State religion

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A state religion is the endorsement or enforcement of a particular religion by a state.

This can be thought of as two positions; endorsement and enforcement:

• The former, endorsement, is benign for the most part.^{[note 1]} England, for example, has Christianity (specifically the Church of England with the Queen at its head) as its official state religion, although in practice the country is almost entirely secular.
• The latter position, that of enforcement, is less benign: it can lead to repression of other religions and of lack of religion. Even today, a number of countries have repressive policies regarding their state religion and severe punishments that may be meted out to those who break them. These are, for the most part, the Islamic fundamentalist states in the Middle East, such as Saudi Arabia and Iran. Some are surprised to learn that in Israel, Orthodox Judaism controls family law, and that the Orthodox rabbinate is state-funded; only Orthodox rabbis may legally marry people in-country.^[1][2]

Political rulers have often used state religions to uphold nationalist régimes — note for example Nazi Germany's use of "Positive Christianity"^[3] and the development of "State Shinto" in Imperial Japan. A unified religion allegedly promotes social cohesion,^[4] regardless of private beliefs or of the actual ideology of ruling classes. There is also the "Religion of the State" as exemplified in fascist Italy (1922-1943), in communist China, and formerly in the USSR.^[5]

In addition to giving a religion powers and status, being a state religion can also subject it to state control, with the government able to appoint church officials, set church policy, and even influence theology.^[6] (The Russian Orthodox Church^[7] in Imperial Russia (1721-1917)^[8] provides an instructive example.) State-religion status can also impose duties on a church, such as requiring it to marry or minister to everybody rather than picking and choosing.^[6]

Note that the UK, with a state religion, has only 10% or less attending church ceremonies once a week,^[9] while the US, without a state religion, has a comparative figure of over 40%.^[10]

One should distinguish a state religion or state church from a national church, which is any body that sees itself as connected with or ministering to an entire nation. A state church will usually be a national church, but many national churches have no relation to the state (e.g. Scandinavian Lutheran churches).

Having a state religion (as opposed to an authentic religion of True Believers) may also encourage the phenomenon of genuinely-held public collective beliefs in opposition to genuinely-held private beliefs, as studied by Margaret Gilbert (1942–). (Compare the dichotomy between Rousseauian general will and any right to personal freedom.^[11])

Examples[edit]

Christianity[edit]

• Argentina (Roman Catholicism)
• Denmark (Lutheranism)
• El Salvador (Roman Catholicism)
• England (Church of England, see below)
• Greece (Greek Orthodox Church)
• Iceland (Lutheranism)
• Malta (Roman Catholicism)
• Norway (Lutheranism)
• Roman Empire from 380 CE (Nicene Christianity)
• Russia (Russian Orthodox Church (de facto but not the jure))^{[12][13][14][15][16]}
• Holy See (Vatican City) (Roman Catholicism)

Islam[edit]

• Afghanistan
• Algeria
• Bahrain
• Brunei (on 1 May 2014, strict sharia law was introduced and applies to both Muslims and non-Muslims)
• Bangladesh
• Egypt
• Iran (specifically Shia)
• Iraq
• Jordan
• Libya
• Malaysia
• Mauritania
• Oman
• Pakistan
• Qatar
• Saudi Arabia
• United Arab Emirates
• Aceh (part of Indonesia)
• Parts of Somalia are de jure secular but de facto ruled by theocratic courts
• Several states of Nigeria

Orthodox Judaism (only applies to Jewish population)[edit]

• Israel

Buddhism[edit]

• Bhutan
• Cambodia
• Myanmar
• Thailand
• Tibet's government-in-exile

Shinto[edit]

• Pre-WWII Japan

Atheism[edit]

• Albania (banned all religious practice 1967–1990)
• China^[17]
• The former USSR^[18]

Juche[edit]

• North Korea (nominally state atheist)

Counterexamples[edit]

These countries, among others, have officially enshrined freedom of religion:

• Australia^{[note 2]}
• Belgium (even if it came multiple times under fire from ruling Catholics)
• Brazil
• France
• Germany (less staunchly so, see below)
• India
• Indonesia (except Aceh, see above)
• Japan
• Mexico
• Netherlands
• New Zealand
• South Africa
• South Korea
• Sweden (after having a Lutheran state church up to 2000)
• Turkey (despite numerous attempts to undermine secularism by the current government)
• United States (thanks Mr. Jefferson)
• Uruguay

Weird borderline cases[edit]

Many states, while not having a state religion, are not precisely secular either. This ranges from mention of "god" in the constitution, e.g. Poland, Germany, Hungary and Canada on the one hand,^{[note 3]} to on the other state-funded religion classes in public schools, e.g. Spain and Belgium^{[note 4]} and the state paying the upkeep of religious infrastructure. Also, these in-between countries can pay the wages of priests and ministers or even collect tithes for the church as in Germany. While "radical" atheists often advocate for full secularism and try to repeal these laws and those prohibiting "blasphemy", religious advocates often defend these statutes with non sequiturs such as: "It's not as bad as Saudi Arabia."

Israel also falls in this category; despite being a Jewish state, its laws are mostly based on secular principles with contentious exceptions — mostly in family law. This issue is as much a political football as prayer in public schools or gay marriage have been in the US. Israel has no civil marriage, but secular and leftist parties want to introduce it, while Likud and religious parties remain opposed. Israel does, however, recognize marriages (including same-sex marriages) that were validly entered abroad.

United Kingdom[edit]

England[edit]

The state religion or Established Church of England is "The Church of England" or "Anglican Church",^[19] familiarly known as the "C of E", and was founded by Henry VIII to get around the papal ban on his desires for possible manchild-bearing spouses. Said Henry became officially "of the Church of England in Earth Supreme Head" in 1535. Take that, assorted Bishops of Rome.

Some senior clergy actually have the right, by virtue of their job, to sit in the upper house of the legislature (House of Lords). The bishops of the C of E are also (nominally) selected from a shortlist by the monarch (in fact, by the Prime Minister). (The other methods of gaining entry to the House of Lords — originally gained by virtue of their birth — are, of course, perfectly legitimate.)

The fact that the religion is officially part of the government gives the clergy an influence out of proportion to the active popular support for their denomination, but nobody takes any notice of them, so it doesn't matter. On the other hand, it also gives the government and parliament control over the church, including the appointment of bishops and the approval of liturgy.^[20] Even devout Christians might object to (possibly atheist) politicians having a say on these things.

The word antidisestablishmentarianism, once the longest word in the OED, was coined (allegedly by future Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone^[21]) to refer to opposition to disestablishing the Church of England.

Note that the Church of England is established in England only and not in the rest of the UK (plus the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands). The Anglicans became disestablished in Ireland in 1871 and in Wales in 1920 due to low take-up by the populations there.^[20] Anglicanism has never been established in Scotland (it being a separate kingdom during Henry VIII's time and all). As for the "C of E" in other outposts of The Empire: Canadian Anglicans officially stopped calling themselves "the Church of England in the Dominion of Canada" as early as 1955.

Scotland[edit]

The Church of Scotland formerly had a close relationship with the state and was effectively the established church; the 1921 Declaratory Act changed its status to free it of government control, although people still can't agree on whether the church is truly disestablished.^[20][22]

However, certain Christian denominations still have some statutory powers. Council education boards, responsible for the administration of state schools in a council area, must include three religious representatives: a Protestant (in practice Church of Scotland), a Roman Catholic, and a third of any faith. In 2019 some councils stopped allowing these religious representatives to vote, but they still get the chance to speak and influence decisions.^[23][24] Church of Scotland court citations can legally be enforced by warrants issued by the secular courts, although in practice church courts only consider ecclesiastical matters and secular officials are not involved.^[22] Scotland's four ancient universities still train candidates for ministry in the Church of Scotland, and the Church has a privileged position in prisons and other institutions.^[22]

U.S.A.[edit]

The US specifically doesn't have a state religion, with the establishment clause of the First Amendment saying "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion" — commonly referred to as the separation of church and state, although the phrase derives from a letter by Thomas Jefferson and is not found in the law itself. Despite this, many on the Religious Right believe the US was established as a Christian nation, and actively support state-sponsored religion, including using the Ten Commandments as a basis for law and displaying them prominently in public.

Scandinavian Lutheranism[edit]

The Scandinavian and German Lutheran churches have traditionally enjoyed a close relationship with the state, including features such as parliamentary control or oversight of the church and funding via taxation. However in the last century or so, these links have weakened. The Church of Sweden ended its state role in 2000; and the General Synod of the Church of Norway voted for separation of church and state in 2006. The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland has been independent since 1869, although until 1908 the law required church members to attend at least once a year. It still receives funding from taxation (which you can avoid paying by leaving the church); today Finland has two national churches, the Lutheran and the Finnish Orthodox Church, but they're independent of the state.^[25][26]

Germany[edit]

The German Lutheran church was closely linked to the state, with government figures exerting overall control, until after World War One when the relationship was dismantled.^[25] Germany has two national churches, the Evangelical Church in Germany and Catholic Church in Germany, reflecting the division between Catholic and Protestant areas that goes back to the Protestant Reformation. Members are required to pay a church tax collected on top of income tax, although church membership is not compulsory and the churches are independent of state control (the Evangelical Church is a loose grouping of Protestant denominations, while the Catholic is under the control of the Vatican). Today, any religious community can get the government to collect church tax from its members, with part of the money withheld for administrative costs, although some choose to be funded directly by members and avoid paying administration fees.^[27][28] Hence Germany has no state church.

Russia[edit]

The Russian Orthodox Church acts like it's the official state religion, and receives significant support and cooperation from Vladimir Putin and other nationalists, although it has no formal status — freedom of religion in post-Communist Russia has been affirmed by legal cases such as the Bhagavad Gita trial in Russia, in which the Orthodox Church unsuccessfully tried to ban Hare Krishna scriptures.^[29]

See also[edit]

• American Taliban
• Theocracy

Notes[edit]

References[edit]