Foreign relations of the Netherlands
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The foreign policy of the Netherlands is based on four basic commitments: to the Atlantic cooperation, to European integration, to international development and to international law. While historically the Kingdom of the Netherlands was a neutral state, since 1945 it has become a member of NATO, the United Nations, the European Union and many other international organizations. The Dutch economy is very open and relies on international trade. During and after the 17th century—its Golden Age—the Dutch built up a commercial and colonial empire. It was a leading shipping and naval power and was often at war with England, its main rival. Its main colonial holding was Indonesia, which fought for and achieved independence after 1945. The historical ties inherited from its colonial past still influence the foreign relations of the Netherlands. Foreign trade policy is handled by the European Union. The Dutch have been active in international peacekeeping roles.
History[edit | edit source]
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2021) |
In the Dutch Golden Age, which had its zenith around 1667, there was a flowering of trade, industry, the arts and the sciences. A rich worldwide Dutch empire developed and the Dutch East India Company became one of the earliest and most important of national mercantile companies based on entrepreneurship and trade.
During the 18th century, the power and wealth of the Netherlands declined. A series of wars with the more powerful British and French neighbors weakened it. Britain seized the North American colony of New Amsterdam, turning it into New York. There was growing unrest and conflict between the Orangists and the Patriots. The French Revolution spilled over after 1789, and a pro-French Batavian Republic was established in 1795–1806. Napoleon made it a satellite state, the Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810), and later simply a French imperial province.
In 1815–1940 it was neutral and played a minor role in world diplomacy, apart from a failed effort to control the seceding Southern provinces that became Belgium before giving up in 1839.[1]
Unlike most European countries, the Netherlands succeeded in remaining neutral throughout The Great War. This approach failed during the Second World War however and the kingdom quickly fell to an unprovoked German invasion in 1940 and would remain under Nazi occupation until being liberated by the allies in 1945. After the war, as a member of the allies, the Netherlands was included in the first class of U.N. members. During the Cold War like most Western European countries, the Dutch aligned with the United States against the Soviet Union, co-founding the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), in 1949.[2][3] The Dutch were also at the forefront of promoting European cooperation and integration during this time period; co-founding the European Coal and Steel Community and becoming one of the European Union's (EU) original members.[4]
Policy[edit | edit source]
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The Dutch Government conducted a review of foreign policy main themes, organization, and funding in 1995. The document "The Foreign Policy of the Netherlands: A Review" outlined the new direction of Dutch foreign policy. The Netherlands prioritizes enhancing European integration, maintaining relations with neighboring states, ensuring European security and stability (mainly through the mechanism of NATO and emphasizing the important role the United States plays in the security of Europe), and participating in conflict management and peacekeeping missions. The foreign policy review also resulted in the reorganization of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Through the creation of regional departments, the Ministry coordinates tasks previously divided among the international cooperation, foreign affairs, and economic affairs sections.[citation needed]
Atlantic cooperation[edit | edit source]
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Dutch security policy is based primarily on membership in NATO. Because of Dutch participation in NATO, nuclear weapons are stationed in the Netherlands, see Volkel Air Base.[citation needed]
The Dutch also pursue defense cooperation within Europe, both multilaterally – in the context of the Western European Union and the European Security and Defence Policy of the EU – and bilaterally, as in the German-Netherlands Corps. In recent years, the Dutch have become significant contributors to UN peacekeeping efforts around the world as well as to the Stabilization Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina (SFOR) in Bosnia.[citation needed]
European integration[edit | edit source]
The Dutch have been strong advocates of European integration, and most aspects of their foreign, economic, and trade policies are coordinated through the European Union (EU). The Dutch postwar customs union with Belgium and Luxembourg (the Benelux group) paved the way for the formation of the European Community (precursor to the EU), of which the Netherlands was a founding member. Likewise, the Benelux abolition of internal border controls was a model for the wider Schengen Accord, which today has 29 European signatories (including the Netherlands) pledged to common visa policies and free movement of people across common borders.
The Dutch stood at the cradle of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty and have been the architects of the Treaty of Amsterdam concluded in 1998. The Dutch have thus played an important role in European political and monetary integration; indeed, until the year 2003, Dutchman Wim Duisenberg headed the European Central Bank. In addition, Dutch financial minister Gerrit Zalm was the main critic of the violation of the Stability and Growth Pact by France and Germany in 2004 and 2005.[citation needed]
Involvement in Developing Countries[edit | edit source]
The Netherlands is among the world's leading aid donors, giving almost $8 billion, about 0.8% of its gross national income (GNI) in official development assistance (ODA). It is one of five countries worldwide that meets the longstanding UN ODA target of 0.7% ODA/GNI. The country consistently contributes large amounts of aid through multilateral channels, especially the United Nations Development Programme, the international financial institutions, and EU programs. A large portion of Dutch aid funds also is channeled through private ("co-financing") organizations that have almost total autonomy in choice of projects.[citation needed]
The Netherlands is a member of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, which recently initiated economic reforms in central Europe. The Dutch strongly support the Middle East peace process and in 1998 earmarked $29 million in contributions to international donor-coordinated activities for the occupied territories and also for projects in which they worked directly with Palestinian authorities. These projects included improving environmental conditions and support for multilateral programs in cooperation with local non-governmental organizations. In 1998, the Dutch provided significant amounts of aid to the former Yugoslavia and Africa. The Dutch consistently provide significant amounts of humanitarian relief aid to the victims of the worst natural disasters, such as the Hurricane Mitch in Central America in 1998, 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami in South and Southeast Asia, the Hurricane Katrina in the United States in 2005, 2010 Haiti earthquake, and more recent catastrophes in Pakistan and Burma including the Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines in 2013, and 2015 Nepal earthquake.[5]
On 25 April 2022, Vice Minister Schuiling visited Vietnam for promotion of economic cooperation between Netherlands and Vietnam including the sectors like agriculture, water, logistics, energy and high tech.[6]
Export assistance grants[edit | edit source]
"Developing countries aspiring to purchase foreign goods and services to invest in, inter alia, port facilities, roads, public transport, health care, or drinking water facilities may be eligible for a special Dutch grant facility. The grant facility, known as ORET (a Dutch acronym for Ontwikkelingsrelevante Exporttransacties, or Development-Related Export) serves to award grants to governments of developing countries for making payments to foreign suppliers."[7]
International law[edit | edit source]
A centuries-old tradition of legal scholarship has made the Netherlands the home of the International Court of Justice; the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal; the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia; the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda; and the International Criminal Court (ICC). In addition it hosts the European police organization, Europol; and the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.[citation needed]
International organizations[edit | edit source]
As a relatively small country, the Netherlands generally pursues its foreign policy interests within the framework of multilateral organizations. The Netherlands is an active and responsible participant in the United Nations system as well as other multilateral organizations such as the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), World Trade Organization (WTO), and International Monetary Fund.[citation needed]
The Netherlands is one of the founding members of what today is the European Union. It was one of the first countries to start European integration, through the Benelux in 1944 and the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952. Being a small country with a history of neutrality it was the host country for the important Maastricht Treaty and Amsterdam Treaty and is the seat of the International Court of Justice.[8]
International issues[edit | edit source]
The country is one of the major producers of illicit amphetamines and other synthetic drugs. It also functions as an important gateway for cocaine, heroin, and hashish entering Europe. A large portion of the world's XTC consumption is supplied by illegal laboratories from the Netherlands.[citation needed]
The Dutch also work with the U.S. and other countries on international programs against drug trafficking and organized crime. The Dutch-U.S. cooperation focuses on joint anti-drug operations in the Caribbean, including an agreement establishing Forward Operating Locations on the Dutch Kingdom islands of Curaçao and Aruba. The Netherlands is a signatory to international counter-narcotics agreements, a member of the United Nations International Drug Control Program, the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs, and is a contributor to international counter-narcotics.
From June 26 until December 22, 2006, two children, Ammar (12–13) and Sara (10–11), lived in the Dutch embassy in Damascus because of a child custody dispute between the Dutch mother, supported by Dutch law and the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, and the Syrian father, supported by Syrian law (Syria is no participant of this convention). The children had been living in Syria since 2004, after an alleged international child abduction by the father from the Netherlands to Syria, during a family contact in which he supposedly would visit Paris with them. The children fled to the embassy because they would like to live with their mother in the Netherlands. Minister of Foreign Affairs Ben Bot traveled to Damascus, negotiated and on December 22 the children finally could return to the Netherlands.
The father claims that the Dutch government has promised not to prosecute him for the abduction. However, a Dutch prosecutor claims that he is free to prosecute the father and may well do that and that the Dutch have only retracted the international request to arrest him outside the Netherlands.[9]
Mark Rutte's government provided materials to the Levant Front rebel group in Syria.[10] In September 2018, the Dutch public prosecution department declared the Levant Front to be a "criminal organisation of terrorist intent", describing it as a "salafist and jihadistic" group that "strives for the setting up of the caliphate".[11]
In July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including the Netherlands, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC condemning China's mistreatment of the Uyghurs as well as its mistreatment of other minority groups, urging the Chinese government to close the Xinjiang re-education camps.[12][13]
Former colonies[edit | edit source]
The Caribbean islands of Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba are dependencies of the Netherlands. The latter three are part of the Netherlands proper and are collectively known as the Caribbean Netherlands. Suriname and Indonesia became independent of the Netherlands in the period of decolonization: Suriname in 1975 and Indonesia in 1945 (it was not until August 16, 2005, that the Dutch government recognized 1945 and not 1949 as the latter's year of independence).[citation needed]
Bilateral relations[edit | edit source]
Africa[edit | edit source]
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria | See Foreign relations of Algeria
| |
| File:Flag of Angola.svg Angola | See Foreign relations of Angola | |
| File:Flag of Benin.svg Benin | See Foreign relations of Benin | |
| File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso | ||
| File:Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi | See Burundi–Netherlands relations
| |
| File:Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon | See Cameroon–Netherlands relations
| |
| File:Flag of the Comoros.svg Comoros | ||
| File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt | See Egypt–Netherlands relations
| |
| File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia | See Ethiopia–Netherlands relations
| |
| File:Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana | See Ghana–Netherlands relations
| |
| File:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg Ivory Coast | See Ivory Coast–Netherlands relations
| |
| File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya | See Kenya–Netherlands relations
| |
| File:Flag of Mauritania.svg Mauritania | ||
| File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco | See Morocco–Netherlands relations
| |
| File:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique | See Foreign relations of Mozambique
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| File:Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria | See Netherlands–Nigeria relations
| |
| File:Flag of Rwanda.svg Rwanda | See Netherlands–Rwanda relations
| |
| File:Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal | See Foreign relations of Senegal
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 South Africa |
See Netherlands–South Africa relations
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| File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan | See Netherlands–Sudan relations
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| File:Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania | See Netherlands–Tanzania relations
| |
| File:Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia | See Netherlands–Tunisia relations
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| File:Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda | See Foreign relations of Uganda
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| File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe | See Foreign relations of Zimbabwe
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Americas[edit | edit source]
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina | See Argentina–Netherlands relations
| |
| File:Flag of Belize.svg Belize | 1987-04-13 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on April 13, 1987.[24] |
| File:Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg Bolivia | See Bolivia–Netherlands relations
| |
| File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil | See Brazil–Netherlands relations
| |
| File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada | 1939-01 | See Canada–Netherlands relations
Canada has an embassy in The Hague and the Netherlands has one in Ottawa, and three Consulates-General in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Canada and the Netherlands have worked closely together on many foreign issues and enjoy an especially close relationship. To fostering business and commercial relations between the Netherlands and Canada the Dutch business community set up the Netherlands-Canadian Chamber of Commerce.[27] They are both members of the United Nations (and its Specialized Agencies) the World Trade Organization, Interpol, they are both founding members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), and the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe. Canada and the Netherlands also work together on such issues as the prohibition and elimination of anti-personnel mines, the control of the proliferation of small arms and light weapons, eradicating the worst forms of child labour, the provision of rapid reaction peacekeeping forces to the United Nations (SHIRBRIG) and regional security issues such as Bosnia (SFOR) and Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE). |
| File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile | See Chile–Netherlands relations
| |
| File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia | 1829 | See Colombia–Netherlands relations
Relations between Colombia and the Netherlands were established in 1829.
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| File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica |
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| File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba | See Cuba–Netherlands relations
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| File:Flag of Dominica.svg Dominica |
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| File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic |
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| File:Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador |
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| File:Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana | 1970-15-05 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 May 1970.[34] Guyana was made up of three former Dutch colonies: (Berbice, Demerara and Essequibo (colony)) which were brought together by the British and renamed collectively British Guiana. |
| File:Flag of Honduras.svg Honduras | See Honduras–Netherlands relations
| |
| File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico | 1827 | See Mexico–Netherlands relations
On September 27, 1993 the Netherlands Ministry of Finance announced The Netherlands – Mexico Tax Treaty and Protocol. The regulations detail the formalities residents of the Netherlands must observe "in order to be exempt from, or obtain a refund of, the Mexican withholding taxes on dividends, interest and royalties."[35] In 2008 Mexico and the Netherlands modified their existing tax treaty, initially signed in 1993 to strength cooperation to curb tax evasion.[36][37]
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| File:Flag of Panama.svg Panama |
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| File:Flag of Peru.svg Peru | See Netherlands–Peru relations
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| File:Flag of Suriname.svg Suriname | 1975-25-11 | See Netherlands–Suriname relations
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| File:Flag of the United States.svg United States | 1781 | See Netherlands–United States relations
The bilateral relations between the two nations are based on historical and cultural ties as well as a common dedication to individual freedom and human rights. The Netherlands shares with the United States a liberal economic outlook and is committed to free trade. The Netherlands is the third-largest direct foreign investor in the United States,[42] and Dutch holding companies employ more than 650,000 Americans.[43] The United States is the third-largest direct foreign investor in the Netherlands. The United States and the Netherlands often have similar positions on issues and work together both bilaterally and multilaterally in such institutions as the United Nations and NATO. The Dutch have worked with the United States at the World Trade Organization, in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, as well as within the European Union to advance the shared U.S. goal of a more open and market-led global economy. The United States and the Netherlands joined NATO as charter members in 1949. The Dutch were allies with the United States in the Korean War and the first Gulf War and have been active in global peacekeeping efforts in the former Yugoslavia, Afghanistan and Iraq. Netherlands also support and participate in NATO and EU training efforts in Iraq. They are active participants in the International Security Assistance Force and Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan.
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| File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay | See Netherlands–Uruguay relations | |
| File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela | See Netherlands–Venezuela relations
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Asia[edit | edit source]
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of the Taliban.svg Afghanistan |
| |
| File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia | 1992-01-30 | See Armenia–Netherlands relations
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| File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan | 1992-04-01 | See Azerbaijan–Netherlands relations
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| File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh | 1971-01-04 | See Bangladesh–Netherlands relations
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| File:Flag of Bhutan.svg Bhutan | See Foreign relations of Bhutan
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| File:Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei | See Foreign relations of Brunei
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| File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia | See Cambodia–Netherlands relations
| |
 China |
See China–Netherlands relations | |
| File:Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia | See Georgia–Netherlands relations
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 India |
1947-15-8 | See India–Netherlands relations |
| File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia | See Indonesia–Netherlands relations | |
| File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran | See Iran–Netherlands relations
| |
| File:Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq | See Iraq–Netherlands relations | |
| File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel | 1949 | See Israel–Netherlands relations
In 1947, the Netherlands voted in favor of the United Nations Resolution 181. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1949.[53] |
| File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan | 1609 | See Japan–Netherlands relations
Relations between Japan and the Netherlands date back to 1609, when the first formal trade relations were established.[56][57] The relations between Japan and the Netherlands after 1945 have been a triangular relationship. The invasion and occupation of the Netherlands East Indies during World War II, brought about the destruction of the colonial state in Indonesia, as the Japanese removed as much of the Dutch government as they could, weakening the post war grip the Netherlands had over the territory. Under pressure from the United States, the Netherlands recognised Indonesian sovereignty in 1949 (see United States of Indonesia). |
 Jordan |
See Jordan–Netherlands relations
| |
| File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan | 1992 | See Kazakhstan–Netherlands relations
The Netherlands is Kazakhstan's largest foreign investor and the second largest European Union partner in terms of foreign trade turnover with Kazakhstan.[58]
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| File:Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait | See Kuwait–Netherlands relations
| |
| File:Flag of Laos.svg Laos | See Foreign relations of Laos
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| File:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon |
| |
| File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia | 1957-31-08 | See Malaysia–Netherlands relations
File:Melaka-St-Paul-Dutch-graves-2183.jpg The graves of Dutch dignitaries in Melaka's ruined St. Paul's Church. The Dutch involvement in the Malay Peninsula used to be much more extensive than it is now. The Dutch established relations with the Sultanate of Johor in the early 17th century, and in 1641 they captured the Portuguese colony of Malacca (on the south-eastern coast of today's Peninsular Malaysia). With a long interruption during the Napoleonic Wars, the Dutch Malacca era lasted until 1824. In the 20th century, the Netherlands established diplomatic relations with Malaysia soon after the Asian state became independent. The erudite Dutch Sinologist and author Robert van Gulik (who was raised in the former Dutch East Indies himself) served as the ambassador of the Netherlands in Kuala Lumpur in the early 1960s. During his diplomatic service there he became closely acquainted with Malaysia's gibbons (he kept a few in his ambassadorial residence) and became sufficiently interested in this ape species to start the study of its role in ancient Chinese culture, the results of which he later published in his last book (Gibbon in China).[59]
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| File:Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia | 1972-06-03 | See Foreign relations of Mongolia
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| File:Flag of Myanmar.svg Myanmar | See Myanmar–Netherlands relations
| |
| File:Flag of Nepal.svg Nepal | See Foreign relations of Nepal
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 North Korea |
2001-01-15[60] |
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| File:Flag of Oman.svg Oman | See Foreign relations of Oman
| |
| File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan | 1947-15-8 | See Netherlands–Pakistan relations |
| File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines | See Netherlands–Philippines relations
| |
| File:Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar | See Netherlands–Qatar relations
| |
| File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia | See Netherlands–Saudi Arabia relations
| |
| File:Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore | 1965-09-08 | See Netherlands–Singapore relations
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| File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea | 1961-01-04[61] | See Netherlands–South Korea relations
The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and the Kingdom of the Netherlands began on April 1, 1961.
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| File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka | 1948 | See Netherlands–Sri Lanka relations
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| File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg Taiwan | See Netherlands–Taiwan relations | |
| File:Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand | See Netherlands–Thailand relations
| |
| File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey | 1612 | See Netherlands–Turkey relations
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| File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates | See Netherlands–United Arab Emirates relations | |
| File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam | See Netherlands–Vietnam relations
| |
| File:Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen |
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Europe[edit | edit source]
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania | 1970[69] | See Albania–Netherlands relations
|
| File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria | See Austria–Netherlands relations
| |
| File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus | 1994 | See Belarus–Netherlands relations
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| File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium | See Belgium–Netherlands relations
Relations were established after the independence of Belgium. Both nations are allies and have cultural similarities. | |
| File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia & Herzegovina |
| |
| File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria | See Bulgaria–Netherlands relations
| |
| File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia | See Croatia–Netherlands relations
| |
 Cyprus |
See Cyprus–Netherlands relations
| |
| File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic | See Czech Republic–Netherlands relations
| |
| File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark | 1645[76] | See Denmark – Netherlands relations
|
| File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia |
| |
| File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland | See Finland–Netherlands relations | |
| File:Flag of France.svg France | See France–Netherlands relations
| |
| File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany | 1871 | See Germany–Netherlands relations
|
| File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece | See Greece–Netherlands relations
| |
| File:Flag of the Vatican City.svg Holy See |
| |
| File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary | See Foreign relations of Hungary
| |
| File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland | See Iceland–Netherlands relations | |
| File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland | See Foreign relations of Ireland
| |
| File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy | See Foreign relations of Italy
| |
| File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia |
| |
| File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania |
| |
| File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg |
| |
| File:Flag of Malta.svg Malta | See Foreign relations of Malta
| |
| File:Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova | 1992-07-10 | |
| File:Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro | See Montenegro–Netherlands relations | |
| File:Flag of North Macedonia.svg North Macedonia | ||
| File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway | See Foreign relations of Norway | |
 Poland |
See Netherlands–Poland relations
| |
| File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal | See Netherlands–Portugal relations
| |
| File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania | 1880-02-13 | See Netherlands–Romania relations
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| File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia | 1991 | See Netherlands–Russia relations
Both countries were establishment of diplomatic relations in 1991 after the fall of the Soviet Union. Peter the Great studied in Holland. During the Cold War, all the Dutch consecutive governments perceived the Warsaw pact including the Soviet Union and Russia as a threat to its safety.
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 Serbia |
1899-04-26 | See Netherlands–Serbia relations
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| File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia | 1993-01-01 | See Netherlands–Slovakia relations
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| File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia | 1991-06-25 | See Netherlands–Slovenia relations
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| File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain | See Netherlands–Spain relations
| |
| File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden | See Netherlands–Sweden relations | |
| File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland | See Foreign relations of Switzerland
| |
| File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey | 1612 | See Turkey in Asia Above |
| File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine | 1992 | See Netherlands–Ukraine relations
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| File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom | See Netherlands–United Kingdom relations |
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Oceania[edit | edit source]
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia | See Australia–Netherlands relations | |
| File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand | See Netherlands–New Zealand relations
| |
| File:Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg Solomon Islands | ||
| File:Flag of Vanuatu.svg Vanuatu |
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See also[edit | edit source]
Notes[edit | edit source]
- ^ A. Vandenbosch, Dutch Foreign Policy since 1815 (1959).
- ^ Cees Wiebes and Bert Zeeman, "The Pentagon Negotiations March 1948: The Launching of the North Atlantic Treaty." International Affairs 59.3 (1983): 351-363.
- ^ "A short history of NATO". NATO. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
- ^ "A peaceful Europe – the beginnings of cooperation". European Commission. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
- ^ "All Past Emergencies and Disasters". Canadian Red Cross.
- ^ Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse (April 25, 2022). "Vice Minister Schuiling's visit to Vietnam: Strengthening Vietnam - Netherlands sustainable trade and investment - News item - Netherlandsandyou.nl". www.netherlandsandyou.nl. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
- ^ ORET flyer, via Google Docs. Retrieved 2011-10-23.
- ^ "International Court of Justice: Practical Information". Retrieved July 21, 2022.
- ^ See also NL: Ammar en Sara (in Dutch)
- ^ "Dutch govt under fire for Syria opposition support". MSN. September 11, 2018. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
- ^ "Dutch funded 'jihadist' group in Syria, terror trial may now falter". Dutch News. September 11, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2018.
- ^ "Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies?". The Diplomat. July 15, 2019.
- ^ "More than 20 ambassadors condemn China's treatment of Uighurs in Xinjiang". The Guardian. July 11, 2019.
- ^ Zaken, Ministerie van Algemene (February 21, 2018). "Embassy of Burkina Faso (Brussel) - Embassies, consulates and other representations - Government.nl". www.government.nl.
- ^ Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse (November 9, 2017). "Burkina Faso - paysbasetvous.nl". www.paysbasetvous.nl.
- ^ Zaken, Ministerie van Algemene (February 21, 2018). "Embassy of the Union of the Comoros (Schaarbeek) - Embassies, consulates and other representations - Government.nl". www.government.nl.
- ^ Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse (November 3, 2016). "Comoros - netherlandsandyou.nl". www.netherlandsandyou.nl.
- ^ Zaken, Ministerie van Algemene (February 21, 2018). "Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania (Brussel) - Embassies, consulates and other representations - Government.nl". www.government.nl.
- ^ Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse (November 4, 2016). "Senegal - netherlandsandyou.nl". www.netherlandsandyou.nl.
- ^ "Netherlands Embassy in Pretoria, South Africa". Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "South African Embassy in the Netherlands". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "Embajada de la República Argentina en Reino de los Países Bajos". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "Embajada del Reino de los Países Bajos en Buenos Aires, Argentina". Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 30, 2017. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Apresentação". haia.itamaraty.gov.br.
- ^ "Embaixada do Reino dos Países Baixos em Brasília, Brasil". Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "NCCC – Home". Netherlandscanada.nl. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
- ^ "Government of Canada – Gouvernement du Canada". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "The Embassy and Consulates – Kingdom of the Netherlands, Canada". Archived from the original on February 7, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "Embajada de Colombia en Países Bajos". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
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Further reading[edit | edit source]
- Collet, Steven. "Modernizing the Dutch Diplomatic Service: A Work in Progress." The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 10.4 (2015): 440–451.
- Israel, Jonathan. The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477–1806 (1995) a major synthesis; complete online edition; also excerpt and text search
- Koopmans, Joop W., and Arend H. Huussen Jr. Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands (2nd ed. 2007)excerpt and text search
- Kossmann, E. H. The Low Countries 1780–1940 (1978) 790pp.
- Krabbendam, Hans, et al. eds. Four Centuries of Dutch-American Relations 1609–2009 (Amsterdam: Boom, 2009, 1190 pp., ISBN 978-9085066538; excerpt
- Leurdijk, J.H. ed. The Foreign Policy of the Netherlands (Alphen aan den Rijn, 1978).
- Nordholt, Jan Willem Schulte, and Robert P. Swierenga. Bilateral Bicentennial: A History of Dutch-American Relations, 1782–1982 (1982) 279pp
- Bhawan Ruangsilp (2007). Dutch East India Company Merchants at the Court of Ayutthaya: Dutch Perceptions of the Thai Kingdom, Ca. 1604–1765. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-15600-5.
- Scott, Cynthia. "Renewing the ‘Special Relationship’and Rethinking the Return of Cultural Property: The Netherlands and Indonesia, 1949–79." Journal of Contemporary History 52.3 (2017): 646–668.
- Tuyll van Serooskerken, Hubert P. van. Netherlands & World War I: Espionage, Diplomacy & Survival (2001) 381p.
- van Willigen, Niels. "A Dutch return to UN peacekeeping?." International Peacekeeping 23.5 (2016): 702–720.
- Vandenbosch, Amry. Dutch Foreign Policy since 1815 (1959). online; online free to borrow
- Vandenbosch, Amry. The neutrality of the Netherlands during the world war (1927).
- Vandenbosch, Amry. Dutch in the Far East (1943) online
- Veer, Lionel. "On the road for human rights: Experiences and reflections of the Dutch human rights ambassador 2010–2014." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 35.1 (2017): 4–10.
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