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One-party state

From Justapedia - Reading time: 23 min



This article is about one-party political states. For telephone call recording laws and notification and requirements, see Telephone call recording laws § One-party consent states. For the album, see One Party State (album).

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A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system, or single-party system is a type of sovereign state in which only one political party has the right to form the government, usually based on the existing constitution.[1] All other parties are either outlawed or allowed to take only a limited and controlled participation in elections. Sometimes the term "de facto one-party state" is used to describe a dominant-party system that, unlike the one-party state, allows (at least nominally) democratic multiparty elections, but the existing practices or balance of political power effectively prevent the opposition from winning power.

Although it is predated by the 1714 to 1783 "age of the Whig oligarchy" in Great Britain,[2] the rule of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) over the Ottoman Empire following the 1913 coup d'etat is often considered the first one-party state.[3]

Concept[edit | edit source]

One-party states justify themselves through various methods. Most often, proponents of a one-party state argue that the existence of separate parties runs counter to national unity. Others argue that the one party is the vanguard of the people, being its most politically aware members, and therefore the party's right to rule cannot be legitimately questioned. The Soviet government argued that the existence of multiple political parties would perpetuate class struggle, so only a single party could lead a classless proletariat; it therefore made the Communist Party of the Soviet Union the only authorised political party.

Some one-party states only outlaw opposition parties, while allowing allied parties to exist as part of a permanent coalition (such as a popular front). However, these allied parties are largely or completely subservient to the ruling party and must accept the ruling party's monopoly of power as a condition of their existence. Examples of this are the People's Republic of China under the United Front, the National Front in former East Germany and the Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea in North Korea. Other states outlaw all other parties yet allow non-party members to run for legislative seats as independents, as was the case with Taiwan's Tangwai movement in the 1970s and 1980s, as well as the elections in the former Soviet Union. Still others have only a single legal party, membership of which is a prerequisite for holding public office, such as in Turkmenistan under the rule of Saparmurat Niyazov or Zaire under Mobutu Sese Seko.

Within their own countries, dominant parties ruling over one-party states are often referred to simply as the Party. For example, in reference to the Soviet Union, the Party meant the Communist Party of the Soviet Union; in reference to the pre-1991 Republic of Zambia, it referred to the United National Independence Party.

Most one-party states have been ruled by one of the following:

  1. A party which supports the ideology of Marxism–Leninism and vanguardism (sometimes described as "communist states", such as the Soviet Union)
  2. A party which supports a nationalist or fascist ideology (such as the Kingdom of Italy under the National Fascist Party or Germany under the Nazi Party)
  3. A party that came to power in the wake of independence from colonial rule. One-party systems often arise from decolonization because a single party gains an overwhelmingly dominant role in liberation or in independence struggles.

One-party states are usually considered to be authoritarian, to the extent that they are occasionally totalitarian. On the other hand, not all authoritarian or totalitarian states operate upon one-party rule. Some, especially amongst absolute monarchies and military dictatorships, have no need for a ruling party, and therefore make all political parties illegal.

Current one-party states[edit | edit source]

As of 2026 the following countries are legally constituted as one-party states:

Country Head of party Leader title Party Ideology Date of establishment Duration Notes
China
Xi Jinping 2016.jpg
Xi Jinping 		General Secretary File:Flag of the Chinese Communist Party.svg Chinese Communist Party Socialism with Chinese characteristics 1 October 1949 76 years, 199 days Leads the United Front
File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba
File:Miguel Díaz-Canel (cropped).jpg
Miguel Díaz-Canel 		First Secretary File:Red flag.svg Communist Party of Cuba Marxism–Leninism, Castroism, Guevarism, left-wing nationalism 16 April 1961 65 years, 2 days
File:Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea
File:Isaias Afwerki in 2002.jpg
Isaias Afwerki 		Chairperson File:Flag of the EPLF.svg People's Front for Democracy and Justice Eritrean nationalism, statism 24 May 1993 32 years, 329 days
File:Flag of Laos.svg Laos
File:Mr. Thongloun Sisoulith.jpg
Thongloun Sisoulith 		General Secretary File:Flag of LPRP.svg Lao People's Revolutionary Party Kaysone Phomvihane Thought 2 December 1975 50 years, 137 days
File:Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea
File:Kim Jong-un April 2019 (cropped).jpg
Kim Jong-un 		General Secretary File:Flag of the Workers' Party of Korea.svg Workers' Party of Korea Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism 10 October 1945 80 years, 190 days Leads the Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea
File:Flag of Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
File:Brahim Ghali.jpg
Brahim Ghali 		Secretary General File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg Polisario Front Sahrawi nationalism, social democracy 27 February 1976 50 years, 50 days
File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam
File:Mr. Nguyen Phu Trong.jpg
Nguyễn Phú Trọng 		General Secretary File:Flag of the Communist Party of Vietnam.svg Communist Party of Vietnam Ho Chi Minh Thought 2 September 1945 80 years, 228 days

Former one-party states[edit | edit source]

Country Party Ideology Date of establishment Date of dissolution Continent
File:Flag of Afghanistan (1978).svg Republic of Afghanistan National Revolutionary Party Pashtun nationalism, Pashtunization, Anti-communism, Republicanism, Secularism February 14, 1977[4][5] April 28, 1978 Asia
File:Flag of Afghanistan (1978-1980).svgFile:Flag of Afghanistan (1980-1987).svg Afghanistan File:Flag of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan.svg People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (National Fatherland Front) Communism (until 1990), Marxism–Leninism (until 1990), Afghan nationalism, Anti-imperialism December 24, 1980 July 27, 1990 Asia
File:Flag of Albania (1939–1943).svg Albanian Kingdom File:Flag of Albania (1939–1943).svg Albanian Fascist Party Albanian nationalism, Greater Albania, Fascism, Italophilia, Serbophobia, Hellenophobia June 2, 1939 July 27, 1943 Europe
File:Flag of Albania (1939–1943).svg Albanian Kingdom Guard of Greater Albania Albanian nationalism, Fascism July 27, 1943 September 8, 1943 Europe
File:Flag of Albania (1943–1944).svg Albanian Kingdom National Front Albanian nationalism, Greater Albania, Anti-communism, Republicanism, Big tent, Agrarian socialism September 14, 1943 November 29, 1943 Europe
File:Flag of Albania (1944-1946).svgFile:Flag of Albania (1946-1992).svg Democratic Government of Albania File:Flag of Party of Labour of Albania.svg Party of Labour of Albania (National Liberation Movement) Communism, Marxism-Leninism, Hoxhaism, Anti-revisionism October 20, 1944 August 5, 1945 Europe
File:Flag of Albania (1944-1946).svgFile:Flag of Albania (1946-1992).svg Democratic Government of Albania File:Flag of Party of Labour of Albania.svg Party of Labour of Albania (Democratic Front) August 5, 1945 January 11, 1946 Europe
File:Flag of Albania (1946-1992).svg Albania January 11, 1946 December 11, 1990 Europe
 Algeria File:Variant flag of the GPRA (1958-1962).svg National Liberation Front Arab socialism, Algerian nationalism, Pan-Arabism, Anti-imperialism 1962 1989 Africa
File:Flag of Angola.svg People's Republic of Angola File:Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (bandeira).svg People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola Communism, Left-wing nationalism, Marxism–Leninism November 11, 1975 May 30, 1991 Africa
File:Flag of SSRA.svg Armenia Communist Party of Armenia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism December 2, 1920 December 30, 1922 Asia
File:Flag of Transcaucasian SFSR (1925-1936).svg Transcaucasia Communist Party of Armenia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism March 12, 1922 December 30, 1922 Asia
File:Flag of Austria.svg Federal State of Austria File:Flag of the Fatherland Front of Austria.svg Fatherland Front Clerical fascism May 1, 1934 March 13, 1938 Europe
File:Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1920).svgFile:Flag of Azerbaijan SSR (1920-1921).svgFile:Flag of Azerbaijan SSR (1921-1922).svg Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism April 30, 1920 December 30, 1922 Asia
File:Flag of Transcaucasian SFSR (1925-1936).svg Transcaucasia Azerbaijan Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism March 12, 1922 December 30, 1922 Asia
 Bangladesh Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League Bengali nationalism, Socialism 1975 1975 Asia
File:Flag of Benin.svg Dahomey Dahomeyan Democratic Party African nationalism 1963 1965 Africa
File:Flag of Benin (1975-1990).svg Benin File:Flag of PRPB.svg People's Revolutionary Party of Benin Communism, Marxism–Leninism (nominally) November 30, 1975 March 1, 1990 Africa
File:Flag of Bohmen und Mahren.svg Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia File:National Partnership flag.png National Partnership Nazism March 21, 1939 May 9, 1945 Europe
File:Flag of Bulgaria (1946-1948).svgFile:Flag of Bulgaria (1948-1967).svgFile:Flag of Bulgaria (1967-1971).svgFile:Flag of Bulgaria (1971 – 1990).svg Bulgaria File:FlagBKP.svg Bulgarian Communist Party (Fatherland Front) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism September 15, 1946 January 15, 1990 Europe
File:Flag of Myanmar (1974–2010).svg Burma File:Burma Socialist Programme Party flag.svg Burma Socialist Programme Party Burmese Way to Socialism 1962 1988 Asia
File:Flag of Burundi (1967–1982).svgFile:Flag of Burundi.svg Republic of Burundi File:Flag of the UPRONA.svg Union for National Progress Burundian nationalism, Tutsi interests July 11, 1974 March 13, 1992 Africa
File:Flag of Byelorussian SSR (1919-1927).svg Byelorussia Communist Party of Byelorussia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism July 31, 1920 December 30, 1922 Europe
File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia (Sangkum era) Sangkum Khmer nationalism, National conservatism, Royalism, Statism, Buddhist socialism, Economic nationalism 1955 1970 Asia
File:Flag of the People's Republic of Kampuchea.svgFile:Flag of the State of Cambodia.svg Kampuchea Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party Communism, Socialism, Marxism–Leninism, Revisionism, Left-wing nationalism January 7, 1979 October 23, 1991 Asia
File:Flag of Cameroon (1961-1975).svgFile:Flag of Cameroon.svg Republic of Cameroon Cameroonian National Union Big tent September 1, 1966[6] March 24, 1985 Africa
File:Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon Cameroon People's Democratic Movement Big tent, Nationalism, Francophilia 1975 1990 Africa
File:Flag of Cape Verde (1975-1992).svg Cape Verde File:Flag of PAIGC.svg African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1975 1980 Africa
File:Flag of Cape Verde (1975-1992).svg Cape Verde File:Flag of PAICV.svg African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1980 1990 Africa
File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa African nationalism, Anti-colonialism, Progressivism, Anti-imperialism 1962 1980 Africa
File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic Central African Democratic Union African nationalism, Republicanism March 1, 1980 September 2, 1981 Africa
File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic Central African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Democratic socialism, Social democracy, Republicanism February 6, 1987 April 22, 1991[7] Africa
File:Flag of Chad.svg Chad Chadian Progressive Party African nationalism, Pan-Africanism, Anti-imperialism, African socialism, Federalism April 16, 1962 April 6, 1973 Africa
File:Flag of Chad.svg Chad National Movement for the Cultural and Social Revolution African nationalism, Pan-Africanism, Anti-imperialism, African socialism, Federalism April 6, 1973 April 13, 1975 Africa
File:Flag of Chad.svg Chad National Union for Independence and Revolution Nationalism 1984 1990 Africa
Guangzhou Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 1927 1927 Asia
Hunan Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 1927 1927 Asia
Jinggang Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 1927 1928 Asia
Southwest Jiangxi Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 1930 1931 Asia
File:National Flag of Chinese Soviet Republic.svg Chinese Soviet Republic File:Flag of the Chinese Communist Party (Pre-1996).svg Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 1930 1937 Asia
File:Flag of Xinjiang-Shicai 2.svg Xinjiang People's Anti-Imperialist Association Six Great Policies 1935 1942 Asia
File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg Republic of China[note 1]/Taiwan File:Naval Jack of the Republic of China.svg Kuomintang Tridemism 1 July 1925 15 July 1987 Asia
Yan'an Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 1937 1949 Asia
File:Flag of the Comoros (1978-1992).svg Comoros Comorian Union for Progress Nationalism 1982 1990 Africa
File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svgFile:Flag of the People's Republic of the Congo.svg People's Republic of the Congo Congolese Party of Labour Communism, Marxism–Leninism January 31, 1969 1991 Africa
File:State Flag of Costa Rica (1906-1964).svg Tinoquista Costa Rica Peliquista Party Nationalism 1917 1919 North America
File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czechoslovakia File:Flag of the KSC.svg Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (National Front) Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism, Husakism February 25, 1948 November 30, 1989 Europe
File:Flag of Benin.svg Dahomey Dahomeyan Unity Party African nationalism, Republicanism 1961 1963 Africa
File:Flag of Djibouti.svg Djibouti People's Rally for Progress Issa interests 1977 1992 Africa
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Dominican Party Trujillism, National conservatism, Right-wing populism 1931 1961 Central America
East Germany East Germany File:Flagge der SED.svg Socialist Unity Party of Germany (Democratic Bloc) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism October 7, 1949 March 30, 1950 Europe
File:Flag of East Germany.svg East Germany File:Flagge der SED.svg Socialist Unity Party of Germany (National Front of the German Democratic Republic) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism March 30, 1950 December 1, 1989 Europe
 Egypt National Democratic Party Egyptian nationalism, Centrism, Big tent 1956 1958 Africa
File:Flag of the United Arab Republic.svg Egypt National Democratic Party Egyptian nationalism, Centrism, Big tent 1961 1962 Africa
File:Flag of Egypt (1972-1984).svg Egypt Arab Socialist Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism, Nasserism 1962 1976 Africa
File:Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador File:Propatria.png National Pro Patria Party Fascism, Anti-communism, Conservatism, Agrarian oligarchy 1931 1944 South America
File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea United National Workers' Party African nationalism, Personalism, Anti-imperialism, Anti-colonialism, Anti-racism, Pan-Africanism, Anti-intellectualism 1970 1979 Africa
File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea African nationalism, Militarism 1987 1991 Africa
File:Flag of Eritrea (1993–1995).svg Eritrea File:Flag of the EPLF.svg Eritrean People's Liberation Front Left-wing nationalism 1991 (Provisional government)

1993 (Recognized state)

1994 Africa
File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia Patriotic League (National Front for the Implementation of the Constitution) Estonian nationalism, Personalism March 9, 1935 July 21, 1940 Europe
File:Flag of Estonian SSR (1940-1953).svg Estonia Communist Party of Estonia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism July 21, 1940 August 9, 1940 Europe
File:Flag of Ethiopia (1975–1987) (02).svg Ethiopia Commission for Organizing the Party of the Working People of Ethiopia Communism, Marxism–Leninism September 12, 1984 February 22, 1987 Africa
File:Flag of Ethiopia (1987–1991).svg Ethiopia File:Workers-Party-of-Ethiopia-flag.png Workers' Party of Ethiopia Communism, Marxism–Leninism February 22, 1987 April 28, 1991 Africa
File:Flag of Gabon.svg Gabon Gabonese Democratic Party Conservatism 1968 1990 Africa
File:Flag of Georgian SSR (1921-1922).svg Georgia Communist Party of Georgia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism February 25, 1921 December 30, 1922 Asia
File:Flag of Transcaucasian SFSR (1925-1936).svg Transcaucasia Communist Party of Georgia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism March 12, 1922 December 30, 1922 Asia
File:Flag of the German Reich (1935–1945).svg Nazi Germany File:Flag of the NSDAP (1920–1945).svg National Socialist German Workers' Party Nazism July 14, 1933 May 23, 1945 Europe
File:Flag of the German Reich (1935–1945).svg Reich Commissariat for the Occupied Dutch Territories File:Flag of National Socialist Movement.svg National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands Nazism, collaborationism December 14, 1941 May 6, 1945 Europe
File:Ghana flag 1964.svg Ghana Convention People's Party Nkrumaism, African socialism, African nationalism, Pan-Africanism 1964 1966 Africa
File:Flag of Grenada.svg Grenada New Jewel Movement Communism, Marxism–Leninism March 13, 1979 October 25, 1983 Central America
File:Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala Progressive Liberal Party Ubicoism, Liberalism, Nationalism, Anti-communism 1931 1944 South America
File:Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea Democratic Party of Guinea – African Democratic Rally African nationalism, African socialism, Pan-Africanism 1958 1984 Africa
File:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg Guinea-Bissau African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1974 1991 Africa
File:Flag of Haiti (1964–1986).svg Haiti File:Flag of Haiti (1964–1986, civil).svg National Unity Party Black nationalism, Haitian nationalism, Right-wing populism, Anti-communism, Anti-Americanism 1957 1985 Central America
File:Flag of Hawaii.svg Hawaii Reform Party Americanisation, Annexationism 1894 1898 North America
File:Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg Government of National Unity File:Flag of the Arrow Cross Party 1942 to 1945.svg Arrow Cross Party Hungarism, Fascism, Collaborationism, Agrarianism October 16, 1944 May 7, 1945 Europe
File:Flag of Hungary (1949-1956; 1-2 aspect ratio).svgFile:Flag of the Hungarian Revolution (1956; 1-2 aspect ratio).svgFile:Flag of Hungary (1946-1949, 1956-1957; 1-2 aspect ratio).svg Hungary File:Flag of the Hungarian Working People's Party.svg Hungarian Working People's Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Stalinism August 20, 1949 October 30, 1956 Europe
File:Flag of the Hungarian Revolution (1956; 1-2 aspect ratio).svgFile:Flag of Hungary (1946-1949, 1956-1957; 1-2 aspect ratio).svgFile:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Kádárism November 4, 1956 October 7, 1989 Europe
 Indonesia Indonesian National Party Nationalism, Marhaenism August 17, 1945 November 3, 1945 Asia
File:State Flag of Iran (1964).svg Imperial State of Iran Rastakhiz Party Monarchism, Populism, Secularism, Democratic centralism, Third Position 1975 1978 Asia
 Iran Islamic Republican Party Velyât-e Faqih, Anti-imperialism, Iranian nationalism, Shi'ite Islamism, Anti-Monarchism, Anti-Americanism, Anti-communism, Anti-Sovietism, Anti-Zionism, Islamic fundamentalism, Homophobia, Anti-Western sentiment 1981 1987 Asia
File:Flag of Iraq (1959-1963).svgFile:Flag of Iraq (1963-1991).svg Iraq Iraqi Arab Socialist Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism, Nasserism 1964 1968 Asia
File:Flag of Iraq (1963-1991).svgFile:Flag of Iraq (1991-2004).svg Iraq File:Flag of the Ba'ath Party.svg Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (National Progressive Front) Saddamist Ba'athism 1968 2003 Asia
File:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg Kingdom of Italy File:Flag of the National Fascist Party (PNF).svg National Fascist Party Fascism, Corporatism, Ultranationalism, Totalitarianism May 17, 1928[8]
  • January 9, 1939
 July 27, 1943 Europe
  • Africa
Italian Social Republic File:Flag of the National Fascist Party (PNF).svg Republican Fascist Party Fascism, Corporatism, Ultranationalism, Totalitarianism, Antisemitism, Collaborationism September 13, 1943 April 28, 1945 Europe
File:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg Ivory Coast Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Conservatism, Populism, Houphouëtism, Pan-Africanism 1960 1990 Africa
File:Flag of Japan (1870–1999).svg Empire of Japan Imperial Rule Assistance Association Shōwa statism 1940 1945 Asia
File:Flag of Japan (1870–1999).svg Philippine Executive Commission File:Flag of Kalibapi.svg Association for Service to the New Philippines Filipino nationalism, National conservatism, Fascism, Pro-Japan, collaborationism December 8, 1942 October 14, 1943 Asia
File:Flag of Democratic Kampuchea.svg Kampuchea File:Banner of the Communist Party of Kampuchea.svg Communist Party of Kampuchea Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Agrarianism, Autarky, Khmer nationalism, Ultranationalism April 17, 1975 June 22, 1982 Asia
File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya Kenya African National Union Kenyan nationalism, Conservatism 1982 1991 Africa
File:Flag of Independent State of Croatia.svg Independent State of Croatia Ustaša – Croatian Revolutionary Movement Croatian irredentism, Croatian ultranationalism, National conservatism, Social conservatism, Clerical fascism, Fascist corporatism, Political Catholicism, Anti-communism April 10, 1941 May 8, 1945 Europe
File:Flag of Latvian SSR (1918-1920).svg Latvia Communist Party of Latvia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism December 17, 1918 January 13, 1920 Europe
File:Flag of Latvian SSR (1940-1953).svg Latvia Communist Party of Latvia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism July 21, 1940 August 5, 1940 Europe
File:Flag of Libya (1969–1972).svg Libya Arab Socialist Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism, Nasserism, Nationalism 1971 1977 Africa
File:Flag of the Lithuanian-Byelorussian SSR.svg Lithuania–Byelorussia Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism February 17, 1919 July 17, 1919 Europe
File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania File:Flag of Lithuanian National Union.svg Lithuanian Nationalist Union Lithuanian nationalism, National conservatism, Social conservatism, Fascist corporatism, Right-wing populism, Anti-communism, Antisemitism 1927 1940 Europe
File:Flag of Lithuanian SSR (1940-1953).svg Lithuania Communist Party of Lithuania Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism July 21, 1940 August 3, 1940 Europe
File:Flag of Madagascar.svg Democratic Republic of Madagascar National Front for the Defense of the Revolution Left-wing nationalism, Scientific socialism 1976 1989 Africa
File:Flag of Malawi.svg Malawi Malawi Congress Party Ubuntu, Conservatism, African nationalism, Anti-colonialism 1964 1993 Africa
File:Flag of Mali (1959–1961).svgFile:Flag of Mali.svg Mali Sudanese Union – African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Pan-Africanism, African socialism 1960 1968 Africa
File:Flag of Mali.svg Mali Democratic Union of the Malian People African socialism, Democratic centralism 1976 1991 Africa
File:Flag of Manchukuo.svg Manchukuo File:Flag of Concordia Association.svg Concordia Association Fascism, Monarchism, Manchurian nationalism, Pan-Asianism, Anti-communism, Personalism, collaborationism April 1, 1932[9] May 1, 1945[9] Asia
File:Flag of Mauritania (1959–2017).svg Mauritania Mauritanian People's Party Nationalism, Centralism, Islamic socialism 1961 1978 Africa
File:Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1924-1930).svgFile:Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1930-1940).svgFile:Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1940-1945).svgFile:Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1940-1992).svg Mongolia Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1921 July 29, 1990 Asia
File:Flag of Mozambique (1974-1975).svgFile:Flag of Mozambique (1975-1983).svgFile:Flag of Mozambique (1983).svgFile:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique File:Flag of FRELIMO (1997–2004).svg FRELIMO Marxism–Leninism June 25, 1975 December 1, 1990 Africa
File:Flag of Niger.svg Niger Nigerien Progressive Party – African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Pan-Africanism 1960 1974 Africa
File:Flag of Niger.svg Niger National Movement for the Development of Society Conservatism 1989 1991 Africa
File:Flag of North Vietnam 1945-1955.svg Vietnam (partially) File:Flag of the Communist Party of Vietnam.svg Workers' Party of North Vietnam (League for the Independence of Vietnam) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Ho Chi Minh Thought September 2, 1945 1946[citation needed] Asia
File:Flag of North Vietnam (1955–1975).svg North Vietnam Workers' Party of North Vietnam (Vietnamese Fatherland Front) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Ho Chi Minh Thought 1955 July 2, 1976 Asia
File:Flag of North Yemen.svg North Yemen File:General People's Congress flag.svg General People's Congress Yemeni nationalism, Arab nationalism, Pan-Arabism, Big tent 1982 1988 Asia
File:Flag of Norway.svg National Government File:Flag of Nasjonal Samling.svg National Rally Fascism, Nazism, Fascist corporatism, Anti-communism, Collaborationism September 25, 1940 May 8, 1945 Europe
File:Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg Ottoman Empire Union and Progress Party[10] İttihadism 11 June 1913 1918 Asia/Europe
File:Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay File:Bandera Partido Colorado de Paraguay.svg Colorado Party Conservatism, national conservatism 1947 1962 South America
File:Flag of Persian Socialist Soviet Republic.svg Persia Communist Party of Persia Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1920 1921 Asia
File:Flag of the Philippines (1943-1945).svg Republic of the Philippines File:Flag of Kalibapi.svg Association for Service to the New Philippines Filipino nationalism, National conservatism, Fascism, Pro-Japan, collaborationism October 14, 1943 August 17, 1945 Asia
File:Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svgFile:Flag of Poland (with coat of arms, 1980-1990).svg Poland File:Polish United Workers' Party flag.svg Polish United Workers' Party (Front of National Unity) Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism February 5, 1947 July 1982 Europe
File:Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svgFile:Flag of Poland (with coat of arms, 1980-1990).svg Poland File:Polish United Workers' Party flag.svg Polish United Workers' Party (Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth) Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism July 1982 August 24, 1989 Europe
File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal File:União Nacional Flag.svg National Union Salazarism, corporatism, Integralismo Lusitano July 30, 1930[11] October 8, 1945[11] Europe
File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal File:União Nacional Flag.svg National Union Salazarism, corporatism, Integralismo Lusitano January 31, 1948[12] September 1969[note 2] Europe
File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal File:União Nacional Flag.svg People's National Action (formerly National Union) Corporatism, Integralismo Lusitano 1970 April 25, 1974 Europe
File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania File:Flag of the National Renaissance Front.svg Party of the Nation Big tent, Romanian nationalism, Monarchism December 16, 1938 September 6, 1940 Europe
File:Flag of Romania.svgFile:Flag of the Legionary Movement.png National Legionary State File:Flag of the Iron Guard (Legion of the Archangel Michael or Legionary Movement).svg Iron Guard Legionarism, clerical fascism, Christian nationalism September 6, 1940 January 23, 1941 Europe
File:Flag of Romania.svgFile:Flag of Romania (1948-1952).svgFile:Flag of Romania (1952-1965).svgFile:Flag of Romania (1965-1989).svg Romania File:Flag of PCR.svg Romanian Communist Party (People's Democratic Front) Communism, Marxism–Leninism February 5, 1948 1968 Europe
File:Flag of Romania (1948-1952).svgFile:Flag of Romania (1952-1965).svgFile:Flag of Romania (1965-1989).svg Romania File:Flag of PCR.svg Romanian Communist Party (Front of Socialist Unity) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, National Communism 1968 1980 Europe
File:Flag of Romania.svgFile:Flag of Romania (1948-1952).svgFile:Flag of Romania (1952-1965).svgFile:Flag of Romania (1965-1989).svg Romania File:Flag of PCR.svg Romanian Communist Party (Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, National Communism 1980 December 29, 1989 Europe
File:Flag of Rwanda (1962–2001).svg Rwanda Parmehutu Hutu Power 1965 1973 Africa
File:Flag of Rwanda (1962–2001).svg Rwanda File:Flag of the National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND).png National Revolutionary Movement for Development Hutu Power, Ultranationalism, Social conservatism, Anti-communism 1978 1991 Africa
File:Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino Sammarinese Fascist Party Italian fascism, Corporatism 1926 1943 Europe
File:Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino Republican Fascist Party of San Marino Italian fascism 1943 1944 Europe
File:Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal Socialist Party of Senegal African nationalism, African socialism 1966 1974 Africa
File:Flag of Seychelles (1977–1996).svg Seychelles Seychelles People's Progressive Front Communism, Marxism-Leninism 1977 1991 Africa
File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone All People's Congress African nationalism, Democratic socialism 1978 1991 Africa
File:Flag of First Slovak Republic 1939-1945.svg Slovak Republic File:Flag of the Hlinka party (1938–1945) variant 2.svg Hlinka's Slovak People's Party – Party of Slovak National Unity Clerical fascism, Slovak nationalism March 14, 1939 May 8, 1945 Europe
File:Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party Islamic socialism, Marxism–Leninism, Pan-Somalism

Scientific socialism, Somali nationalism

July 1976 January 26, 1991 Africa
File:Flag of South Yemen.svg South Yemen File:Flag of the Popular Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arabian Gulf.svg National Liberation Front Arab nationalism, Arab socialism November 30, 1967 October 31, 1978 Asia
File:Flag of South Yemen.svg South Yemen File:Yemeni Socialist Party Flag.svg Yemeni Socialist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism October 31, 1978 May 22, 1990 Asia
File:Flag of South Yemen.svg Yemen File:Yemeni Socialist Party Flag.svg Yemeni Socialist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism May 21, 1994 July 7, 1994 Asia
File:Flag of the Commune of the Working People of Estonia.svg Estonia Russian Communist Party (Central Committee of the Estonian Sections) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism November 29, 1918 June 5, 1919 Europe
File:Flag the Russian SFSR (1918).svgFile:Flag of the Russian SFSR (1918-1920).svg Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Russian Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism March 8, 1918[13] December 30, 1922 Europe/Asia
File:Flag the Russian SFSR (1918).svgFile:Flag of the Russian SFSR (1918-1920).svg Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism January 19, 1918 March 8, 1918[13] Europe/Asia
File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1923).svgFile:Flag of the Soviet Union (1924).svgFile:Flag of the Soviet Union (1924-1936).svgFile:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Russian Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism December 30, 1922 December 31, 1925[13] Europe/Asia
File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1924).svgFile:Flag of the Soviet Union (1924-1936).svgFile:Flag of the Soviet Union (1936-1955).svgFile:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Union of Soviet Socialist Republics All-Union Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism, Stalinism December 31, 1925[13] October 13, 1952[13] Europe/Asia
File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1936-1955).svgFile:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svgFile:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Communist Party of the Soviet Union Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism October 13, 1952[13] October 9, 1990[14] Europe/Asia
File:Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931).svg Kingdom of Spain Patriotic Union Spanish nationalism, Political Catholicism, Monarchism, Conservatism 1924 1930 Europe
File:Flag of Spain (1945–1977).svg Spanish State File:Bandera FE JONS.svg FET y de las JONS Francoism, Falangism, Spanish nationalism, traditionalism, National Catholicism, anti-liberalism, corporatism April 19, 1937 July 6, 1976[15] Europe
File:Flag of Sudan.svg Democratic Republic of the Sudan File:Flag of the Sudanese Socialist Union.svg Sudanese Socialist Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Anti-communism 1971 1985 Africa
File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan National Congress Party Islamism, Arab nationalism, Salafism, Social conservatism 1989 2005 Africa
File:Flag of Syria (1932-1958; 1961-1963).svg Syrian Republic Arab Liberation Movement Pan-Arabism, Modernization, Pro-Western 1953 1954 Asia
 Syria File:Flag of the Ba'ath Party.svg Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (National Progressive Front) Neo-Ba'athism 1963 February 27, 2012[16][17] Asia
File:Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg São Tomé and Príncipe Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe – Social Democratic Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1975 1990 Africa
File:Flag of Tanganyika (1961–1964).svg Tanganyika File:Flag of TANU.svg Tanganyika African National Union African nationalism, African socialism, Ujamaa 1961 1977 Africa
File:Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania Chama Cha Mapinduzi Ujamaa, African socialism 1977 1992 Africa
File:Flag of Togo.svg Togo Party of Togolese Unity African nationalism 1962 1963 Africa
File:Flag of Togo.svg Togo Rally of the Togolese People African nationalism, Right-wing populism 1969 1991 Africa
File:Flag of Tunisia (1959–1999).svg Tunisia Neo Destour Tunisian nationalism, Bourguibism 1963 1964 Africa
File:Flag of Tunisia (1959–1999).svg Tunisia Socialist Destourian Party Tunisian nationalism, Secularism, Bourguibism 1964 1981 Africa
 Turkey (one-party period) File:Flag of the Republican People's Party (Turkey).svg Republican People's Party Kemalism 1923 1945 Asia/Europe
File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan Democratic Party of Turkmenistan Turkmen nationalism, Secularism, Social conservatism, Catch-all party 1992 2008 Asia
File:Flag of the Tuvinian Peoples Revolutionary Party.svgFile:Flag of Tannu Tuva (1921-1926).svgFile:Flag of the Tuvan People's Republic (1926-1930).svgFile:Flag of the Tuvan People's Republic (1930-1933).svgFile:Flag of the Tuvan People's Republic (1933-1939).svgFile:Flag of the Tuvan People's Republic (1941-1943).svgFile:Flag of the Tuvan People's Republic (1943-1944).svg Tuva File:Flag of the Tuvinian Peoples Revolutionary Party.svg Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism August 14, 1921 October 11, 1944 Asia
File:Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda File:Flag of Uganda People's Congress (UPC).png Uganda People's Congress Social democracy, African nationalism, Pan-Africanism 1969 1971 Africa
File:Flag of Ukrainian SSR (1919-1929).svg Ukraine Communist Party of Ukraine Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism March 10, 1919 December 30, 1922 Europe
File:Flag of the United Arab Republic.svg United Arab Republic National Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism 1958 1961 Africa
File:Flag of Upper Volta.svg Upper Volta Voltaic Democratic Union-African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Pan-Africanism 1960 1966 Africa
File:Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg Yugoslavia Yugoslav Radical Peasants' Democracy Royalism, Yugoslav nationalism, Agrarianism, Centralism, Anti-liberalism 1929 1931 Europe
File:Flag of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia.svgFile:Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg Yugoslavia File:League of Communists of Yugoslavia Flag.svg League of Communists of Yugoslavia (Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia) Marxism–Leninism, Titoism, Yugoslavism November 29, 1945 January 22, 1990 Europe
File:Flag of Zaire (1971–1997).svg Zaire Popular Movement of the Revolution Mobutism, Zairean nationalism, Authenticité 1970 1990 Africa
File:Flag of Zambia (1964–1996).svg Zambia File:Unip Zambia Flag.png United National Independence Party African socialism, African nationalism 1972 1990 Africa
File:Flag of Zanzibar.svg Zanzibar File:Flag of Afro-Shirazi party.svg Afro-Shirazi Party African nationalism, Marxism–Leninism 1964 1977 Africa

See also[edit | edit source]

Notes[edit | edit source]

  1. ^ The Republic of China controlled the mainland from 1912 to 1949 and the island of Taiwan since 1945, in which the ROC currently administers the Free area. This government served China in the United Nations from 1945 to 1971. See Political status of Taiwan and the One-China policy for various viewpoints.
  2. ^ Following the appointment of Marcelo Caetano as Prime Minister in 1968, the opposition was allowed to run to the 1969 Portuguese legislative election, before being banned.

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ^ Clark, William Roberts; Golder, Matt; Golder, Sona Nadenichek (23 March 2012). Principles of Comparative Politics. SAGE. ISBN 9781608716791.
  2. ^ Holmes, Geoffrey; and Szechi, D. (2014). The Age of Oligarchy: Pre-Industrial Britain 1722–1783. Routledge. p. xi. ISBN 131789426X. ISBN 978-1317894261.
  3. ^ Bozarslan, Hamit (2019). "Afterword: Talaat's Empire: A Backward Country, but a State Well Ahead of Its Time". End of the Ottomans - The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. I. B. Tauris. p. 330. ISBN 978-1-7867-3604-8.
  4. ^ Afghanistan: A Country Study
  5. ^ "Afghanistan 1977". Princeton University. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012.
  6. ^ The Search for a Cameroonian Model of Democracy or the Search for the Domination of the State Party: 1966-2006
  7. ^ Central African Republic Unions Strike for Democracy 1990-1993
  8. ^ Mediterranean Fascism 1919–1945
  9. ^ a b China at War: Regions of China, 1937-1945
  10. ^ Bozarslan, Hamit (2019). "Afterword: Talaat's Empire: A Backward Country, but a State Well Ahead of Its Time". End of the Ottomans - The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. I. B. Tauris. p. 330. ISBN 978-1-7867-3604-8.
  11. ^ a b 12th Period - Second Republic of Portugal
  12. ^ Fascism and Resistance in Portugal: Communists, Liberals and Military
  13. ^ a b c d e f The Constitution of the Russian Federation: A Contextual Analysis By Jane Henderson
  14. ^ Ideology And Political System By Kundan Kumar
  15. ^ Law 21/1976, of June 14, on the Right of Political Association.
  16. ^ "Presidential Decree on Syria's New Constitution". Syrian Arab News Agency. 28 February 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  17. ^ Chulov, Martin (27 February 2012). "Syrian regime rockets bombard Homs". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 14 March 2012.

External links[edit | edit source]

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