Witchcraft

They could be your next-door neighbor.

As performed by Tim the Enchanter  Magic

By the powers of woo

Western esotericism Dowsing Law of attraction Alphabet Jinn Tarot Voynich manuscript Rabbit's foot Vampire Occult v - t - e

Anthropologists and those who study religions formally define witchcraft as the use of rituals and magic (and sometimes curses) to accomplish some kind of ends on this earth. In modern lay idiom, the popular imagination largely associates witchcraft with religions like Wicca and various neopagans such as Lucy Cavendish. In the American folk/entertainment world, it is the evil wrought by gorgeous women on poor suffering men who cannot resist such temptations (though this is more properly within the domain of a succubus, given that witches are rarely portrayed as attractive creatures in contemporary entertainment and folklore).

Though the pop world often assumes that witches are female, both Wiccans and anthropologists use the term for male and female witches. And don't worry, the European witch-trials went after men too. As did the Salem witch trials in Massachusetts.

Which witch is which?[edit]

By definition, witches directly work upon the world though spells and rituals to obtain the results they desire.^{[note 1]} This differs markedly from priests, who are claimed to be intercessors between a god or gods and the people, and who use prayers and rituals to influence the gods in their favor. On the other hand, witches differ from herbalists in that they explicitly claim to invoke magic, while the herbalist maintains they are using the plant's own properties - though people without a grounding in modern science may believe the plant's properties are themselves a type of magic. There is no reason any particular witch cannot also multiclass as a be a priest(ess) or herbalist.

Virtually all religions have a role that anthropologists would call a "witch". Such individuals generally worship a deity not associated with the mainstream religion; such as Hecate among the Greeks or Isis among Egyptians. Depending on the society, these deities or their followers may not be considered "evil" though they may use poisonous or plants considered sacred in other contexts. Historically, many religions used the concept of witch to explain diseases, untimely death, droughts, and other unexplained negative circumstances that affect an individual or society. Socially deviant people are more frequently accused of witchcraft, and this works as a social control.^[2]

Hallucinogenic plants and mushrooms are considered to have had an important role on witchcraft, with the origin of the stereotypical depiction of a witch riding a broomstick coming from them using hallucinogenic ointments greased in staffs that would be applied to places as their nether regions, causing witches to have a trip and fly higher than a kite, making them to believe after having primed themselves with what to expect they were actually flying and contacting with otherworldly entities, other witches, etc.^[3]. Likewise, and according to the other wiki, the origin of the also stereotypical witch hat includes the hats used by women who home-brewed beer and were accused by male brewers of selling watered down beer jumping from it to witchcraft on the grounds of women with knowledge of herbology suspected to be working with the occult.

Witchcraft and nudity[edit]

Witches have been depicted nude for a long time in visual arts, with the origin of this coming from because most books on witchcraft are written by men stories from many cultures where they are thought to go such way in their gatherings at night.^[4]. That was also mentioned in the book Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches,^[5] jumping from it to Wicca and other forms of Neopaganism and contemporary witchcraft^[6], with Robert Graves using the term "skyclad" to refer to it based on Indian religions, where the term Digambara means that.^[7]

Wicca[edit]

The modern neopagan religion, Wicca, is openly based on witchcraft, and the practitioners call themselves witches. There are many schools of thought about witchcraft within the larger rubric of "Wicca". For example, many Wiccans claim there is "white" (good) and "black" (evil) magic,^[8] though other Wiccans claim this distinction of magic does not exist.^[9] Some (fundamentalist) Christians claim the whole of Wicca is devil worship and bad.^[10] Many Wiccans follow formal practices and have a set theology, while others find their own path similar to Cafeteria Christians.

Christianity and witchcraft[edit]

Christianity has often used Witchcraft to explain so-called "evil" in the world. Witchcraft was generally considered devil worship. Thomas Aquinas associated witchcraft with the corporeal enjoyments, including sex. Protestants and Roman Catholics both tortured and executed people, mostly women, accused of witchcraft.^[1]

Unfortunately for those who prefer to view history as the indomitable march towards progress, the prevalent belief in the existence of witches and their persecution did not really take off in the Christian world until the beginning of the Renaissance, with the modern, stereotyped, view of witchcraft being often considered a product of the Reformation.^{[note 2]} During the early Middle Ages, the belief in witchcraft was seen as a form of superstition based on pagan beliefs. Accusing somebody of witchcraft was more likely to get you executed than the person you accused:

The invention of the printing press only helped accelerate the belief in witches and undermined early skepticism.

Modern western views of witches generally comes from the Christian view, where a society's undesirable women were tainted as "witches" and blamed for a community or individual's misfortunes. Simple herbalists, midwives, and the mentally ill were frequent targets of being accused of being "witches". The Black Death was largely blamed on witchcraft in the 14th century. In the XVI Century, reportedly King James was so obsessed with witchcraft that it influenced its translation of the Bible (see below)^[12] and later on in the late 17th century, the Salem Witch Trials became an expedient way to eliminate political problems and blame women.

The Christian view that witchcraft is (as the song goes) "alive and kicking" is much rarer in the West than it was in centuries past, although it is still common in other parts of the world. In Africa, large portions of the population, including homosexuals and albinos, are presumed to be witches, associates of witches, or cursed by witches. Witchcraft, and the Christian fight against it, is, in fact, practiced openly in many African nations today.

The Bible specifically states that witches must be put to death:

• "Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live." —Exodus 22:18
• "A man also or woman that hath a familiar spirit, or that is a wizard, shall surely be put to death: they shall stone them with stones: their blood shall be upon them." —Leviticus 20:27 (KJV)

Consequently, these witch hunts often end quite badly.^[13]

Ironically, it was the Spanish Inquisition after its first and only mass witchcraft trial in 1610 that came up with what became the go-to book for all future handling of witchcraft claims, which, when followed, required things like verifiable witnesses and actual physical evidence.^[14][15]

Witch trials seem to have been a comparatively short-term fad in most of the world; they ended in Spain in the 17th century.^[16] The last execution in France was in 1745, while the last trial was probably in 1768, which ended in a fine.^[17] The last trial for witchcraft in the US is often considered the 1878 trial in Salem, Mass, where one Christian Scientist, Lucretia L. S. Brown, sued another, Daniel H. Spofford, for using mesmerism to harm her; the case was dismissed, and in any case was not a criminal trial.^[18][19]

Contemporary Era[edit]

Laws against witchcraft remained on the statute books into the 20th century (or later) in many countries. In England, the Witchcraft Act 1735 was later used to pursue spirit mediums, with wartime seeming to provide both a desire for magic and a desire to clamp down on anything abnormal: there were two trials in 1944, most famously of Helen Duncan, sentenced to nine months in jail after running a profitable line in seances, and then in December of Jane Rebecca Yorke from Forest Gate in East London, who was fined 5 pounds. The Fraudulent Mediums Act 1951 replaced the Witchcraft Act, and was itself repealed and replaced by consumer protection law in 2008.^[20][21]

In Canada, the criminal code was amended in 2018 to remove the crime of "fraudulently pretend[ing] to exercise or to use any kind of witchcraft, sorcery, enchantment or conjuration", but before then there were several 21st century law cases against psychics, "healers", and others claiming mystic powers. Often there was an element of deception, as in the 2018 prosecution of Samantha Stevenson, a psychic who told a male client that the only way to be free of evil spirits was to sell his house and give her the money. There were claims that the law was being used to persecute women and those of minority ethnic groups, while Canada's consumer law would protect against many fraudulent practices associated with mediums and "witches".^[22]

There are plenty of Western Christians who still believe in witches, including some Roman Catholics^[23] and Protestants.^[24], including of course to consider that either practicing it (up to and including things as banal as Tarot readings) or consulting a witch opens the gate to demonic possession. And of course, any time a popular book or movie with witches or wizards comes out, there are always Christians protesting.

Fundamentalist Christians in Africa have been responsible for deaths of children and adults in contemporary efforts to eliminate "witches", which are sometimes believed to be children. Most of these anti-witch movements in Christianized Africa are exclusively confined to Pentecostal and Evangelical influence in the continent. Some governments have taken steps to reduce the number of witch hunters in their country, but others are reticent to do so, as they either hold similar beliefs as the fundamentalists and/or see it as politically beneficial.^[25][26] The conduct of these religious groups is a testament to the potentially vile nature of religious belief, but many of the tribal religions prior to extensive Christianized influence affirmed the belief in witches and other forms of maleficent spiritual phenomena. In other words, it's doubtful that Dawkins or atheistic philosophy in general would fare much better in social management^{[note 3]} without a large-scale restructuring and improvement of economic conditions which facilitates ease of access to technology and education. Witchcraft accusations have also gotten worse after the COVID-19 Pandemic. Prominent Nigerian humanist and skeptic Dr. Leo Igwe, chair of the Humanist Association of Nigeria, has stated that crises such as the HIV/AIDS and COVID-19 pandemic have encouraged "superstition and irrationalism ..." and further encourages people "to take a leap of faith, to engage in witchcraft allegations and suspicions of demonic possession." He also has stated that other religious groups, such as Christian missionaries, have weaponized them to sell ideas of further witchcraft and exorcism, exacerbating the problem.^[27]

In the United Kingdom, children believed to be witches can be subject to beatings, traumatic exorcism, and/or other abuse. There have even been child murders associated with witchcraft beliefs.^[28] The problem exists in the United States as well as the UK, notably within African migrant communities. Authorities tend not to give it the attention it merits,^[29] much the same as with child deaths by (exclusive) faith healing.

Islamic witchcraft[edit]

Most Islamic belief in witchcraft centers around the idea of jinn. These are said to be supernatural creatures akin to demons and angels which have the power to interact with the physical world, but have free will, unlike angels or demons. The Qur'an mentions sorcery and jinn and both are regarded as generally malevolent by Islam as well as sources of power which may be utilized by kafir.^[30] The Qur'an mentions "tying of knots" as a form of witchcraft, so sailors are recommended to take wide berth.^[31]

In Saudi Arabia, the penalty for witchcraft is death by beheading — so they don't seem particularly fond of it.^[32]

India[edit]

In India, women are sometimes accused of witchcraft, and after that, their lives can be in danger.^[33]

See also[edit]

• Aleister Crowley
• European witch-hunts
• Margaret Murray
• Morton's fork
• Christine O'Donnell

External links[edit]

• For Our Tomorrow and For Their Tomorrow Men and women in Africa are sometimes attacked and seriously injured or killed due to witchcraft suspicions.
• Horrible Histories - Witchfinder Direct on YouTube

Notes[edit]

References[edit]