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Party of European Socialists
From Justapedia - Reading time: 22 min
Party of European Socialists | |
|---|---|
| File:Logo of the Party of European Socialists.png | |
| President | Stefan Löfven (SE) |
| Secretary-General | Achim Post (DE) |
| Founded | 1973 (Confederation) 9–10 November 1992 (Party) |
| Headquarters | Rue Guimard 10, 1040 Brussels, Belgium |
| Think tank | Foundation for European Progressive Studies |
| Youth wing | Young European Socialists |
| Women's wing | PES Women |
| Ideology | Social democracy[1][2] Pro-Europeanism |
| Political position | Centre-left[2][3] |
| International affiliation | Progressive Alliance[4] Socialist International[5] |
| European Parliament group | Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats |
| Colours | Red |
| European Parliament | 145 / 705 |
| European Council | 7 / 27 |
| European Commission | 9 / 27 |
| European Lower Houses | 2,327 / 9,874 |
| European Upper Houses | 645 / 2,714 |
| Website | |
| pes | |
The Party of European Socialists (PES) is a social democratic European political party.[6]
The PES comprises national-level political parties from all member states of the European Union (EU) plus Norway and the United Kingdom. This includes major parties such as the Social Democratic Party of Germany, the French Socialist Party, the British Labour Party, the Italian Democratic Party and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. Parties from a number of other European countries and from the Mediterranean region are also admitted to the PES as associate or observer parties.[7] Most member, associate and observer parties are members of the wider Progressive Alliance or Socialist International.[4][5]
The PES is currently led by its president Stefan Löfven, a former Prime Minister of Sweden. Its political group in the European Parliament is the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D). The PES also operates in the European Committee of the Regions (in the PES Group in the Committee of the Regions) and the European Council.
Name[edit | edit source]
The party's English name is "Party of European Socialists". In addition, the following names are used in other languages:
- Albanian: Partia e Socialistëve Europianë
- Bosnian: Stranka europskih socijalista
- Bulgarian: Партия на европейските социалисти
- Croatian: Stranka europskih socijalista
- Czech: Strana evropských socialistů
- Danish: De Europæiske Socialdemokrater
- Dutch: Partij van Europese Socialisten
- Estonian: Euroopa Sotsialistlik Partei
- Finnish: Euroopan sosialidemokraattinen puolue
- French: Parti socialiste européen
- German: Sozialdemokratische Partei Europas
- Greek: Ευρωπαϊκό Σοσιαλιστικό Κόμμα
- Hungarian: Európai Szocialisták Pártja
- Icelandic: Flokkur evrópskra sósíalista
- Irish: Páirtí na Sóisialaithe Eorpach
- Italian: Partito del Socialismo Europeo
- Latvian: Eiropas Sociāldemokrātiskā partija
- Lithuanian: Europos socialistų partija
- Luxembourgish: Partei vun den Europäesche Sozialisten
- Macedonian: Партија на европските социјалисти
- Maltese: Partit tas-Soċjalisti Ewropej
- Norwegian: Det europeiske sosialdemokratiske partiet
- Polish: Partia Europejskich Socjalistów
- Portuguese: Partido Socialista Europeu
- Romanian: Partidul Socialiștilor Europeni
- Serbian: Партија европских социјалиста
- Slovak: Strana európskych socialistov
- Slovene: Stranka evropskih socialistov
- Spanish: Partido Socialista Europeo
- Swedish: Europeiska socialdemokratiska partiet
- Turkish: Avrupa Sosyalistler Partisi
In March 2014 following the congress in Rome, the PES added the tagline "Socialists and Democrats" to its name following the admission of Italy's Democratic Party into the organisation.[8]
History[edit | edit source]
1960s[edit | edit source]
In 1961, the Socialists in the European Parliament attempted to produce a common 'European Socialist Programme' but this was neglected due to the applications of Britain, Denmark, Ireland and Norway to join the European Community. The Socialists' 1962 congress pushed for greater democratisation and powers for Parliament, though it was only in 1969 that this possibility was examined by the member states.[9]
1970s[edit | edit source]
In 1973, Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom joined the European Community, bringing in new parties from these countries. The enlarged Socialist Congress met in Bonn and inaugurated the Confederation of the Socialist Parties of the European Community. The Congress also passed a resolution on social policy, including the right to decent work, social security, democracy and equality in the European economy.[10] In 1978, the Confederation of Socialist Parties approved the first common European election Manifesto. It focused on several goals among which the most important were to ensure a right to decent work, fight pollution, end discrimination, protect the consumer and promote peace, human rights and civil liberties.
1980s[edit | edit source]
At its Luxembourg Congress in 1980, the Confederation of Socialist Parties approved its first Statute. The accession of Greece to the EU in 1981, followed by Spain and Portugal in 1986, brought in more parties.
In 1984, a common Socialist election manifesto proposed a socialist remedy for the economic crisis of the time by establishing a link between industrial production, protection of fundamental social benefits, and the fight for an improved quality of life.[10]
1990s[edit | edit source]
In 1992, with the European Community becoming the European Union and with the Treaty of Maastricht establishing the framework for political parties at a European level, the Confederation of Socialist Parties voted to transform itself into the Party of European Socialists. The party's first programme concentrated on job creation, democracy, gender equality, environmental and consumer protection, peace and security, regulation of immigration, discouragement of racism and fighting organised crime.[10]
Along with the Socialist Group in the European Parliament, the founding members of the PES were:[11]
- Social Democratic Party of Austria
- Socialist Party (Francophone) and the Socialist Party (Flemish) of Belgium
- Social Democrats of Denmark
- Socialist Party of France
- Social Democratic Party of Germany
- Panhellenic Socialist Movement of Greece
- Labour Party of Ireland
- Italian Democratic Socialist Party, Italian Socialist Party and Democratic Party of the Left of Italy
- Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party
- Labour Party of the Netherlands
- Socialist Party of Portugal
- Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
- Swedish Social Democratic Party
- Labour Party and Social Democratic and Labour Party of the UK
2000s[edit | edit source]
In 2004 Poul Nyrup Rasmussen defeated Giuliano Amato to be elected President of the PES, succeeding Robin Cook in the post. He was re-elected for a further 2.5 years at the PES Congress in Porto on 8 December 2006 and again at the Prague Congress in 2009.
2010s[edit | edit source]
In 2010, the Foundation for European Progressive Studies was founded as the political foundation (think tank) of the PES.
Mr Rasmussen stood down at the PES Progressive Convention in Brussels on 24 November 2011. He was replaced as interim president by Sergey Stanishev, at the time chairman of the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP) and former prime minister of Bulgaria.
On 28–29 September 2012, the PES Congress in Brussels[12] Congress elected interim president Sergey Stanishev as full President, as well as four deputies: Jean-Christophe Cambadélis (1st Vice-President – PS), Elena Valenciano (PSOE), Jan Royall (Labour) and Katarína Neveďalová (Smer-SD). The same Congress elected Achim Post (SPD) as its new secretary general, and adopted a process which it described as "democratic and transparent" for electing its next candidate for Commission President in 2014.[13] Sergey Stanishev was re-elected PES President on 22–23 June 2015 in Budapest. The Congress also approved Achim Post (SPD) as the Secretary-General as well as the four Vice-Presidents: Jean-Christophe Cambadélis (PS), Carin Jämtin (Swedish Social Democratic Party), Katarína Neveďalová (Smer-SD) and Jan Royall (Labour).
On 7–8 December 2018, the PES Congress gathered in Lisbon to elect its leadership. Sergey Stanishev was confirmed as party President and Achim Post (SPD) as secretary general. Iratxe García (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party) was elected by the new presidency 1st Vice-President of the PES and Francisco André (Socialist Party (Portugal)), Katarína Neveďalová (Smer-SD) and Marita Ulvskog (Swedish Social Democratic Party) were elected PES Vice-Presidents. During the PES Presidency of October 2019, Heléne Fritzon (Swedish Social Democratic Party) became PES Vice-President, replacing Marita Ulvskog.
Organisation[edit | edit source]
| Part of a series on |
| Social democracy |
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| File:Red rose 02.svg |
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Member parties[edit | edit source]
The PES has thirty-three full member parties from each of the twenty-seven EU member states, Norway and the UK. There are a further twelve associate and twelve observer parties from other European countries.[14]
| State | Name | abbr. | MEPs | National MPs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria | Social Democratic Party of Austria Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs |
SPÖ | 5 / 19
|
40 / 183 19 / 62
| |
| File:Flag of Belgium.svg Belgium | Socialist Party Parti socialiste |
PS | 2 / 8 [. 1]
|
19 / 63 7 / 24 [. 1]
| |
| Forward, Socialist Movement Vooruit, socialistische beweging |
Vooruit | 1 / 13 [. 2]
|
9 / 87 4 / 35 [. 2]
| ||
| File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria | Bulgarian Socialist Party Българска социалистическа партия Bulgarska sotsialisticheska partiya |
BSP | 5 / 17
|
26 / 240
| |
 Croatia
|
Social Democratic Party of Croatia Socijaldemokratska partija Hrvatske |
SDP | 4 / 12
|
13 / 151
| |
| File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus | Movement for Social Democracy Κίνημα Σοσιαλδημοκρατών Kinima Sosialdimokraton |
EDEK | 1 / 6
|
4 / 56
| |
| File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic | Czech Social Democratic Party Česká strana sociálně demokratická |
ČSSD | 1 / 21
|
0 / 200 3 / 81
| |
| File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark | Social Democrats Socialdemokraterne |
A | 3 / 14
|
49 / 179
| |
| File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia | Social Democratic Party Sotsiaaldemokraatlik Erakond |
SDE | 2 / 7
|
9 / 101
| |
| File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland | Social Democratic Party of Finland Suomen sosialidemokraattinen puolue Finlands socialdemokratiska parti |
SDP | 2 / 14
|
40 / 200
| |
| File:Flag of France.svg France | Socialist Party Parti socialiste |
PS | 6 / 79
|
65 / 348 28 / 577
| |
| File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany | Social Democratic Party of Germany Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands |
SPD | 16 / 96
|
206 / 735 (Bundestag) 19 / 69 (Bundesrat)
| |
| File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece | Panhellenic Socialist Movement - Movement for Change Πανελλήνιο Σοσιαλιστικό Κίνημα - Κίνημα Αλλαγής Panellínio Sosialistikó Kínima– Kínima Allagís |
PASOK-KINAL | 2 / 21
|
23 / 300
| |
| File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary | Hungarian Socialist Party Magyar Szocialista Párt |
MSZP | 1 / 21
|
10 / 199
| |
| File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland | Labour Party Páirtí an Lucht Oibre |
Lab | 0 / 13
|
4 / 60 7 / 160
| |
| File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy | Democratic Party Partito Democratico |
PD | 18 / 76
|
39 / 315 96 / 630
| |
| Italian Socialist Party Partito Socialista Italiano |
PSI | 0 / 76
|
1 / 315 1 / 630
| ||
| File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia | Social Democratic Party "Harmony"[15] Sociāldemokrātiskā partija "Saskaņa" |
SDPS | 2 / 8
|
18 / 100
| |
| File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania | Social Democratic Party of Lithuania Lietuvos socialdemokratų partija |
LSDP | 2 / 11
|
12 / 141
| |
| File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg | Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party Lëtzebuerger Sozialistesch Aarbechterpartei Parti ouvrier socialiste luxembourgeois Luxemburger Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei |
LSAP | 1 / 6
|
10 / 60
| |
| File:Flag of Malta.svg Malta | Labour Party Partit Laburista |
PL | 4 / 6
|
38 / 69
| |
| File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands | Labour Party Partij van de Arbeid |
PvdA | 6 / 29
|
6 / 75 9 / 150
| |
 Norway
|
Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet |
AP | Not in EU | 48 / 169
| |
| File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland | New Left Nowa Lewica |
NL | 4 / 52
|
0 / 100 38 / 460
| |
| Labour Union Unia Pracy |
UP | 0 / 52
|
0 / 100 0 / 460
| ||
| File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal | Socialist Party Partido Socialista |
PS | 9 / 21
|
120 / 230
| |
| File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania | Social Democratic Party Partidul Social Democrat |
PSD | 8 / 33
|
47 / 136 109 / 330
| |
| File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia | Direction – Social Democracy Smer – sociálna demokracia |
Smer-SD | 3 / 14
|
27 / 150
| |
| File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia | Social Democrats Socialni demokrati |
SD | 2 / 8
|
7 / 90
| |
| File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party Partido Socialista Obrero Español |
PSOE | 21 / 58
|
113 / 265 120 / 350
| |
| File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden | Swedish Social Democratic Party Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti |
SAP | 5 / 21
|
107 / 349
| |
| File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom | Labour Party | Lab (GB) | Not in EU | 168 / 794 199 / 632
| |
| Social Democratic and Labour Party Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre |
SDLP (NI) | Not in EU | 0 / 794 2 / 18
| ||
Associated parties
| |||||
| State | Name | abbr. | European MPs | National MPs | |
| File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania | Socialist Party of Albania Partia Socialiste e Shqipërisë |
PSS | 74 / 140
| ||
 Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina Socijaldemokratska partija Bosne i Hercegovine |
SDP | 1 / 15 5 / 42
| ||
| File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria | Party of Bulgarian Social Democrats партия Български социалдемократи Partiya Bulgarski Sotsialdemokrati |
PBS | 0 / 17 |
1 / 240
| |
| File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland | Social Democratic Alliance Samfylkingin |
Samf. | 7 / 63
| ||
| File:Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova | Democratic Party of Moldova Partidul Democrat din Moldova |
PDM | 0 / 101
| ||
| File:Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro | Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro Demokratska partija socijalista Crne Gore |
DPS | 29 / 81
| ||
| Social Democratic Party of Montenegro Socijaldemokratska partija Crne Gore |
SDP | 2 / 81
| |||
| File:Flag of North Macedonia.svg North Macedonia | Social Democratic Union of Macedonia Социјалдемократски сојуз на Македонија Socijaldemokratski Sojuz na Makedonija |
SDSM | 49 / 120
| ||
 Serbia |
Democratic Party Демократска странка Demokratska stranka |
DS | 10 / 250
| ||
| File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland | Social Democratic Party of Switzerland Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz Parti socialiste suisse Partito Socialista Svizzero Partida Socialdemocrata de la Svizra |
SP/PS | 39 / 200 9 / 46
| ||
| File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey | Republican People's Party Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi |
CHP | 135 / 600
| ||
| Peoples' Democratic Party Halkların Demokratik Partisi Partiya Demokratîk a Gelan |
HDP | 56 / 600
| |||
Observer parties
| |||||
| State | Name | abbr. | European MPs | National MPs | |
| File:Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra | Social Democratic Party Partit Socialdemòcrata |
PS | 3 / 28
| ||
| File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia | Armenian Revolutionary Federation Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն Hay Yeghap’vokhakan Dashnakts’ut’iwn |
ARF | 10 / 107
| ||
| File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt | Egyptian Social Democratic Party الحزب المصرى الديمقراطى الاجتماعى al-Ḥizb al-Maṣrī al-Dimuqrāṭī al-Ijtmāʿī |
ESDP | 4 / 596
| ||
| File:Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia | Georgian Dream ქართული ოცნება – დემოკრატიული საქართველო Kartuli ocneba – Demok’rat’iuli Sakartvelo |
84 / 150
| |||
| File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel | Israeli Labor Party מִפְלֶגֶת הָעֲבוֹדָה הַיִּשְׂרְאֵלִית Mifleget HaAvoda HaIsraelit |
אמת | 7 / 120
| ||
| Meretz מֶרֶצ Meretz |
מרצ | 6 / 120
| |||
| File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia | Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party Latvijas Sociāldemokrātiskā strādnieku partija |
LSDSP | 0 / 8 |
0 / 100
| |
| File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco | Socialist Union of Popular Forces الاتحاد الاشتراكي للقوات الشعبية Al-Ittihad Al-Ishtirakiy Lilqawat Al-Sha'abiyah Union Socialiste des Forces Populaires |
USFP | 24 / 270 20 / 395
| ||
| File:Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg Northern Cyprus | Republican Turkish Party Cumhuriyetçi Türk Partisi |
CTP | 12 / 50
| ||
| File:Flag of Palestine.svg Palestine | Fatah فتح Fatḥ |
فتح | 45 / 132
| ||
| File:Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino | Party of Socialists and Democrats Partito dei Socialisti e dei Democratici |
PSD | 3 / 60
| ||
| File:Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia | Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties التكتل الديمقراطي من أجل العمل والحريات at-Takattul ad-Dīmuqrāṭī min ajl il-‘Amal wal-Ḥurriyyāt Forum démocratique pour le travail et les libertés |
FDTL | 0 / 217
| ||
Constituent organisations[edit | edit source]
The youth organisation of the PES is the Young European Socialists. PES Women is the party's women's organisation, led by Zita Gurmai. The LGBTI campaign organisation is Rainbow Rose.[16]
International memberships[edit | edit source]
PES is an associated organisation of Socialist International and the Progressive Alliance.
President and Presidency[edit | edit source]
The President (currently former Prime Minister of Bulgaria Sergey Stanishev) represents the party on a daily basis and chairs the Presidency, which also consists of the Secretary General, President of the S&D group in Parliament and one representative per full/associate member party and organisation. They may also be joined by the President of the European Parliament (if a PES member), a PES European Commissioner and a representative from associate parties and organisations.[16]
The list below shows PES presidents and the presidents of its predecessors.[17]
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Governance[edit | edit source]
The parties meet at the party Congress twice every five years to decide on political orientation, such as adopting manifestos ahead of elections. Every year that the Congress does not meet, the Council (a smaller version of the Congress) shapes PES policy. The Congress also elects the party's President, Vice-Presidents and the Presidency.[16]
The Leader's Conference brings together Prime Ministers and Party Leaders from PES parties three to four times a year to agree strategies and resolutions.[16]
European election primaries[edit | edit source]
In December 2009, the PES decided to put forward a candidate for Commission President at all subsequent elections.[18] On 1 March 2014, the PES organised for the first time a European election Congress where a Common Manifesto[19] was adopted and the Common Candidate designate for the post of Commission President, Martin Schulz, was elected by over a thousand participants in Rome, Italy. In 2019, progressives elected Frans Timmermans as PES Common Candidate to the European Elections, during the Election Congress in Madrid on 22–23 February 2019.
PES in the European institutions[edit | edit source]
Overview of the European institutions[edit | edit source]
| Organisation | Institution | Number of seats |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Europe.svg European Union | European Parliament | 148 / 751
|
| Committee of the Regions | 131 / 350
| |
| European Commission | 9 / 27
| |
| European Council (Heads of Government) |
7 / 27
| |
| Council of the European Union (Participation in Government) |
13 / 27
| |
| File:Flag of the Council of Europe.svg Council of Europe | Parliamentary Assembly | 69 / 318
|
European Parliament[edit | edit source]
European Commission[edit | edit source]
European Commissioners are meant to remain independent, however there has been an increasing degree of politicisation within the Commission.[20] In the current European Commission, nine of the Commissioners belong to the PES family.
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European Council[edit | edit source]
Of the 27 heads of state and government that are members of the European Council, 7 are from the PES, and therefore regularly attend PES summits to prepare for European Council meetings.
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In third countries[edit | edit source]
Through its associate and observer parties the PES has eight head of state or government in non-EU countries:
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European Council and Council of Ministers[edit | edit source]
Party-alignment at the European Council is often loose, but has been the basis of some intergovernmental cooperation. At present seven countries are led by a PES-affiliated leader, who represents that state at the European Council: Germany (Olaf Scholz), Spain (Pedro Sánchez), Portugal (António Costa), Malta (Robert Abela), Denmark (Mette Frederiksen), Finland (Sanna Marin) and Sweden (Stefan Löfven).
The makeup of national delegations to the Council of Ministers is at some times subject to coalitions: for the above governments led by a PES party, that party may not be present in all Council configurations; in other governments led by non-PES parties a PES minister may be its representative for certain portfolios. PES is in coalition in the following countries: Italy, Luxembourg and Romania.
Overview[edit | edit source]
Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe[edit | edit source]
Committee of the Regions[edit | edit source]
PES has 122 members in the Committee of the Regions as of 2014.[21]
References[edit | edit source]
- ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "European Union". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
- ^ a b Richard Dunphy (2004). Contesting Capitalism?: Left Parties and European Integration. Manchester University Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-7190-6804-1.
- ^ John Pinder, Simon Usherwood (2013). The European Union: A Very Short Introduction. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-1915-03931.
- ^ a b "Member parties of the Progressive Alliance". 1 February 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
- ^ a b "Member parties of Socialist International". 1 February 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
- ^ Robert Thomson (2011). Resolving Controversy in the European Union: Legislative Decision-Making Before and After Enlargement. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-139-50517-8. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ^ "Member parties of the PES". 1 February 2017. Archived from the original on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
- ^ "Il PSE "omaggia "il PD cambiando ufficialmente nome: PSE – Socialists&Democrats" (in Italian). 2 March 2014. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
- ^ "Northern European Social Democracy and European Integration, 1960–1972. Moving towards a New Consensus?". Consensus and European Integration- Consensus et Intégration Européenne. Academia.edu. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
- ^ a b c "History". Socialist Group website. Archived from the original on 1 November 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
- ^ Skrzypek, Ania (2013). "Europe, Our Common Future" Celebrating 20 years of the Party of European Socialists (PDF). Belgium: FEPS – Foundation for European Progressive Studies. ISBN 978-3-85464-037-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
- ^ "Together for the Europe we need!". Zita Gurmai, President of PES Women. 26 July 2012. Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
- ^ "Ethics in politics : For strong moral conduct through a strong moral code" (PDF). PES Presidency declaration. 14 April 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
- ^ "About the PES?". PES website. Archived from the original on 6 May 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
- ^ "Saskaņa joins Party of European Socialists". Public Broadcasting of Latvia. LETA. 27 November 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
- ^ a b c d "How does PES work?". PES website. Archived from the original on 30 October 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2007.
- ^ "Former PES Presidents". PES website. Archived from the original on 9 October 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
- ^ "A New Direction for Progressive Societies. Resolution N. 2 A new way forward. Adopted by the 8th PES Congress" (PDF). PES. 8 December 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2010.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "PES Manifesto Towards a New Europe. Adopted by Election Congress 2014 in Rome" (PDF). PES. 1 March 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
- ^ Mahony, Honor (7 May 2007). "Brussels struggles with communication policy". EU Observer. Retrieved 12 May 2007.
- ^ "PES Group Members". Archived from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
External links[edit | edit source]
- Party of European Socialists, official website
- Parliamentary Group of the Party of European Socialists, official website
- European Youth Plan campaign, official website
- PES Group in the Committee of the Regions, official website
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