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Martial Law, short for Martial Arts Law (MAL), is the set of rules that govern how characters in martial arts movies fight. A synopsis:
Government: When used in conjunction with government, "martial law" generally denotes the set of policies that take effect when a military force becomes responsible for administration and the enforcement of order within a community. Both foreign and domestic militaries can impose martial law, and the rules of martial law often include curfews, quarantines, increased civil and criminal penalties, and the suppression of free speech. Most of the instigators of martial law defend their actions as necessary to prevent anarchy and violence. Still, while martial law has undoubtedly been used to forestall such dangers, it has also been used by repressive regimes as a last-ditch defense against revolution or democratization.
Or, to put it less (*ahem*) delicately: Martial law is the end result of a governmental body realizing that its administration is effectively FUBAR. When the citizens of a country realize how badly they've been screwed over since the country's foundation, the government sends in the military to bluntly do the job that it has been trying to inconspicuously accomplish for hundreds of years: taking away people's guns and newspapers and making sure they don't get the nation's flag near any gasoline or open flames. This gives the government enough time to rewrite the constitution while nobody's looking and start the country all over again.
Put in another way. Martial law exists so that if a situation develops that causes normally established policing organizations to be useless or even nonexistent, the government can send in soldiers to keep the peace until the situation can be put back to its normal state. For example, martial law was imposed on parts of Europe freed from Nazi Germany during World War 2, as the standard policing bodies would either be Nazi-controlled or influenced when the territories are taken back.
A widespread misconception is that martial law could be imposed as a replacement to standard policing bodies period. The truth of the matter is that martial law is a temporary measure for a reason. Primarily military-grade supplies and weaponry are far, far more expensive than the materials used by law enforcement, and so are military vehicles and paraphernalia. Basically, it is far too costly to impose martial law for an extended period, let alone encompass the entire country in it, because of this. Not to mention that soldiers have no training in forensic fields, which means that while they could easily kick the ass of a group of bank robbers, they could not correctly determine if someone amongst the bank tellers were part of the robbery plan.
Of course, this snark also overlooks cases where citizens get upset because the government tries to take away their "right" to oppress their fellow citizens... Reconstruction was a case of martial law that attempted to fix this kind of problem.
A state of emergency is a similar but not identical thing: as with martial law, normal human rights and due process can be suspended, and people's actions, movements, and rights may be restricted, but the military is not necessarily called upon to enforce the new rules.[12]
Martial law can be initiated either by civilian or military government. Rule by the military in general is called military government or military dictatorship, although sometimes the punning khakistocracy is used from khaki (color of military fatigues) + kakistocracy ("rule by the worst").[13] A related concept is stratocracy, where military service gives political privileges such as citizenship and the right to vote (the most famous example is Robert Heinlein's Starship Troopers.)
Not all rule by the military has the characteristics of martial law: the military leaders may leave policing and administration to civilian authorities, although history shows they tend not to, and in particular feel the need to have their opponents arrested or shot. For example, Zia in Pakistan experimented with a civilian Prime Minister and government but dismissed it after a while. Ex-military figures such as Dwight Eisenhower may lead civilian governments without imposing military rule.
A common element in many fringe moonbat and wingnut conspiracy theories is that secret plans to implement martial law (or as the nutjobs commonly spell it on the web, "marshal law") are being carried out covertly, e.g., the construction of FEMA concentration camps in the US. This may constitute the beginning of the New World Order. Alex Jones and many others have been warning the sheeple about the coming implementation of martial law for years. Still waiting on that one... yep, still waiting... Damn, it is taking those lizards a long time.
Of course, every time a truck with signs saying martial law[14] is somewhere in the US, that's proof that martial law is about to happen. Every time a UN truck is shown on the road, that's "proof". The Army can't do its goddamn job of transporting tanks around the country without someone yelling MARTIAL LAW!