs Record Vol.58 No.4 (April 1987), page 226. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
^ *Bahrain Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 25 August 2021
^ *Food Security Initiative Archived 25 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine* Australia-Bahrain Business Council. Retrieved 25 August 2021
^ "Bangladesh". dfat.gov.au.
^ "Diplomatic Relations between Australia and Bhutan as of 14 Sept. 2002 (UN Digital Library)".
^ *Ambassador to Australia presents credentials* Kuensel Online 30 September 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
^ *Bhutan Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 25 August 2021
^ ^a ^b ^c "Australian Minister to Indo-China". Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate. 13 November 1952. p. 6.
^ "Legation in Cambodia". The Central Queensland Herald. 27 January 1955. p. 11.
^ *The executions behind Andrew Peacock's Cambodia crusade* Australian Financial Review, 30 April 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021
^ "Ambassador named". The Canberra Times. 1 December 1991. p. 2.
^ *Australia and Cambodia sign Refugee Resettlement Deal* BBC News 26 September 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2021
^ *Cambodia Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 13 August 2021
^ "China Country Profile Archived 9 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine" Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 3 July 2021
^ "Whitlam's 1973 Visit to China" National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
^ "Hu Jintao address to Australian Parliament" YouTube. Retrieved 3 July 2021
^ "Xi Jinping Address to Australian Parliament" YouTube. Retrieved 3 July 2021
^ "China Country Brief" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 July 2021
^ "ChAFTA Agreement in force" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved July 2021
^ "China's top import partners" Retrieved 3 July 2021
^ *Australia-China relations hit new low over military, politics, science* Jennings, R (March 12, 2022) VoA News. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
^ "China-Australia relations hit new low" Retrieved 3 July 2021
^ "More than 20 ambassadors condemn China's treatment of Uighurs in Xinjiang". The Guardian. 11 July 2019.
^ "China-Australia relations sour" Retrieved 3 July 2021
^ *Australia-China relations continued to sour in 2021. What can we expect in 2022?* ABC news 9 December 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
^ "Lowy Institute Poll 2021" Lowy Institute. Retrieved 3 July 2021
^ *Georgia Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 18 August 2021
^ Foreign relations of India#Australia
^ ^a ^b "Ben Chifley". Australia's Prime Ministers. National Archives of Australia. Archived from the original on 9 July 2009. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
^ Clare, Nelson (7 January 2008). "Harbhajan Singh handed lengthy ban". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
^ Vinay Kamath, Swetha Kannan. "India-Australia trade on new pitch". The Hindu Business Line.
^ "Exchange of Notes constituting an Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of India on Defence Aid to India ATS 27 of 1963 " Archived 14 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017.
^ https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090531/wl_sthasia_afp/australiaindiacrimeeducation;_ylt=AkJrXO9YD_7e7LLPlwm.qquQOrgF;_ylu=X3oDMTNhMzNvdHJ2BGFzc2V0Ay9hZnAvMjAwOTA1MzEvd2xfc3RoYXNpYV9hZnAvYXVzdHJhbGlhaW5kaWFjcmltZWVkdWNhdGlvbgRwb3MDMzcEc2VjA3luX3N1YmNhdF9saX^{[dead link]}
^ "BBC NEWS – Asia-Pacific – 'Race' attacks spark Indian rally". bbc.co.uk.
^ "Labor ends ban on uranium exports to India". ABC News. 4 December 2011.
^ http://www.dfat.gov.au/media/speeches/foreign/1996/austindo.html^{[dead link]}
^ "Indonesia". dfat.gov.au.
^ Markovic, Nina (9 May 2013). "It's complicated: a timeline of Australia–Iran relations in a historical perspective". Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
^ *Australian Foreign Affairs Record Vol. 45 No. 9 September 1974 pages 593-596* National Library of Australia. Retrieved 31 July 2021
^ *Cover page description* Australian Foreign Affairs Record, Vol. 46 No. 3 (March 1975) Index page. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
^ *Iran Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 31 July 2021
^ "Iran". dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
^ *[Iran-born Community Information Summary]* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
^ ^a ^b *Iraq Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
^ *Australia-Iraq Relations* Australian Embassy in Iraq "Australia-Iraq Relations".
^ "Iraq". dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
^ *UN Palestine Partition Plan Vote* YouTube. Retrieved 4 August 2021
^ *Australian recognition of Israel* Religion, Science and Peace. Retrieved 4 August 2021
^ *Israel Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 4 August 2021
^ *Australia drops recognition of West Jerusalem as Israeli capital* Knott, M. (October 17, 2022) Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
^ *Reversal of Recognition of West Jerusalem* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved October 18, 2022.
^ *Background to the Visit of Israeli President Reuven Rivlin to Australia* Australia-Israel and Jewish Affairs Council. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
^ *Visit to Australia by King and Queen of Jordan* Australian Foreign Affairs Record, Vol. 47 No. 3 (March 1976) pages 148 - 151. Retrieved 18 August 2021
^ *Jordan Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 18 August 2021
^ "Kazakhstan country brief". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
^ *Kuwait Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 25 August 2021
^ *Governor-General's Program 1 May 2016* Australian Governor-General. Retrieved 25 August 2021
^ "Kyrgyzstan". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
^ ^a ^b *Laos Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 6 August 2021
^ "Minister for East". The Canberra Times. ACT. 31 December 1960. p. 3.
^ "Mr Arthur Malcolm Morris". The Canberra Times. ACT. 18 January 1963. p. 2.
^ *Strengthening Australia's Ties with Laos* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
^ "Lebanon". dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ *Australian Relations with the Maldives* Australian Foreign Affairs Record Vol. 45 No. 2 (February 1974). Retrieved 12 April 2022.
^ *High Commission in the Maldives* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Media Release 11 February 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
^ *Australia begins to step it up in the northeast Indian Ocean* The Interpreter (Lowy Institute) 2 March 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
^ *Maldives Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 27 August 2021
^ "Australia-Mongolia Diplomatic Relations (Australian Embassy in Mongolia)".
^ "Mongolia". dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
^ "Nepal". dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
^ *Oman Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 25 August 2021
^ "Indus Basin Development Fund (Supplemental) Agreement, 1964 ATS 14 of 1964 " Archived 14 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017.
^ "BBC NEWS – South Asia – Musharraf on key Australia visit". bbc.co.uk.
^ "Australia's aid program". ausaid.gov.au. Archived from the original on 17 April 2012.
^ "Home – Australian Embassy". embassy.gov.au.
^ "Phil. Embassy – Canberra, Australia – Philippine Embassy – Canberra, Australia". philembassy.org.au.
^ ^a ^b *Diplomatic and Consular Relations* Australian Year Book of International Law (1978-1980) page 292. Retrieved 25 August 2021
^ *Australian embassy officially opens in Qatar* Doha News 18 November 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2021
^ ^a ^b *Qatar Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 25 August 2021
^ Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. "Australia strengthens Middle East relations". foreignminister.gov.au.
^ "Saudi Arabia". dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
^ "ESTIMATES OF AUSTRALIAN CITIZENS LIVING OVERSEAS (as at December 2001)" (PDF). Southern-cross-group.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
^ "A Memorandum of Understanding was signed in Canberra between Australia-Saudi Business Council | Australia Saudi Business CouncilAustralia Saudi Business Council". Australiasaudicouncil.com.au. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
^ "Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Australia Discuss Developing Cooperation Ties, Saudi Press Agency | Australia Saudi Business CouncilAustralia Saudi Business Council". Australiasaudicouncil.com.au. 14 April 2015. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
^ "Saudi Relations with Australia | kingdom of Saudi Arabia – Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Embassies.mofa.gov.sa. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
^ "Embassy of the Republic of Korea to the Commonwealth of Australia". Aus-act.mofa.go.kr (in Korean). Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
^ "?? 二 ?몄＜ ????誘쇨뎅 ???ш? ??". Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
^ "Sri Lanka". dfat.gov.au.
^ Hutton, Pierre (1996), "Chapter 2: Iraq, Syria and Jordan", The Legacy of Suez, Macquarie University, archived from the original on 18 November 2016
^ *Syria Sanctions Regime* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved October 7, 2022
^ *Syria Closes Australian embassy* Canberra Times. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
^ *Syrian-born Community Information Summary* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
^ *Syria Humanitarian Response* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
^ *Australia's Diplomatic Relations with China* National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 13 August 2021
^ Jones, P., "The View from the Edge: Chinese Australians and China, 1890 to 1949", in Ferrall, C. et al (ed.) (2005), East by South: China in the Australasian Imagination, pp.46ff
^ *Australian Representation in Formosa* Documents on Australian Foreign Policy Volume 22 Document No. 69 dated 30 April 1957. Retrieved 13 August 2021
^ *Cabinet Decision No. 251* Documents on Australian Foreign Policy Volume 22 Document No. 116 dated 17 May 1966. Retrieved 13 August 2021
^ *Australia-Taiwan Relationship* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 13 August 2021
^ "Tajikistan". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Relations between Turkey and Australia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
^ "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Australia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
^ *States with which Turkmenistan established diplomatic relations* Turkmenistan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 30 August 2021
^ "United Arab Emirates". dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
^ "Vietnam – Australia Relations". Mofa.gov.vn. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
^ "Ambassador to Vietnam appointed". The Canberra Times. 2 July 1959. p. 2. The Government has raised the Australian Legation in Vietnam to the status of an Embassy and has appointed Mr. W. D. Forsyth as Australia's first Ambassador in Saigon.
^ *Evacuation of the Australian Mission from Saigon* Australian Foreign Affairs Record, Volume 45 No. 6 (May 1975) pages 295-296. Retrieved 7 August 2021
^ *South Viet-Nam: Australian Recognition* Australian Foreign Affairs Record, Volume 45 No. 6 (May 1975) page 296
^ *Vietnam Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 7 August 2021
^ *Diplomatic and Consular Relations* Australian Year Book of International Law (1984-1987) page 455. Retrieved 25 August 2021
^ *Yemen Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 25 August 2021
^ Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. "Albanian Foreign Minister visits Australia". foreignminister.gov.au. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
^ "Cooperation between the Republic of Belarus and Australia". mfa.gov.by. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
^ "Belarus". dfat.gov.au.
^ "Belgium". dfat.gov.au.
^ "Bosnia and Herzegovina". dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
^ "Bulgaria". dfat.gov.au.
^ "The Embassy of the Republic of Bulgaria in Canberra". Bulgaria.org.au. Archived from the original on 2 November 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
^ "Croatia". dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
^ "Home – Australian High Commission". embassy.gov.au.
^ "HIGH COMMISSION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS IN CANBERRA – High Commissioner". cyprus.org.au.
^ "Australian Consulate in Prague, Czech Republic".
^ "Czech embassy in Canberra". mzv.cz.
^ "Czech consulate in Sydney". mzv.cz.
^ *Estonian Consulate to be established in Sydney* The Sydney Morning Herald, 25 October 1935.
^ ^a ^b ^c Edgars Dunsdorfs, The Baltic dilemma: the case of the de jure recognition by Australia of the incorporation of the Baltic States into the Soviet Union, Speller, 1975, ISBN 0-8315-0148-0
^ *Commonwealth of Austraia Gazette, 24 October 1940 (Issue No. 216)
^ ^a ^b ^c *Estonia Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 4 August 2021
^ *Australian Embassy in Tallinn* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 4 August, 20201
^ "Australia-Germany 70 Years of Diplomatic Relations (MFA Australia)".
^ "Home – Australian Embassy". embassy.gov.au.
^ "The Department - About us - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". protocol.dfat.gov.au.
^ "Holy See, The". dfat.gov.au.
^ Commonwealth of Australia. "About the Australian Embassy in Hungary". Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
^ "Main Page". Archived from the original on 25 January 2010. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
^ "Home – Australian Embassy". embassy.gov.au.
^ "Irish Consular General, Victoria". Archived from the original on 1 December 2009. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
^ "Home – Australian Embassy". embassy.gov.au. Archived from the original on 3 July 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
^ "The Department - About us - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". protocol.dfat.gov.au.
^ "Ambasciata d'Italia – Canberra". Ambcanberra.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 20 July 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
^ "Consolato Generale – Sydney". Conssydney.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 21 July 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
^ "Consolato – Perth". Consperth.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 4 August 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
^ "Kosovo Country Brief". Australian Government – Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 3 October 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2009.
^ "Australia Recognises the Republic of Kosovo". Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 19 February 2008. Archived from the original on 20 February 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
^ "Australia's International Relations". Australian Embassy and Permanent Mission to the United Nations, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Retrieved 28 March 2009.
^ "Flamuri i Kosovës shpaloset në Canberra të Australisë". Kosovo MFA. 15 February 2013. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
^ ^a ^b *Prime Minister's Media Release* Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 4 August 2021
^ *Latvia Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 4 August 2021
^ *Latvia Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
^ *FAST Initiative - About Us* Liechtenstein Initiative. Retrieved 5 August 2021
^ *Background Briefing on the Lithuanian Community in Australia* Sydney Lithuanian Information Centre. Retrieved 4 August 2021
^ *Lithuania to open embassy in Australia* Delfi.en Retrieved 4 August 2021
^ *Lithuania Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
^ "Ambassadors appointed". The Canberra Times. 27 August 1977. p. 7.
^ *Australian Foreign Affairs Record* Volume 48 No.8 August 1977 page 434
^ *Diplomatic and Consular Missions* Luxembourg Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (in French). Retrieved 5 August 2021
^ *Luxembourg Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 5 August 2021
^ "Home – Australian High Commission". embassy.gov.au.
^ "Sorry. The page you are looking for does not exist" (PDF). gov.mt.
^ "Moldova". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
^ "Republic of North Macedonia country brief". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
^ "Australian Embassy Serbia: Serbia, North Macedonia and Montenegro (Consular services in the Republic of North Macedonia)". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
^ "Search results". protocol.dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
^ "Poland in Australia".
^ "Australian Embassy in Warsaw". australia.pl. Archived from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
^ "Strona niedostępna". www.canberra.msz.gov.pl.
^ *Consular List* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 23 August 2021
^ *The Poles and Australia* ResearchGate. Gosia Klatt, University of Melbourne. Australian Scholarly Publishing. Retrieved 23 August 2021
^ *Poland Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 23 August 2021
^ *Poland in Australia* Government of Poland. Retrieved 23 August 2021
^ *Historic Visit to Poland by Australian Governor General* Government of Poland. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
^ *Portugal to set up an embassy in Canberra* Current Notes on International Affairs, Vol. 31 No. 8 (August 1960) page 415. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
^ *Representation* Current Notes on International Affairs, Vol. 17, No 1 (January 1946) page 35. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
^ *Portugal Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
^ *Portugal Economic Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 22 May 2022
^ "AMBASADA ROMÂNIEI în Australia". mae.ro.
^ "Romania". dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
^ "Homepage – Australian Embassy". embassy.gov.au. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
^ "Посольство России в Австралии". Australia.mid.ru. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
^ "Slovak Republic". dfat.gov.au.
^ "Diplomatic relations". Embassy of the Republic of Slovenia Canberra. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2008.
^ "Embassy of the RS Canberra". Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
^ "Системы безопасности". Ukremb.info. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
^ ^a ^b "Stepping-up Australia's engagement with our Pacific family Archived 9 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 4 July 2021
^ Words by Julia Hollingsworth, CNN Graphics by Jason Kwok and Natalie Leung (22 July 2019). "Why China is challenging Australia for influence over the Pacific Islands". CNN.
^ "Which country gives the most aid to Pacific Island nations? The answer might surprise you". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 9 August 2018.
^ "The Solomon Islands Crisis Shows America Needs a New Pacific Strategy". thediplomat.com.
^ Dobell, Graeme (20 August 2006). "The Pacific 'arc of instability'". Correspondent's Report.
^ "Aust, Pacific working on damaged relationship", Edmond Roy, ABC News, 10 February 2008
^ "Tides that bind: Australia and Pacific leadership". 1 August 2021.
^ *Australian high commission to the Cook Islands* Australian High Commission Cook Islands. Retrieved 17 July 2021
^ *Cook Islands Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 17 July 2021
^ "FIJI AND AUSTRALIA COMMEMORATE 50 YEARS OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS".
^ *Australian Representation Overseas* Current Notes on International Affairs Vol. 34 No. 11 (November 1963) page 48. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
^ *Fiji Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 10 July 2021
^ *Governor-General's Program* Governor-General of Australia, 25 April 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
^ "Kiribati-Australia Partnership for Development" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 5 July 2021
^ ^a ^b ^c *Improving East Micronesia Internet Connectivity* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
^ *Kiribati president pans Australia for climate apathy* Radio New Zealand. 25 September 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
^ *Australia's commitment to coal is putting my country of Kiribati in danger* The Guardian. 7 November 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
^ "Australia's commitment to strengthening climate and disaster resiliance in the Pacific" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 5 July 2021
^ "Governor-General visits Kiribati" Governor-General of Australia. Retrieved 5 July 2021
^ "Republic of the Marshall Islands Country Brief" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 4 July 2021
^ "New Australian Missions" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 4 July 2021
^ "Diplomatic List" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 4 July 2021
^ *FSM Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 14 July 2021
^ Australian Foreign Affairs Record, Volume 58, No. 7 (July 1987) pp.294-295 Australian Department of Foreign Affairs
^ CA 8022: Australian Embassy, Federated States of Micronesia [Pohnpei], National Archives of Australia, retrieved 10 January 2016^{[permanent dead link]}
^ *FSM Country Brief* Australian Department of Froeign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 16 July 2021
^ *Australian Representation - Nauru* Current Notes on International Affairs, Vol. 43, No. 11 (November 1972) page 585. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
^ *Nauru High Commission Officially Opens in Canberra Archived 7 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine* Government of the Republic of Nauru. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
^ "Nauru Country Brief" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 4 July 2021
^ "NZ, Australia 'should consider merger'". Sydney Morning Herald. 4 December 2006. Retrieved 20 March 2008. The House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs [found] "While Australia and New Zealand are of course two sovereign nations, it seems to the committee that the strong ties between the two countries – the economic, cultural, migration, defence, governmental and people-to-people linkages – suggest that an even closer relationship, including the possibility of union, is both desirable and realistic,"
^ *State Visit to Australia* Governor General of New Zealand. Retrieved 16 July 2021
^ *New Zealand Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Accessed 16 July 2021
^ "Australia and New Zealand Cooks - Community - Allrecipes". Archived from the original on 23 August 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
^ *Niue Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 16 July 2021
^ *New Australian Diplomatic Missions* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 16 July 2021
^ *United States, Australia, and Japan to Expand Connectivity in Palau* Asia Matters for America.org 28 May 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021
^ *Governor-General's Program* Governor-General's Office. Retrieved 16 July 2021
^ *Papua New Guinea Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 16 July 2021
^ *Australia's Development Partnership with PNG* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 16 July 2021
^ "Australia's development partnership with Samoa" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 10 July 2021
^ "Samoa Country Brief" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 10 July 2021
^ "Solomon Islands Country Brief" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 9 July 2021
^ "Australia and Solomon Islands: what next after 14 years of regional assistance?" Australian Department of Defence Dr Stephanie Koorey, Deakin University 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2021
^ "Bilateral Security Treaty" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 9 July 2021
^ "Australian diplomat expelled" Sydney Morning Herald 13 September 2006. Retrieved 10 July 2021
^ "Australia supplants China to build undersea cable for Solomon Islands" The Guardian 13 June 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2021
^ "[1]" Solomon Islands Submarine Cable Company Ltd. Retrieved 10 July 2021
^ "Australia pledges 250m to Solomon Islands as China's influence in Pacific grows" The Guardian 2 June 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2021
^ *Why a Chinese Security Deal in the Pacific Could Ripple Through the World* New York Times. 20 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
^ "Timor-Leste country brief (MFA Australia)".
^ "HRH The Crown Prince Tupouto'a Lavaka: Tonga's First High Commissioner to Australia". Tonga Government Portal. 16 August 2008. Archived from the original on 30 November 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
^ *Tonga Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 10 July 2021
^ *State visit to Tonga* Governor General's Office 31 July 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2021
^ *Funeral for the late King of Tonga* Governor General's Office 27 March 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2021
^ *Visit to Tonga* Governor General's Office 4 July 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2021
^ Murray, Lisa (9 May 2018). "Federal budget 2018: Australia sets up a diplomatic post in Tuvalu". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
^ "Australian High Commission -Tuvalu". Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
^ *Tuvalu Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 10 July 2021
^ "Vanuatu Country Brief" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 10 July 2021
^ *Enhanced security cooperation with Vanuatu Archived 10 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine* Australian Prime Minister's Department. Retrieved 10 July 2021
^ *Australian prime minister backs security treaty with Vanuatu* ABC News 16 January 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2021
^ *Development assistance in Vanuatu* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 10 July 2021

External links[edit | edit source]

[Fels2017-1] Fels, Enrico (2017). Shifting Power in Asia-Pacific? The Rise of China, Sino-US Competition and Regional Middle Power Allegiance. Springer. p. 365. ISBN 978-3-319-45689-8. Retrieved 25 November 2016.

[2] "The Growing Importance of the ASEAN–Australia Relationship – Australian Institute of International Affairs". Australian Institute of International Affairs.

[3] "PM Lee congratulates new Australian PM Morrison, pens valedictory letter to former leader Turnbull". Channel NewsAsia.

[4] Stolarchuk, Jewel. "Reflecting on the ASEAN–Australian relationship". The Independent.

[5] "New poll suggests Trump causes Australians to form unfavourable view of US". SBS News.

[6] "Trump a 'critical threat' to Australia's interests as trust in US hits record low". ABC News. 20 June 2018.

[7] Curran, J. (2013). The Dilemmas of Divergence: The Crisis in American-Australian Relations, 1972–1975. pp. 377–408.

[8] MacMillan, Margaret (2003). Parties Long Estranged: Canada and Australia in the Twentieth Century. UBC Press. p. 15. ISBN 9780774809764.

[9] Roger John Bell, Unequal allies: Australian-American relations and the Pacific war (Melbourne University Press, 1977)

[10] *Canada country brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 12 February 2022.

[11] Joseph Gabriel Starke, The ANZUS Treaty Alliance (Melbourne University Press, 1965)

[12] E. G. Whitlam, "Australia, Indonesia and Europe's empires." Australian Journal of International Affairs (1980) 34#1 pp: 3–12.

[13] Percy Claude Spender, Exercises in diplomacy; the ANZUS treaty and the Colombo Plan (1969).

[14] Peter Geoffrey Edwards, A Nation at War: Australian Politics, society and diplomacy during the Vietnam War 1965–1975 (Allen & Unwin, 1997)

[15] James Cotton, East Timor, Australia and regional order: intervention and its aftermath in Southeast Asia (Routledge, 2004)

[16] *Australia and the UN Security Council* United Nations Association of Australia. Retrieved 21 January 2022.

[17] "Australian Embassy in". japan.embassy.gov.au.

[18] "Joint Statement on a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between Republic of India and Australia". Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

[19] "Joint announcement: Australia-Singapore Comprehensive Strategic Partnership". Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

[20] "Joint Declaration on a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between Australia and the Republic of Indonesia". Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

[21] "Joint Statement on a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between Australia and Malaysia". Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

[22] "Australia, South Korea sign historic defense agreement | DW | 13.12.2021". DW.COM.

[23] "Australia, ASEAN to establish comprehensive strategic partnership - ASEAN". Reuters. 27 October 2021 – via www.reuters.com.

[auto-24] Wezeman, Pieter D.; Fleurant, Aude; Kuimova, Alexandra; Tian, Nan; Wezeman, Siemon T. (March 2019). "Trends in international arms transfers, 2018 | SIPRI". www.sipri.org.

[25] "Australia pushes close military ties with United Arab Emirates despite war crime concerns". ABC News. 8 July 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.

[26] "Australia and South Korea sign defense deal as leaders meet". AP NEWS. 13 December 2021.

[27] *Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Annual Report 2020-21* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 13 December 2021

[28] *Consular List - Syrian Arab Republic* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 13 January 2022.

[29] *Diplomatic List - Afghanistan* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 25 January 2022.

[30] "Canada-Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement - Travel.gc.ca". Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.

[31] *Australia and Algeria establish diplomatic relations* Australian Foreign Affairs Record, Volume 45, No. 7 (July 1974). Retrieved 31 August 2021.

[32] *Algeria Country/Economy Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 15 May 2022.

[33] *Diplomatic and consular relations* Australian Year Book of International Law, Volume 24, page 444. Retrieved 30 September 2021

[34] *Angola Country/Economy Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 9 March 2022.

[nla.gov.au-35] *High Commissioner to Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland* Australian Foreign Affairs Record Volume 44, No. 7 (July 1974) page 488. Retrieved 31 August 2021

[36] "The Department - About us - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". protocol.dfat.gov.au. Retrieved 18 November 2021.

[37] *Governor-General's Program Australian Governor-General, 23 March 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2022.

[38] "Diplomatic Relations Between Burkina Faso and Australia as of 13 Nov. 2008 (UN Digital Library)".

[webarchive.nla.gov.au-39] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ *Australia and Africa: Looking to the Future* National Library of Australia. Retrieved 31 August 2021

[40] "Our embassies and consulates overseas".

[41] "Foreign Missions in Burundi with Residence Abroad".

[42] "Australian Year Book of International Law 2004 X. Diplomatic and Consular Relations".

[43] *Cameroon economic fact sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 7 November 2021.

[44] "Diplomatic Relations Between Australia and Central African Republic as of 18 Jan. 2010 (UN Digital Library)".

[45] *Representation* Australian Foreign Affairs Record, Vol. 54 No. 7 (July 1983), page 376. Retrieved 9 March 2022.

[46] "Comoros". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

[47] "Diplomatic Relations Between Australia and Congo as of 7 May 2009 (UN Digital Library)".

[48] *DRC country profile Archived 23 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 23 January 2022.

[49] *DRC Country/Economy Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved on 23 January 2022.

[50] *Lessons for Australia from the Suez Crisis* Robert Menzies Institute. Retrieved 23 January 2022.

[51] *The Suez Dispute and the Death of Empire* Australian Institute of International Affairs. Retrieved 23 January 2022.

[52] *Consular List Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 23 January 2022.

[53] *Egypt-born Community Information Summary* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 23 January 2022.

[Egypt_Country_Brief-54] *Egypt Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 23 January 2022.

[55] "Diplomatic Relations Between Equatorial Guinea and Australia as of 23 July 2009 (UN Digital Library)".

[56] *Fessehaie Abraham: The Refugee who brought Eritrea to Australia* Devpolicy.org. Retrieved 8 January 2022.

[57] *Eritrean-born Community Information Summary* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 8 January 2022.

[58] *Ethio-Australia Relations* Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 8 November 2021.

[59] *Embassy of Ethiopia website* Embassy of Ethiopia to Australia. Retrieved 4 January 2022.

[60] *Ethiopia recalls dozens of diplomats* AddisStandard.com. Retrieved 4 January 2022.

[61] *In Australia, Grandson Marks 50th Anniversary of Haile Selassie's State Visit* TADIAS online. Retrieved 8 November 2021.

[62] *The Importance of Ethiopian-Australian Relations* International Strategic Studies Association. Retrieved 8 November 2021.

[63] *Governor-General's Program* Australian Governor-General. Retrieved 9 March 2022.

[64] *Ethiopia-born Community Information Summary* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 8 November 2021.

[65] *Ethiopia Country/Economy Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 8 November 2021

[66] *Gabon country/economy fact sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 23 October 2021.

[67] *Joint Statement with President of Gabon* Australian Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Retrieved 23 October 2021.

[68] *Luncheon for President Bongo* Australian Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Retrieved 23 October 2021.

[69] "Foreign embassies and consulates in Australia – Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014.

[70] "Ghana Visas, Passports, Travel Advice – Ghana Consulate, Sydney". ghana.org.au.

[71] "Ghana country brief". Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2012.

[72] Rudd, Kevin (13 May 2011). "Building bridges between Africa and Australia" (Speech). Minister for Foreign Affairs. International Forum on Africa, University of Sydney: Australian Government. Retrieved 2 June 2017.

[Australian_Representation_Overseas-73] *Australian Representation Overseas* Australian Foreign Affairs Record Volume 45 No. 9 (September 1974). Retrieved 25 October 2021

[74] *Côte d'Ivoire embassy in Canberra, Australia* Embassypages.com. Retrieved 21 February 2022.

[75] *Côte d'Ivoire Country/Economy Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 25 October 2021

[Ties_with_Africa-76] "Ties with Africa". The Canberra Times. 24 August 1965. p. 8. Retrieved 4 June 2015 – via National Library of Australia.

[77] *About* Kenya High Commission. Retrieved 29 January 2022.

[78] *Governor-General's Program* Australian Governor-General, 28 March 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2022.

[79] *Kenya-born Community Information Summary* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 29 January 2022.

[80] *Kenya country profile* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 29 January 2022.

[81] "The Department - About us - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". protocol.dfat.gov.au.

[82] "Diplomatic Relations Between Liberia and Australia as of 26 Sept. 2008 (UN Digital Library)".

[83] *Relations with Libya* Australian Foreign Affairs Record Vol. 49 No. 1 January 1978, page 51. Retrieved 14 February 2022.

[84] *Prime Minister's Media Statement 19 May 1987* Australian Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet. Retrieved 14 February 2022

[85] *Libya: Military activities in the South Pacific. Australian Foreign Affairs Record Vol. 58 No. 5 (May 1987) page 270. Retrieved 14 February 2022.

[86] "Australia Supports the New Libya at International Conference". Australian Minister of Trade. 1 September 2011. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2012.

[87] Willingham, Richard (28 April 2011). "Australia Funding Libyan Evacuation Ship, Reveals Rudd". The Age. Retrieved 30 April 2011.

[88] "Australia's FM says Libyan opposition NTC only representative of Libya". Xinhua. 9 June 2011. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2011.

[89] Oakes, Dan (10 June 2011). "Canberra backs new Libya". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 10 June 2011.

[90] Pollard, Ruth (10 December 2011). "Australia extends a helping hand to Libya". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 22 January 2012.

[91] *Libyan-born Community Information Summary* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 14 February 2022.

[92] *Libya Country Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 14 February 2022.

[93] *Madagascar Country/Economy Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2 September 2021

[94] "Malawi". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

[95] *About Lotus* Lotus Resources Ltd. Retrieved 23 September 2021.

[96] *Mauritania economic fact sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 23 September 2021.

[97] "Australian High Commission welcomes its new High Commissioner (Australian High Commission Mauritius)".

[98] "Mauritius". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

[99] *Govenror-General's Program* Australian Governor-General, 18 March 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2022.

[100] "Morocco". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

[101] *Australian Ambassador to Mozambique* Australian Foreign Affairs Record, Vol. 53 No. 6 (June 1982), page 382. Retrieved 9 March 2022.

[102] *Mozambique Country/Economy Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 9 March 2022.

[103] *Governor-General welcomes President of the Republic of Mozambique* Australian Governor General's Office, 15 March 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2022.

[104] *Governor-General's Program* Australian Governor-General, 19 March 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2022.

[105] "Diplomatic Relations between Australia and Niger as of 7 May 2009 (UN Digital Library)".

[106] *Visit to Australia* Government-world.com. Retrieved 31 August 2021

[107] *Nigeria, Australia move to develop ICT sector, others* The Sun (Nigeria). Retrieved 7 November 2021

[108] *Nigeria-born Community Information Summary* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 7 November 2021.

[109] *Nigeria economic fact sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 7 November 2021.

[110] *Can Australian expertise help Nigeria's mining industry to take flight?* Mine Australia. Retrieved 7 November 2021.

[111] *Australia, Rwanda Strengthen Ties* The New Times, 22 August 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2022.

[112] *Rwanda country and economic fact sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 22 September 2021

[113] *Ambassador presents credentials Archived 27 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine* Consulate-General of Rwanda in Australia. Retrieved 22 September 2021

[114] *Rwanda (UNAMIR) 1993-1996* Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 22 September 2021

[115] "Diplomatic Relations Between Sao Tome and Principe and Australia as of 8 July 2009 (UN Digital Library)".

[dfat.gov.au-116] "Sao Tome and Principe".

[117] *Senegal Country/Economy Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 25 October 2021

[118] *Seychelles: Prime Minister visits Australia* Australian Foreign Affairs Record. Volume 47, No. 5 (May 1976). Retrieved 3 September 2021

[119] *Australian High Commissioner bids farewell* Office of the President of the Republic of Seychelles, 23 July 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2021

[120] *Seychelles-born Community Information Sheet* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 3 September 2021

[121] *Seychelles Country Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 September 2021

[122] *President concludes Australia visit* Office of the President of the Republic of Seychelles 29 August 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2021

[123] *Truth, Justice and Australia* The Interpreter 1 June 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2021

[124] *Diplomatic appointments* Australian Foreign Affairs Record, Vol. 52, No.10 page 520. Retrieved 24 February 2022.

[125] *[Sierra Leone-born Community Information Summary]* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 24 February 2022.

[126] *Sierra Leone Country/Economic Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 24 February 2022.

[127] *Australia and Africa: Looking to the Future* National Library of Australia archive. Retrieved 31 August 2021

[128] *Somalia 1993-1996* AnzacDay.com. Retrieved 31 August. 2021

[129] *Australia gives $10 million aid to Somalia* SBS News 10 March 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2021

[130] Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. "Election of Somalia's President". foreignminister.gov.au. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2012.

[131] *Somalia-born Community Information Summary* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 31 August 2021

[132] *Somalia economic fact sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 31 August 2021

[133] *Australia establishes ties with world's newest nation* ReliefWeb. Retrieved 1 September 2021

[134] *South Sudanese in Australia* SBS Cultural Atlas. Retrieved 1 September 2021

[135] *South Sudan* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 1 September 2021

[136] *Sudan-born Community Information Summary* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 8 January 2022.

[137] *Sudan economic fact sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 8 January 2022.

[138] *New mission planned in East Africa* The Canberra Times, 12 May 1962. Retrieved 29 January 2022.

[139] *Visit by President Nyerere* Australian Foreign Affairs Record. Volume 45. No. 3 (March 1974). Retrieved 29 January 2022.

[140] *President Nyerere ends Australian Visit* British Pathé. Retrieved 29 January 2022.

[141] *The Governor-General's programme 31 March 2009* Governor-General of Australia. Retrieved 29 January 2022.

[142] *Tanzanian-born Community Information Summary* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 29 January 2022.

[143] *Tanzania country brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 29 January 2022.

[144] "Diplomatic Relations Between Togo and Australia as of 22 July 2009 (UN Digital Library)".

[145] *Tunisia Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 6 January 2022

[146] *Uganda country brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 6 January 2022.

[147] "Search results". protocol.dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2018.

[148] *Governor-General's Program Australian Governor-General, 20 March 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2022.

[149] *Australia-Zimbabwe* Australian Foreign Affairs Record, Volume 51, No. 4 (April 1980). Retrieved on 2 September 2021

[150] *Zimbabwe-born Community Information Summary* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 2 September 2021

[151] *Zimbabwe Economy/Country Fact Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 2 September 2021

[152] "Antigua and Barbuda".

[Australia_1974_page_53-153] *Australia's Diplomatic Relations with the Caribbean* Australian Foreign Affairs Record, Vol. 45 No. 1 (January 1974) page 53. Retrieved 15 February 2022.

[154] Australian High Commission to Trinidad and Tobago Archived 3 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine (Accredited to Barbados)

[155] *Belize Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 15 February 2022.

[156] "Belize". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

[157] "Bolivia country brief (MFA Australia)".

[158] *Australian Representation Overseas* Australian Foreign Affairs Record Vol. 46 No. 10 (October 1975). Retrieved 18 April 2022.

[159] *Bolivia Trade/Economic Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 18 April 2022.

[160] "Australia-Canada bilateral relations". Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 12 September 2008. Retrieved 12 November 2008.

[161] Jupp, James (2001). The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins. p. 196. ISBN 9780521807890.

[162] *Chile: Review of Events since 1942 Current Notes on International Affairs Vol 17 No 9 (September 1946) page 547. Retrieved 27 April 2022.

[163] *Representation* Current Notes on International Affairs, Vol, 17 No. 1 (January 1946) page 35. Retrieved 27 April 2022.

[164] Speech at luncheon in Honour of his Excellency, Mr. Patricio Aylwin, President of the Republic of Chile, Parliament House-Canberra

[165] *Chile-born Community Information Summary* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 27 April 2022.

[166] *Chine Trade/Economic Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 27 April 2022.

[167] "Australian Embassy in Bogota, Colombia". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

[168] *Costa Rica Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 18 March 2022.

[169] *Representation* Australian Foreign Affairs Record. Retrieved 18 March 2022.

[170] *Costa Rica Economic Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 18 March 2022.

[171] *Dominica Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 15 February 2022.

[172] "Dominican Republic country brief (MFA Australia)".

[173] *Dominican Republic Trade/Economic Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 April 2022.

[174] "Grenada".

[175] *Guyana Trade/Economic Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 3 April 2022.

[176] *Australian Investors Express Interest in Guyana* Guyana Department of Public Information 23 May 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2022.

[177] *Haiti Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 April 2022.

[178] *Honduras Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 April 2022.

[179] *Honduras Country Information Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 April 2022.

[180] *[https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/jmca-cef.pdf Jamaice Trade/Economic Fact Sheet}* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 April 2022.

[181] "Bilateral Relationship Mexico-Australia".

[182] "Mexico country brief". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 7 June 2018.

[183] *Nicaragua Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 April 2022.

[184] *Nicaragua Economic Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 April 2022.

[185] *Panama Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 April 2022.

[186] *Panama Economic Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 3 April 2022.

[187] *Representation* Australian Foreign Affairs Record Vol. 45 No. 12 (December 1974) page 859. Retrieved 3 April 2022.

[188] "Paraguay". dfat.gov.au.

[189] "Peru country brief". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 7 June 2018.

[190] "Bilateral relationships". Department of Education and Training. Retrieved 7 June 2018.

[191] *Saint Kitts and Nevis Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 15 February 2022.

[192] *Australian Representation Overseas* Australian Foreign Affairs Record Vol. 57 No. 2 (February 1986) page 142. Retrieved 15 February 2022.

[193] *Saint Lucia Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 15 February 2022.

[194] *Australian Representation Overseas* Australian Foreign Affairs Record Vol. 57 No. 1 (January 1986) page 36. Retrieved 15 February 2022.

[195] "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

[196] "Diplomatic Relations Between Australia and Suriname as of 19 Jan. 1996 (UN Digital Library)".

[197] "Suriname country brief".

[198] *Relations with Venezuela* Australian Foreign Affairs Record, Vol. 44 No. 6 (June 1973), page 422. Retrieved 14 April 2022.

[199] *Australia's Trade and Investment Relationship with South America. Chapter 10 Venezuela* Australian Parliament. Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Report September 2000. Retrieved 14 April 2022.

[200] *Venezuela Country Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 14 April 2022.

[201] *Venezuela-born Community Information Sheet* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 14 April 2022.

[202] *Australia Recognizes Juan Guaidó as Venezuela president* The Guardian, 27 January 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2022.

[203] *The Barely Noticed Momentous Change in Australian Foreign Policy* The Interpreter (Lowy Institute) 14 February 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2022.

[204] "Celebrating 50 years of Afghanistan-Australia Diplomatic Relations".

[205] "Cameleers 160th anniversary" Embassy of Afghanistan to Australia. Retrieved 3 July 2021

[206] "Celebrating 50 years of diplomatic relations" Embassy of Afghanistan to Australia. Retrieved 3 July 2021

[207] *Australia-Afghanistan Relations* Embassy of Afghanistan to Australia. Retrieved 14 August 2021

[208] "Governor General Visits Afghanistan 1975}" Embassy of Afghanistan to Australia. Retrieved 3 July 2021

[209] * Australia-Afghanistan Relations* Embassy of Afghanistan to Australia. Retrieved 14 August 2021

[210] "Operation Slipper". Australian Army. 20 March 2015. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2016.

[211] "Australia supports new mission in Afghanistan". Australian Department of Defence. 31 December 2015. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2016.

[212] "Australian troops leave Afghanistan after 20 year mission" Australian Broadcasting Commission. Retrieved 3 July 2021

[213] "Closure of Australian Embassy in Kabul" Australian Department of Foreign Afairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 July 2021

[214] "Comprehensive Long-term Partnership Agreement Archived 9 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 July 2021

[215] "Development Cooperation Fact Sheet for Afghanistan Archived 9 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 July 2021

[216] "Азербайджан выделяет Австралии $50 тыс. для ликвидации последствий лесных пожаров". interfax.az. Retrieved 13 September 2020.

[217] *Bahrain: Presentation of Credentials* Australian Foreign Affairs Record Vol.58 No.4 (April 1987), page 226. Retrieved 19 March 2022.

[218] *Bahrain Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 25 August 2021

[219] *Food Security Initiative Archived 25 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine* Australia-Bahrain Business Council. Retrieved 25 August 2021

[220] "Bangladesh". dfat.gov.au.

[221] "Diplomatic Relations between Australia and Bhutan as of 14 Sept. 2002 (UN Digital Library)".

[222] *Ambassador to Australia presents credentials* Kuensel Online 30 September 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2022.

[223] *Bhutan Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 25 August 2021

[Australian_Minister_to_Indo-China-224] "Australian Minister to Indo-China". Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate. 13 November 1952. p. 6.

[225] "Legation in Cambodia". The Central Queensland Herald. 27 January 1955. p. 11.

[226] *The executions behind Andrew Peacock's Cambodia crusade* Australian Financial Review, 30 April 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021

[227] "Ambassador named". The Canberra Times. 1 December 1991. p. 2.

[228] *Australia and Cambodia sign Refugee Resettlement Deal* BBC News 26 September 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2021

[229] *Cambodia Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 13 August 2021

[230] "China Country Profile Archived 9 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine" Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 3 July 2021

[231] "Whitlam's 1973 Visit to China" National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 3 July 2021.

[232] "Hu Jintao address to Australian Parliament" YouTube. Retrieved 3 July 2021

[233] "Xi Jinping Address to Australian Parliament" YouTube. Retrieved 3 July 2021

[234] "China Country Brief" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 July 2021

[235] "ChAFTA Agreement in force" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved July 2021

[236] "China's top import partners" Retrieved 3 July 2021

[237] *Australia-China relations hit new low over military, politics, science* Jennings, R (March 12, 2022) VoA News. Retrieved October 17, 2022.

[238] "China-Australia relations hit new low" Retrieved 3 July 2021

[239] "More than 20 ambassadors condemn China's treatment of Uighurs in Xinjiang". The Guardian. 11 July 2019.

[240] "China-Australia relations sour" Retrieved 3 July 2021

[241] *Australia-China relations continued to sour in 2021. What can we expect in 2022?* ABC news 9 December 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2022.

[242] "Lowy Institute Poll 2021" Lowy Institute. Retrieved 3 July 2021

[243] *Georgia Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 18 August 2021

[244] Foreign relations of India#Australia

[indopakistan-245] "Ben Chifley". Australia's Prime Ministers. National Archives of Australia. Archived from the original on 9 July 2009. Retrieved 26 July 2009.

[246] Clare, Nelson (7 January 2008). "Harbhajan Singh handed lengthy ban". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 25 April 2010.

[247] Vinay Kamath, Swetha Kannan. "India-Australia trade on new pitch". The Hindu Business Line.

[248] "Exchange of Notes constituting an Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of India on Defence Aid to India ATS 27 of 1963 " Archived 14 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017.

[249] ttps://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090531/wl_sthasia_afp/australiaindiacrimeeducation;_ylt=AkJrXO9YD_7e7LLPlwm.qquQOrgF;_ylu=X3oDMTNhMzNvdHJ2BGFzc2V0Ay9hZnAvMjAwOTA1MzEvd2xfc3RoYXNpYV9hZnAvYXVzdHJhbGlhaW5kaWFjcmltZWVkdWNhdGlvbgRwb3MDMzcEc2VjA3luX3N1YmNhdF9saX^{[dead link]}

[250] "BBC NEWS – Asia-Pacific – 'Race' attacks spark Indian rally". bbc.co.uk.

[251] "Labor ends ban on uranium exports to India". ABC News. 4 December 2011.

[252] ttp://www.dfat.gov.au/media/speeches/foreign/1996/austindo.html^{[dead link]}

[dfat-253] "Indonesia". dfat.gov.au.

[254] Markovic, Nina (9 May 2013). "It's complicated: a timeline of Australia–Iran relations in a historical perspective". Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 24 August 2013.

[255] *Australian Foreign Affairs Record Vol. 45 No. 9 September 1974 pages 593-596* National Library of Australia. Retrieved 31 July 2021

[256] *Cover page description* Australian Foreign Affairs Record, Vol. 46 No. 3 (March 1975) Index page. Retrieved 14 February 2022.

[257] *Iran Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 31 July 2021

[258] "Iran". dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.

[259] *[Iran-born Community Information Summary]* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 31 July 2021.

[Iraq_Country_Brief-260] *Iraq Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 4 August 2021.

[261] *Australia-Iraq Relations* Australian Embassy in Iraq "Australia-Iraq Relations".

[262] "Iraq". dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.

[263] *UN Palestine Partition Plan Vote* YouTube. Retrieved 4 August 2021

[264] *Australian recognition of Israel* Religion, Science and Peace. Retrieved 4 August 2021

[265] *Israel Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 4 August 2021

[266] *Australia drops recognition of West Jerusalem as Israeli capital* Knott, M. (October 17, 2022) Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 17 October 2022.

[267] *Reversal of Recognition of West Jerusalem* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved October 18, 2022.

[268] *Background to the Visit of Israeli President Reuven Rivlin to Australia* Australia-Israel and Jewish Affairs Council. Retrieved 4 August 2021.

[269] *Visit to Australia by King and Queen of Jordan* Australian Foreign Affairs Record, Vol. 47 No. 3 (March 1976) pages 148 - 151. Retrieved 18 August 2021

[270] *Jordan Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 18 August 2021

[271] "Kazakhstan country brief". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 7 June 2018.

[272] *Kuwait Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 25 August 2021

[273] *Governor-General's Program 1 May 2016* Australian Governor-General. Retrieved 25 August 2021

[274] "Kyrgyzstan". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

[Laos_Country_Brief-275] *Laos Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 6 August 2021

[276] "Minister for East". The Canberra Times. ACT. 31 December 1960. p. 3.

[277] "Mr Arthur Malcolm Morris". The Canberra Times. ACT. 18 January 1963. p. 2.

[278] *Strengthening Australia's Ties with Laos* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 27 February 2022.

[279] "Lebanon". dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2012.

[5pda-280] "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[281] *Australian Relations with the Maldives* Australian Foreign Affairs Record Vol. 45 No. 2 (February 1974). Retrieved 12 April 2022.

[282] *High Commission in the Maldives* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Media Release 11 February 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2022.

[283] *Australia begins to step it up in the northeast Indian Ocean* The Interpreter (Lowy Institute) 2 March 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2022.

[284] *Maldives Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 27 August 2021

[285] "Australia-Mongolia Diplomatic Relations (Australian Embassy in Mongolia)".

[286] "Mongolia". dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.

[287] "Nepal". dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.

[288] *Oman Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 25 August 2021

[289] "Indus Basin Development Fund (Supplemental) Agreement, 1964 ATS 14 of 1964 " Archived 14 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017.

[290] "BBC NEWS – South Asia – Musharraf on key Australia visit". bbc.co.uk.

[291] "Australia's aid program". ausaid.gov.au. Archived from the original on 17 April 2012.

[292] "Home – Australian Embassy". embassy.gov.au.

[293] "Phil. Embassy – Canberra, Australia – Philippine Embassy – Canberra, Australia". philembassy.org.au.

[Diplomatic_and_Consular_Relations-294] *Diplomatic and Consular Relations* Australian Year Book of International Law (1978-1980) page 292. Retrieved 25 August 2021

[295] *Australian embassy officially opens in Qatar* Doha News 18 November 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2021

[Qatar_Country_Brief-296] *Qatar Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 25 August 2021

[297] Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. "Australia strengthens Middle East relations". foreignminister.gov.au.

[298] "Saudi Arabia". dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.

[299] "ESTIMATES OF AUSTRALIAN CITIZENS LIVING OVERSEAS (as at December 2001)" (PDF). Southern-cross-group.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2016.

[300] "A Memorandum of Understanding was signed in Canberra between Australia-Saudi Business Council | Australia Saudi Business CouncilAustralia Saudi Business Council". Australiasaudicouncil.com.au. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.

[301] "Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Australia Discuss Developing Cooperation Ties, Saudi Press Agency | Australia Saudi Business CouncilAustralia Saudi Business Council". Australiasaudicouncil.com.au. 14 April 2015. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.

[embassies.mofa.gov.sa-302] "Saudi Relations with Australia | kingdom of Saudi Arabia – Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Embassies.mofa.gov.sa. Retrieved 22 October 2016.

[303] "Embassy of the Republic of Korea to the Commonwealth of Australia". Aus-act.mofa.go.kr (in Korean). Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2016.

[304] "?? 二 ?몄＜ ????誘쇨뎅 ???ш? ??". Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2016.

[305] "Sri Lanka". dfat.gov.au.

[306] Hutton, Pierre (1996), "Chapter 2: Iraq, Syria and Jordan", The Legacy of Suez, Macquarie University, archived from the original on 18 November 2016

[307] *Syria Sanctions Regime* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved October 7, 2022

[308] *Syria Closes Australian embassy* Canberra Times. Retrieved 7 October 2022.

[309] *Syrian-born Community Information Summary* Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 7 October 2022.

[310] *Syria Humanitarian Response* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 7 October 2022.

[311] *Australia's Diplomatic Relations with China* National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 13 August 2021

[PaulJones-312] Jones, P., "The View from the Edge: Chinese Australians and China, 1890 to 1949", in Ferrall, C. et al (ed.) (2005), East by South: China in the Australasian Imagination, pp.46ff

[313] *Australian Representation in Formosa* Documents on Australian Foreign Policy Volume 22 Document No. 69 dated 30 April 1957. Retrieved 13 August 2021

[314] *Cabinet Decision No. 251* Documents on Australian Foreign Policy Volume 22 Document No. 116 dated 17 May 1966. Retrieved 13 August 2021

[315] *Australia-Taiwan Relationship* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 13 August 2021

[316] "Tajikistan". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

[Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs-317] "Relations between Turkey and Australia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.

[318] "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Australia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.

[319] *States with which Turkmenistan established diplomatic relations* Turkmenistan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 30 August 2021

[320] "United Arab Emirates". dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012.

[VMOFA-321] "Vietnam – Australia Relations". Mofa.gov.vn. Retrieved 22 October 2016.

[322] "Ambassador to Vietnam appointed". The Canberra Times. 2 July 1959. p. 2. The Government has raised the Australian Legation in Vietnam to the status of an Embassy and has appointed Mr. W. D. Forsyth as Australia's first Ambassador in Saigon.

[323] *Evacuation of the Australian Mission from Saigon* Australian Foreign Affairs Record, Volume 45 No. 6 (May 1975) pages 295-296. Retrieved 7 August 2021

[324] *South Viet-Nam: Australian Recognition* Australian Foreign Affairs Record, Volume 45 No. 6 (May 1975) page 296

[325] *Vietnam Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 7 August 2021

[326] *Diplomatic and Consular Relations* Australian Year Book of International Law (1984-1987) page 455. Retrieved 25 August 2021

[327] *Yemen Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 25 August 2021

[328] Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. "Albanian Foreign Minister visits Australia". foreignminister.gov.au. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2012.

[329] "Cooperation between the Republic of Belarus and Australia". mfa.gov.by. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2015.

[330] "Belarus". dfat.gov.au.

[331] "Belgium". dfat.gov.au.

[332] "Bosnia and Herzegovina". dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012.

[333] "Bulgaria". dfat.gov.au.

[334] "The Embassy of the Republic of Bulgaria in Canberra". Bulgaria.org.au. Archived from the original on 2 November 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.

[335] "Croatia". dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.

[336] "Home – Australian High Commission". embassy.gov.au.

[337] "HIGH COMMISSION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS IN CANBERRA – High Commissioner". cyprus.org.au.

[338] "Australian Consulate in Prague, Czech Republic".

[339] "Czech embassy in Canberra". mzv.cz.

[340] "Czech consulate in Sydney". mzv.cz.

[341] *Estonian Consulate to be established in Sydney* The Sydney Morning Herald, 25 October 1935.

[Edgars_Dunsdorfs_1975-342] Edgars Dunsdorfs, The Baltic dilemma: the case of the de jure recognition by Australia of the incorporation of the Baltic States into the Soviet Union, Speller, 1975, ISBN 0-8315-0148-0

[343] *Commonwealth of Austraia Gazette, 24 October 1940 (Issue No. 216)

[Estonia_Country_Brief-344] *Estonia Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 4 August 2021

[345] *Australian Embassy in Tallinn* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 4 August, 20201

[346] "Australia-Germany 70 Years of Diplomatic Relations (MFA Australia)".

[347] "Home – Australian Embassy". embassy.gov.au.

[348] "The Department - About us - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". protocol.dfat.gov.au.

[349] "Holy See, The". dfat.gov.au.

[350] Commonwealth of Australia. "About the Australian Embassy in Hungary". Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2008.

[351] "Main Page". Archived from the original on 25 January 2010. Retrieved 5 February 2016.

[352] "Home – Australian Embassy". embassy.gov.au.

[353] "Irish Consular General, Victoria". Archived from the original on 1 December 2009. Retrieved 6 February 2016.

[354] "Home – Australian Embassy". embassy.gov.au. Archived from the original on 3 July 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2009.

[355] "The Department - About us - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". protocol.dfat.gov.au.

[356] "Ambasciata d'Italia – Canberra". Ambcanberra.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 20 July 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2016.

[357] "Consolato Generale – Sydney". Conssydney.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 21 July 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2016.

[358] "Consolato – Perth". Consperth.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 4 August 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2016.

[359] "Kosovo Country Brief". Australian Government – Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 3 October 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2009.

[360] "Australia Recognises the Republic of Kosovo". Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 19 February 2008. Archived from the original on 20 February 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2008.

[361] "Australia's International Relations". Australian Embassy and Permanent Mission to the United Nations, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Retrieved 28 March 2009.

[Kosovo_Embassy-362] "Flamuri i Kosovës shpaloset në Canberra të Australisë". Kosovo MFA. 15 February 2013. Retrieved 23 February 2013.

[Prime_Minister's_Media_Release-363] *Prime Minister's Media Release* Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 4 August 2021

[364] *Latvia Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 4 August 2021

[365] *Latvia Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 4 August 2021.

[366] *FAST Initiative - About Us* Liechtenstein Initiative. Retrieved 5 August 2021

[367] *Background Briefing on the Lithuanian Community in Australia* Sydney Lithuanian Information Centre. Retrieved 4 August 2021

[368] *Lithuania to open embassy in Australia* Delfi.en Retrieved 4 August 2021

[369] *Lithuania Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 4 August 2021.

[370] "Ambassadors appointed". The Canberra Times. 27 August 1977. p. 7.

[371] *Australian Foreign Affairs Record* Volume 48 No.8 August 1977 page 434

[372] *Diplomatic and Consular Missions* Luxembourg Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (in French). Retrieved 5 August 2021

[373] *Luxembourg Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 5 August 2021

[374] "Home – Australian High Commission". embassy.gov.au.

[375] "Sorry. The page you are looking for does not exist" (PDF). gov.mt.

[376] "Moldova". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

[377] "Republic of North Macedonia country brief". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

[378] "Australian Embassy Serbia: Serbia, North Macedonia and Montenegro (Consular services in the Republic of North Macedonia)". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

[379] "Search results". protocol.dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.

[380] "Poland in Australia".

[381] "Australian Embassy in Warsaw". australia.pl. Archived from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2017.

[382] "Strona niedostępna". www.canberra.msz.gov.pl.

[383] *Consular List* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 23 August 2021

[384] *The Poles and Australia* ResearchGate. Gosia Klatt, University of Melbourne. Australian Scholarly Publishing. Retrieved 23 August 2021

[385] *Poland Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 23 August 2021

[386] *Poland in Australia* Government of Poland. Retrieved 23 August 2021

[387] *Historic Visit to Poland by Australian Governor General* Government of Poland. Retrieved August 20, 2022.

[388] *Portugal to set up an embassy in Canberra* Current Notes on International Affairs, Vol. 31 No. 8 (August 1960) page 415. Retrieved 22 May 2022.

[389] *Representation* Current Notes on International Affairs, Vol. 17, No 1 (January 1946) page 35. Retrieved 27 April 2022.

[390] *Portugal Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 22 May 2022.

[391] *Portugal Economic Fact Sheet* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 22 May 2022

[392] "AMBASADA ROMÂNIEI în Australia". mae.ro.

[393] "Romania". dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2009.

[394] "Homepage – Australian Embassy". embassy.gov.au. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2009.

[395] "Посольство России в Австралии". Australia.mid.ru. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.

[396] "Slovak Republic". dfat.gov.au.

[397] "Diplomatic relations". Embassy of the Republic of Slovenia Canberra. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2008.

[398] "Embassy of the RS Canberra". Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2016.

[399] "Системы безопасности". Ukremb.info. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.

[ReferenceA-400] "Stepping-up Australia's engagement with our Pacific family Archived 9 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 4 July 2021

[401] Words by Julia Hollingsworth, CNN Graphics by Jason Kwok and Natalie Leung (22 July 2019). "Why China is challenging Australia for influence over the Pacific Islands". CNN.

[402] "Which country gives the most aid to Pacific Island nations? The answer might surprise you". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 9 August 2018.

[403] "The Solomon Islands Crisis Shows America Needs a New Pacific Strategy". thediplomat.com.

[404] Dobell, Graeme (20 August 2006). "The Pacific 'arc of instability'". Correspondent's Report.

[405] "Aust, Pacific working on damaged relationship", Edmond Roy, ABC News, 10 February 2008

[406] "Tides that bind: Australia and Pacific leadership". 1 August 2021.

[407] *Australian high commission to the Cook Islands* Australian High Commission Cook Islands. Retrieved 17 July 2021

[408] *Cook Islands Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 17 July 2021

[409] "FIJI AND AUSTRALIA COMMEMORATE 50 YEARS OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS".

[410] *Australian Representation Overseas* Current Notes on International Affairs Vol. 34 No. 11 (November 1963) page 48. Retrieved 27 April 2022.

[411] *Fiji Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 10 July 2021

[412] *Governor-General's Program* Governor-General of Australia, 25 April 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.

[413] "Kiribati-Australia Partnership for Development" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 5 July 2021

[foreignminister.gov.au-414] *Improving East Micronesia Internet Connectivity* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 12 December 2021.

[415] *Kiribati president pans Australia for climate apathy* Radio New Zealand. 25 September 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2022.

[416] *Australia's commitment to coal is putting my country of Kiribati in danger* The Guardian. 7 November 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2022.

[417] "Australia's commitment to strengthening climate and disaster resiliance in the Pacific" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 5 July 2021

[418] "Governor-General visits Kiribati" Governor-General of Australia. Retrieved 5 July 2021

[419] "Republic of the Marshall Islands Country Brief" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 4 July 2021

[420] "New Australian Missions" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 4 July 2021

[421] "Diplomatic List" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 4 July 2021

[422] *FSM Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 14 July 2021

[423] Australian Foreign Affairs Record, Volume 58, No. 7 (July 1987) pp.294-295 Australian Department of Foreign Affairs

[NAA-424] CA 8022: Australian Embassy, Federated States of Micronesia [Pohnpei], National Archives of Australia, retrieved 10 January 2016^{[permanent dead link]}

[425] *FSM Country Brief* Australian Department of Froeign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 16 July 2021

[426] *Australian Representation - Nauru* Current Notes on International Affairs, Vol. 43, No. 11 (November 1972) page 585. Retrieved 15 February 2022.

[427] *Nauru High Commission Officially Opens in Canberra Archived 7 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine* Government of the Republic of Nauru. Retrieved 7 March 2022.

[428] "Nauru Country Brief" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 4 July 2021

[429] "NZ, Australia 'should consider merger'". Sydney Morning Herald. 4 December 2006. Retrieved 20 March 2008. The House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs [found] "While Australia and New Zealand are of course two sovereign nations, it seems to the committee that the strong ties between the two countries – the economic, cultural, migration, defence, governmental and people-to-people linkages – suggest that an even closer relationship, including the possibility of union, is both desirable and realistic,"

[430] *State Visit to Australia* Governor General of New Zealand. Retrieved 16 July 2021

[431] *New Zealand Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Accessed 16 July 2021

[432] "Australia and New Zealand Cooks - Community - Allrecipes". Archived from the original on 23 August 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2016.

[433] *Niue Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 16 July 2021

[434] *New Australian Diplomatic Missions* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 16 July 2021

[435] *United States, Australia, and Japan to Expand Connectivity in Palau* Asia Matters for America.org 28 May 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021

[436] *Governor-General's Program* Governor-General's Office. Retrieved 16 July 2021

[437] *Papua New Guinea Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 16 July 2021

[438] *Australia's Development Partnership with PNG* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 16 July 2021

[439] "Australia's development partnership with Samoa" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 10 July 2021

[440] "Samoa Country Brief" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 10 July 2021

[441] "Solomon Islands Country Brief" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 9 July 2021

[442] "Australia and Solomon Islands: what next after 14 years of regional assistance?" Australian Department of Defence Dr Stephanie Koorey, Deakin University 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2021

[443] "Bilateral Security Treaty" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 9 July 2021

[444] "Australian diplomat expelled" Sydney Morning Herald 13 September 2006. Retrieved 10 July 2021

[445] "Australia supplants China to build undersea cable for Solomon Islands" The Guardian 13 June 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2021

[446] "[1]" Solomon Islands Submarine Cable Company Ltd. Retrieved 10 July 2021

[447] "Australia pledges 250m to Solomon Islands as China's influence in Pacific grows" The Guardian 2 June 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2021

[448] *Why a Chinese Security Deal in the Pacific Could Ripple Through the World* New York Times. 20 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.

[449] "Timor-Leste country brief (MFA Australia)".

[appcp-450] "HRH The Crown Prince Tupouto'a Lavaka: Tonga's First High Commissioner to Australia". Tonga Government Portal. 16 August 2008. Archived from the original on 30 November 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2012.

[451] *Tonga Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 10 July 2021

[452] *State visit to Tonga* Governor General's Office 31 July 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2021

[453] *Funeral for the late King of Tonga* Governor General's Office 27 March 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2021

[454] *Visit to Tonga* Governor General's Office 4 July 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2021

[AFR19-455] Murray, Lisa (9 May 2018). "Federal budget 2018: Australia sets up a diplomatic post in Tuvalu". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 30 December 2018.

[dfatT-v-456] "Australian High Commission -Tuvalu". Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 6 January 2021.

[457] *Tuvalu Country Brief* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 10 July 2021

[458] "Vanuatu Country Brief" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 10 July 2021

[459] *Enhanced security cooperation with Vanuatu Archived 10 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine* Australian Prime Minister's Department. Retrieved 10 July 2021

[460] *Australian prime minister backs security treaty with Vanuatu* ABC News 16 January 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2021

[461] *Development assistance in Vanuatu* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 10 July 2021

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[100]

v t e Foreign relations of the Commonwealth of Nations
Member states	Antigua and Barbuda Australia The Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belize Botswana Brunei Cameroon Canada Cyprus Dominica Eswatini Fiji The Gambia Ghana Grenada Guyana India Jamaica Kenya Kiribati Lesotho Malawi Malaysia Maldives Malta Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nauru New Zealand Nigeria Pakistan Papua New Guinea Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Tanzania Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tuvalu Uganda United Kingdom Vanuatu Zambia
Former Member states	Ireland Zimbabwe
Foreign states	France South Sudan

v t e Foreign relations of Oceania
Sovereign states	Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu
Associated states of New Zealand	Cook Islands Niue

v t e Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)
Members	Australia Cook Islands Fiji French Polynesia Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Palau Papua New Guinea New Caledonia Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu
Associate members	Tokelau
Observers	American Samoa East Timor Guam Northern Mariana Islands Wallis and Futuna
Observer Organisations	African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States Asian Development Bank Commonwealth of Nations International Organization for Migration United Nations Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) World Bank
Dialogue partners	Canada China Cuba European Union France Germany India Indonesia Italy Japan Korea Malaysia Philippines Spain Thailand Turkey United Kingdom United States
Meetings	45th 51st

v t e Politics of Australia
Commonwealth	Monarch Governor-General Prime Minister Cabinet (Shadow Cabinet) Executive Council Ministry Foreign relations Parliament House of Representatives Senate Opposition Leader High Court lower courts Constitution Statute of Westminster Australia Act
Federal elections	Pre-1969 1969 1972 1974 1975 1977 1980 1983 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2022 Next by-elections referendums Timeline
State/territory governments	Governors and administrators premiers and chief ministers parliaments and assemblies State and Territory Shadow Cabinet NSW Vic Qld WA SA Tas ACT NT
State/territory elections	Vic 2018 NSW 2019 NT 2020 ACT 2020 Qld 2020 WA 2021 Tas 2021 SA 2022 Vic 2022 NSW 2023 NT 2024 ACT 2024 Qld 2024 WA 2025 Tas 2025 Timeline
Local government	New South Wales (list) Northern Territory (list) Queensland (list) South Australia (list) Tasmania (list) Victoria (list) Western Australia (list)
Political parties	Coalition (Liberal, National, Liberal National, Country Liberal) Centre Alliance Greens Katter Labor Lambie One Nation UAP other parties historical
Political terminology	battlers Bjelkemander branch stacking casual vacancy caucus revolt Chardonnay socialist contempt of Parliament despatch box donkey vote Dorothy Dixer double dissolution faceless men forgotten people group voting ticket hardworking families how-to-vote card independent politicians Kirribilli agreement Langer vote leadership spill mortgage belt nationalism parliamentary secretary Playmander quiet Australians responsible government Stolen Generations working family worm