Reality
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“”Reality is that which, when you stop believing in it, doesn't go away.
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| —Philip K. Dick[1] |
“”To watch the TV screen for any length of time is to learn some really frightening things about the American sense of reality. We are cruelly trapped between what we would like to be and what we actually are. And we cannot possibly become what we would like to be until we are willing to ask ourselves just why the lives we lead on this continent are mainly so empty, so tame, and so ugly. These images are designed not to trouble, but to reassure. They also weaken our ability to deal with the world as it is, ourselves as we are.
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| —James Baldwin[2] |
Reality is simply the way things are, and what everyone ought to believe in.
When people say "reality", they're usually referring to empirical reality: the reality that can be understood from repeatable observations of the senses. While many thought experiments can be created that test the a priori assumptions that this is the "true" reality, epistemological methods that rely on empiricism are the most successful at establishing a reliable understanding of reality. Here on RationalWiki, empiricism is the way to go.
Does reality exist?[edit]
Yes. Next question.
...Okay, to take this question seriously, this is a pretty foundational question of philosophy. Perhaps the most pertinent element of this dilemma is the question of whether or not reality itself exists beyond our perception of it. The idea that reality as we perceive it does not actually exist, and that we are the constructors of our own reality is not a new concept. It goes back centuries and perhaps millenia. Descartes famously worked to figure out the certainty of his reality. And take for example Kant's idea of the noumena and phenomena: things as they are and things as they are apprehended. Phenomenology
, an intellectual tradition started in the late 1800s, seeks to analyze the experience of reality.
However, recognizing subjectivity eventually turns this question not just into a philosophical one, but also a psychological one. Radical constructivism as a psychological theory of mind, for example, posits that each person is unique and alone, interpreting and constructing the world anew at each moment in time. In constructivism, schemas are created which hypothesize how the world works and behaves; evidence is gathered, and if it fits with the theory, the evidence is assimilated, and as such can be "understood" in terms of the schema. If evidence contradicts it may be ignored, sidelined, or deemed to be irrelevant. Occasionally, the weight or the nature of evidence is too overwhelming to be ignored, and the situation demands a complete rethink of the schema; it needs to change, in order to accommodate the new information. This is tantamount to a paradigm shift in an individual's thinking. Old ideas are no longer sufficient to explain the world as we perceive it, we need a new vision, a new formulation in order to make sense of our sensory data. Cool shit, right?
Therefore, in constructing our reality, on a moment-by-moment basis we are making assumptions and conceiving tentative hypotheses about what is actually out there; we are testing those hypotheses by prodding, peering and challenging our ideas. To illustrate this, imagine walking down the road on a dark night, when you can just about make out some shapes in the distance on the footpath. As you walk down the road, you are not sure whether a particular shape is a tramp lying in the gutter, whether it is a bundle of rags, or whether it is a large dog waiting to pounce. The mere fact that you do not consider it to be a three-toed sloth or a giant jelly baby means that even when you cannot perceive exactly what something is, already you have ruled out a lot of things that you think it can't be, and are looking for the most likely interpretations of visual and auditory stimuli. In order to make decisions about what the object is, something about the situation would need to change — and it is most likely us that would be the agents of that change; we would go nearer, we might shine a light at it, we might even be bold enough to prod it, if we were not sure. These actions provide us with quasi-experimental data which allows us to decide between competing hypotheses.
Peirce and the phaneron[edit]
Charles Sanders Peirce, one of the first names in phenomenology, introduced what he called the phaneron: reality in total as perceived by the human mind. Every one of us crafts their world in their own mind. Whatever is 'out there,' if anything, is nothing like the world as we perceive it through our senses, and our interpretations of those perceptions are simply a way of making the best sense we can of those current sensory inputs in terms of our past experiences (and our past interpretations of those experiences). In addition, our perceptions are not necessarily the most accurate for representing reality, but rather those that have been favoured by natural selection (making us prone to certain biases). In other words, we are constructing our world moment by moment on the basis of evidence and hypothesis, and imbuing those constructions with meaning. This has profound implications for the nature of reality per se.
The use of the scientific method in constructing reality[edit]
Forming reality in our minds is not as straightforward as it seems. It is based on the application of a semi-intuitive version of the scientific method, incorporating repeated iterations of observing, hypothesizing, and testing.
The process is that we start with assumptions about the world on the basis of our previous "reality models" and current hypotheses and explanations. Sensory information is filtered via these models, and if consistent, logical, and "explainable" in terms of the model's features, the information is assimilated. Sometimes we need to test the model, as it is unclear whether or not the selected model actually fits exactly with the data, "an experiment"; if the model does not fit, either the model is amended, or a different model is selected or even created in order to explain the phenomenon. Much of this occurs at a relatively unconscious level, for we do not normally consider how our sense impressions are manufacturing the visual, auditory, and other sensory images that are being assembled for us by our brains on a moment-by-moment basis. However, some of this is done consciously, when we try to make sense of a situation which puzzles us. In doing this, we arrive at a version of reality which might make sense in our terms, but which we have no guarantee corresponds either to the version of reality constructed by others. Unfortunately, reality is personal, relative, and somewhat arbitrary. Any arguments that there is something out there which is absolute, fixed, and true, are essentially irrelevant, as we can never, in principle, determine what that might be. We can only perceive such versions of reality in terms of our own sense impressions and our brain's interpretations of them.
Despite some ambiguous and relativistic aspects of reality, it has a way of biting you in the ass when you've been taking in too much woo or crankery.
Facts[edit]
Facts are small pieces of information about reality, small enough to be verifiable. Not to be confused with the similar concept of truth, which can be quite complex to assess, facts are largely grounded in direct observation, empirical evidence, or formal records. Beware facts divested from context and thorough analysis, because it's quite easy to build a lie out of carefully selected truths.
Factoid is a term that originally referred to statements that sound like fact, but are not actually verifiable. The colloquial meaning has largely shifted to refer to a fact that is fun or interesting.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ Speech "How To Build A Universe That Doesn't Fall Apart Two Days Later", 1978
- ↑ I Am Not Your Negro Quotes (2016) IMDb
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