Clear Script

Clear Script; Oirat alphabet
Type	Alphabet
Languages	Oirat; Sanskrit; Tibetic
Creator	Zaya Pandita
Time period	ca. 1648 – today
Parent systems	Proto-Sinaitic script Phoenician alphabet Aramaic alphabet Syriac alphabet Sogdian alphabet Old Uyghur alphabet Mongolian script Clear Script; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Sister systems	Manchu alphabet; Vagindra script
Direction	Top-to-bottom
ISO 15924	Mong, 145
Unicode alias	Mongolian
Unicode range	U+1800 – U+18AF
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Short description: Writing system for the Oirat language

A border sign in Clear Script (Priyutnensky District, Kalmykia)

The Clear Script (Template:Lang-xal, [todo bit͡ʃ(ə)k]; Mongolian: Тод бичиг / ᠲᠣᠳᠣ
ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ, romanized: tod bichig / todo bičig, [tɔd bit͡ʃək], Template:Lang-bxr, ([tɔdɔ bɛʃək]), or just todo) is an alphabet created in 1648 by the Oirat Buddhist monk Zaya Pandita for the Oirat language.^[1]^[2]^[3] It was developed on the basis of the Mongolian script with the goal of distinguishing all sounds in the spoken language, and to make it easier to transcribe Sanskrit and the Tibetic languages.

History

The Clear Script is a Mongolian script, whose obvious closest forebear is vertical Mongolian. This Mongolian script was derived from the Uyghur alphabet. The Clear Script was developed as a better way to write Mongolian, specifically of the Western Mongolian groups of the Oirats and Kalmyks.^[3]^(p548) It resolved ambiguities in the written language by assigning symbols to vowels, and adding new symbols and diacritics to show vowels and vowel lengths, and to distinguish between voiced and unvoiced consonants.^[3]^(p548)^[2]^(p145) Symbols that were preserved from the traditional Mongolian script were assigned a fixed meaning.^[2]^(p145)

There were even some marks enabling distinctions that were unimportant for words written in the Oirat language but were useful for the transcription of foreign words and names, such as between Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..^[2]

Usage

The Clear Script was used by Oirat and neighboring Mongols, mostly in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.^[2] It was widely used by its creator and others to translate Buddhist works so that they might better spread the Buddhist religion throughout western Mongolia. Though the script was useful for translating works from other languages, especially Tibetan, it was also used more informally, as evidenced by some letters from the late 1690s.^[2]

Around the 19th and early 20th centuries, some Altaians in Russia were able utilize the script to read and write texts due to contacts with Mongolian Buddhists.^[4]

The script was used by Kalmyks in Russia until 1924, when it was replaced by the Cyrillic script. In Xinjiang, Oirats still use it, although today Mongolian education takes place in Chakhar Mongolian all across China.

Writing in the Clear Script

This script is a vertical script, as was its 'vertical Mongolian' parent script. Letters and diacritics are written along a central axis. Portions of letters to the right of the axis generally slant up, and portions to the left of the axis generally slant down. The only signs that do not follow these rules are the horizontal signs for Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., and part of Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..^[2] Words are delineated by a space, as well as different letter forms. Though most letters only come in one shape, there are some letters that look different depending on where in the word they occur, whether they are initial, medial, or final.^[3]

There is an alphabetic order in the Clear Script, as in other related scripts, but the order for it is not the same as its Mongolian parent script: Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. & Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..^[2]^{(pp150–151)}

Tables

Vowels

Single vowels^{[citation needed]}^[3]^(p548)^[5]^[6]^[2]^(p151)^[7]^(p555)
Initial	Medial	Final	IPA^[5]	Translit.^{[note 1]}		Notes^{[note 2]}^{[note 3]}
Initial	Medial	Final	IPA^[5]	Dan.^{[note 4]} & Kara	ALA-LC	Notes^{[note 2]}^{[note 3]}
All these form ligatures with a preceding bow-shaped consonant.
ᠠ‍	‍ᠠ‍	‍ᠠ	ɑ, ∅	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.		Final example ligature: ‍ᡋᠠ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.. Note that the tail of a final Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. extends to the left in ligatures. Confer Kalmyk Oirat а Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and [∅] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (help). This letter's forms are shared with Hudum script Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
ᡄ‍	‍ᡄ‍	‍ᡄ	e, ∅	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.		Initial/medial/final example ligature: ᡋᡄ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.. Confer Kalmyk Oirat э Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and [∅] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (help).
ᡅ‍	‍ᡅ‍	‍ᡅ	i, ∅	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.		Final example ligature: ᡋᡅ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.. Note that the shape of a final Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. differs in ligatures. Confer Kalmyk Oirat и Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and [∅] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (help).
ᡆ‍	‍ᡆ‍	‍ᡆ	ɔ	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.		Initial/medial/final example ligature: ᡋᡆ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.. Note that Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. look identical. Also note the rounded shape of Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.. Confer Kalmyk Oirat о Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and [∅] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (help).
ᡇ‍	‍ᡇ‍	‍ᡇ	ʊ, ∅	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.		Initial/medial/final example ligature: ᡋᡇ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.. Confer Kalmyk Oirat у Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and [∅] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (help).
ᡈ‍	‍ᡈ‍	‍ᡈ	ø, ∅	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.		Initial/medial/final example ligature: ᡋᡈ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.. Note the rounded shape of Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.. Confer Kalmyk Oirat ө Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and [∅] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (help).
ᡉ‍	‍ᡉ‍	‍ᡉ	y, ∅	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.		Initial/medial/final example ligature: ᡋᡉ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.. Note that Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. look identical. Confer Kalmyk Oirat ү Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and [∅] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (help).

Long vowels^{[citation needed]}^[3]^(p548)^[5]^[6]^[7]^(p555)
Initial	Medial	Final	IPA	Translit.		Notes
Initial	Medial	Final	IPA	Dan.	ALA-LC	Notes
ᠠᡃ‍	‍ᠠᡃ‍	—	ɑː	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.	Final example ligature: ‍ᡗᠠᡃ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.. Confer Kalmyk Oirat аа Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and а Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
ᡄᡃ‍	‍ᡄᡃ‍	‍ᡄᡃ ^⟨?⟩^{[note 5]}	eː, æː	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.	Confer Kalmyk Oirat ээ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and э Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
ᡅᡅ‍ ^⟨?⟩^{[note 6]}	‍ᡅᡅ‍ ^⟨?⟩^{[note 7]}	—	iː	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.	Diphthongs ending in Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. are shaped and transliterated in the same manner. Confer Kalmyk Oirat ии Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and и Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
—	—	‍ᡅᡅ	iː	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.
ᡆᡃ‍	‍ᡆᡃ‍	‍ᡆᡃ ^⟨?⟩^{[note 8]}	ɔː	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.	Confer Kalmyk Oirat оо Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and о Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
ᡇᡇTemplate:Fvs‍	‍ᡇᡇTemplate:Fvs‍	‍ᡇᡇTemplate:Fvs	ʊː	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.		Confer Kalmyk Oirat уу Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and у Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
ᡈᡃ‍	‍ᡈᡃ‍	‍ᡈᡃ ^⟨?⟩^{[note 9]}	øː, æː	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.	Confer Kalmyk Oirat өө Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and ө Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
ᡉᡉ‍	‍ᡉᡉ‍	‍ᡉᡉ	yː	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.		Confer Kalmyk Oirat үү Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and ү Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..

Consonants

Native consonants^{[citation needed]}^[9]^[3]^(p548)^[5]^[2]^(p151)^[6]^[7]^(p555)
Initial	Medial	Final	IPA	Translit.		Notes^[10]
Initial	Medial	Final	IPA	Dan. & Kara	ALA-LC	Notes^[10]
ᡋ‍	‍ᡋ‍	‍ᡋ	b	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.		Confer Kalmyk Oirat б Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.. This letter's initial/medial form is shared with Hudum Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
ᡏ‍	‍ᡏ‍	‍ᡏ	m	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.		Confer Kalmyk Oirat м Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.. This letter's initial/medial form is shared with Hudum Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
ᠯ‍	‍ᠯ‍	‍ᠯ	l	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.		Confer Kalmyk Oirat л Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.. This letter is shared with Hudum Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
ᠰ‍	‍ᠰ‍	‍ᠰ	s	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.		Confer Kalmyk Oirat с Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.. This letter is shared with Hudum Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
ᠱ‍	‍ᠱ‍	‍ᠱ	ʃ	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.	Confer Kalmyk Oirat ш Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.. This letter is shared with Hudum Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
ᠨ‍	‍ᠨ‍	‍ᠨ	n	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.		Confer Kalmyk Oirat н Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.. This letter is shared with Hudum Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
ᠨ‍	‍ᠨTemplate:Fvs‍	‍ᠨ	n	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.
ᡍ‍	‍ᡍ‍	—	x	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.		Used before back vowels.^[2]^(p149) As in ᡍᠠᠷᠠ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. 'black'.^[9]^(p121)^[5]^(p95)^{[note 10]} Confer Kalmyk Oirat х Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
ᡍTemplate:Fvs‍	‍ᡍTemplate:Fvs‍	—	k	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.		Used before front vowels.^[2]^(p149) As in ᡍᡈᡍᡈ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. 'blue'.^[9]^(p95)^[5]^(p119)^{[note 11]} Confer Kalmyk Oirat к Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
ᡎ‍	‍ᡎ‍	—	ɢ	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.	Used before vowels. As in ᡎᠠᠯ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. 'fire'.^[9]^(p63)^[5]^(p127)^{[note 12]} Confer Kalmyk Oirat һ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
—	‍ᡎTemplate:Fvs‍	‍ᡎ	ɡ	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.		Used syllable-finally,^[2]^(p151) and irrespective of vowel harmony.^[2]^(p145) As in ᡔᠠᡎ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. 'time'.^[9]^(p21)^[5]^(p244)^{[note 13]} Confer Kalmyk Oirat г Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
		—	ɡ	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.		As in ᡎᡄᠷ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. 'ger'.^[9]^(p28)^[5]^(p136)^{[note 14]} Confer Kalmyk Oirat г Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
ᡐ‍	‍ᡐ‍	—	t	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.		Confer Kalmyk Oirat т Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
ᡑ‍	‍ᡑ‍	‍ᡑ	d	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.		Confer Kalmyk Oirat д Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
ᡔ‍	‍ᡔ‍	—	t͡s	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.^†	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.	†. Ambiguous value (Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.) from the 18th century until post-war reform.^[2]^{(pp149–150)} As in modern/older ᡔᠠᡅ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. 'tea'.^[9]^(p120)^[5]^(p246)^{[note 15]} Confer Kalmyk Oirat ц Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
ᡒ‍	‍ᡒ‍	—	t͡ʃ	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.	—	Introduced in the 1950s.^[2]^{(pp149–150, 187)} As in modern ᡒᡅ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.^? (older ᡔᡅ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.) 'you'.^[9]^(p111)^[5]^(p235)^{[note 16]} Confer Kalmyk Oirat ч Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
ᠴ‍	‍ᠴ‍	—	z	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.^†	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.	†. Ambiguous value (Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.) from the 18th century until post-war reform.^[2]^{(pp149–150)} As in modern/older ᠴᡇᠨ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. 'summer'.^[9]^(p50)^[5]^(p274)^{[note 17]} Confer Kalmyk Oirat з Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
ᡓ‍	‍ᡓ‍	—	d͡ʒ	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.	—	Introduced in the 1950s.^[2]^{(pp149–150, 187)} As in modern ᡓᡅᠯ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.^? (older ᠴᡅᠯ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.) 'year'.^[9]^(p24)^[5]^(p257)^{[note 18]} Confer Kalmyk Oirat ж Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
ᡕ‍	‍ᡕ‍	—	j	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.		Confer Kalmyk Oirat й Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
ᠷ‍	‍ᠷ‍	‍ᠷ	r	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.		Confer Kalmyk Oirat р Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.. This letter is shared with Hudum Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
—	‍ᡊ‍	‍ᡊ	ŋ	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.		Confer Kalmyk Oirat ң Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..

Letters used in foreign words^{[citation needed]}^[3]^(p548)^[5]^[6]^[7]^(p555)
Initial	Medial	Final	IPA	Translit.		Notes
Initial	Medial	Final	IPA	Dan. & Kara	ALA-LC	Notes
ᡌ‍	‍ᡌ‍	—	p	—	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.	Confer Kalmyk Oirat п Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
ᡙ‍	‍ᡙ‍	—			Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.	Confer Kalmyk Oirat г Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
ᡘ‍	‍ᡘ‍	‍ᡘ			—	Confer Kalmyk Oirat г Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
ᡗ‍	‍ᡗ‍	—	k	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.	Confer Kalmyk Oirat к Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
ᡚ‍	‍ᡚ‍	—		—	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.	Confer Kalmyk Oirat җ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
—	‍ᡛ‍	—			Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.
ᡜ‍	‍ᡜ‍	—			Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.
ᢘ‍	‍ᢘ‍	‍ᢘ			—
ᢙ‍	‍ᢙ‍	—			Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.
ᠸ‍	‍ᠸ‍	‍ᠸ			—	Confer Kalmyk Oirat ф Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.. This letter is shared with Hudum Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
ᡖ‍	‍ᡖ‍	‍ᡖ	w	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.	Confer Kalmyk Oirat в Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..

Ligatures

Ligatures^[6]
Initial	Medial	Final	Translit.		Notes
Initial	Medial	Final	Dan.	ALA-LC	Notes
ᡋᠠ‍	‍ᡋᠠ‍	‍ᡋᠠ	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.
ᡋᡄ‍	‍ᡋᡄ‍	‍ᡋᡄ	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.
ᡋᡅ‍	‍ᡋᡅ‍	‍ᡋᡅ	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.
ᡋᡆ‍	‍ᡋᡆ‍	‍ᡋᡆ	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.		Written the same as Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
ᡋᡇ‍	‍ᡋᡇ‍	‍ᡋᡇ	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.
ᡋᡈ‍	‍ᡋᡈ‍	‍ᡋᡈ	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.
ᡋᡉ‍	‍ᡋᡉ‍	‍ᡋᡉ	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.		Written the same as Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
ᡗᠠ‍	‍ᡗᠠ‍	‍ᡗᠠ	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.
ᡍᡄ‍	‍ᡍᡄ‍	‍ᡍᡄ	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.
ᡍᡅ‍	‍ᡍᡅ‍	‍ᡍᡅ	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.
ᡗᡆ‍	‍ᡗᡆ‍	‍ᡗᡆ	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.
ᡗᡇ‍	‍ᡗᡇ‍	‍ᡗᡇ	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.
ᡍᡈ‍	‍ᡍᡈ‍	‍ᡍᡈ	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.
ᡍᡉ‍ ^⟨?⟩	‍ᡍᡉ‍ ^⟨?⟩	‍ᡍᡉ ^⟨?⟩	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.		^{[note 19]}
ᡘᠠ‍	‍ᡘᠠ‍	‍ᡘᠠ	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.
ᡎᡄ‍ ^⟨?⟩	‍ᡎᡄ‍ ^⟨?⟩	‍ᡎᡄ ^⟨?⟩	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.		^{[note 20]}
ᡎᡅ‍ ^⟨?⟩	‍ᡎᡅ‍ ^⟨?⟩	‍ᡎᡅ ^⟨?⟩	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.		^{[note 21]}
ᡘᡆ‍	‍ᡘᡆ‍	‍ᡘᡆ	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.
ᡘᡇ‍	‍ᡘᡇ‍	‍ᡘᡇ	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.
ᡎᡈ‍	‍ᡎᡈ‍	‍ᡎᡈ	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.
ᡎᡉ‍	‍ᡎᡉ‍	‍ᡎᡉ	Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.
Other bow-shaped ligatures are formed in the same manner.

Notes

↑ Transliteration
↑ Modern Kalmyk Oirat (Cyrillic) equivalent (?)
↑ GOST 7.79-2000 (ISO 9:1995)^[8]^{(pp 9, 16)}
↑ Daniels
↑ Should appear without a final left-pointing tail.
↑ Should appear with an intervocalic tooth.
↑ Should appear with an intervocalic tooth.
↑ Should appear without a final left-pointing tail.
↑ Should appear without a final left-pointing tail.
↑ Confer Kalmyk Oirat хар Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Hudum ᠬᠠᠷTemplate:Mvsᠠ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Khalkha хар Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
↑ Confer Kalmyk Oirat көк Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Hudum ᠬᠥᠬᠡ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Khalkha хөх Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
↑ Confer Kalmyk Oirat һал Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Hudum ᠭᠠᠯ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Khalkha гал Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
↑ Confer Kalmyk Oirat цаг Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Hudum ᠴᠠᠭ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Khalkha цаг Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
↑ Confer Kalmyk Oirat гер Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Hudum ᠭᠡᠷ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Khalkha гэр Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
↑ Confer Kalmyk Oirat цә Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Hudum ᠴᠠᠢ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Khalkha цай Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
↑ Confer Kalmyk Oirat чи Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Hudum ᠴᠢ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Khalkha чи Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
↑ Confer Kalmyk Oirat зун Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Hudum ᠵᠤᠨ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Khalkha зун Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
↑ Confer Kalmyk Oirat җил Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Hudum ᠵᠢᠯ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Khalkha жил Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
↑ Should appear as a bow with a down-pointing tooth, followed by a round Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
↑ Should appear in line with Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..
↑ Should appear in line with Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..

References

↑ N. Yakhantova, The Mongolian and Oirat Translations of the Sutra of Golden Light , 2006
↑ ^2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 ^2.11 ^2.12 ^2.13 ^2.14 ^2.15 ^2.16 ^2.17 Kara, György (2005) (in en). Books of the Mongolian Nomads: More Than Eight Centuries of Writing Mongolian. Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies. ISBN 978-0-933070-52-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=cSlkAAAAMAAJ.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 ^3.6 ^3.7 Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996) (in en). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA548.
↑ Kos'min, V. K. (2007). "Mongolian Buddhism's Influence on the Formation and Development of Burkhanism in Altai". Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia 45 (3): 43–72. doi:10.2753/aae1061-1959450303. ISSN 1061-1959. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/aae1061-1959450303.
↑ ^5.00 ^5.01 ^5.02 ^5.03 ^5.04 ^5.05 ^5.06 ^5.07 ^5.08 ^5.09 ^5.10 ^5.11 ^5.12 ^5.13 n/a, Čoyiǰungǰab; Na., Gereltü (1998-05-10) (in mn). Oyirad ayalγun-u üges. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia University. ISBN 7-81015-892-9. https://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/mong/oirat%20dictionary%20020.pdf. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 "Tod-Oirat-Old Kalmyk romanization table". 2012. https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/kalmyk.pdf.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 "The Unicode Standard, Version 15.0 – Core Specification Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II, Other Modern Scripts". 2022-09-13. https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode15.0.0/ch13.pdf.
↑ (in ru) GOST 7.79-2000 (ISO 9-95; Sistema standartov po informatsii, bibliotechnomu i izdatelskomu delu. Pravila transliteratsii kirillovskogo pisma latinskim alfavitom). http://www.ifap.ru/library/gost/7792000.pdf.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 ^9.5 ^9.6 ^9.7 ^9.8 ^9.9 Smirnov, Parmen (1857) (in ru). Kratkiy russko-kalmytskiy slovar. Kazan. https://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/mong/Смирнов_Краткий%20Русско-%20Калмыцкий%20словарь%201857.pdf. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
↑ "Bolor Dictionary". http://www.bolor-toli.com/.

External links

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear Script. Read more

[8] Transliteration

[9] Modern Kalmyk Oirat (Cyrillic) equivalent (?)

[11] GOST 7.79-2000 (ISO 9:1995)^[8]^{(pp 9, 16)}

[12] Daniels

[13] Should appear without a final left-pointing tail.

[14] Should appear with an intervocalic tooth.

[15] Should appear with an intervocalic tooth.

[16] Should appear without a final left-pointing tail.

[17] Should appear without a final left-pointing tail.

[20] Confer Kalmyk Oirat хар Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Hudum ᠬᠠᠷTemplate:Mvsᠠ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Khalkha хар Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..

[21] Confer Kalmyk Oirat көк Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Hudum ᠬᠥᠬᠡ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Khalkha хөх Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..

[22] Confer Kalmyk Oirat һал Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Hudum ᠭᠠᠯ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Khalkha гал Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..

[23] Confer Kalmyk Oirat цаг Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Hudum ᠴᠠᠭ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Khalkha цаг Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..

[24] Confer Kalmyk Oirat гер Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Hudum ᠭᠡᠷ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Khalkha гэр Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..

[25] Confer Kalmyk Oirat цә Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Hudum ᠴᠠᠢ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Khalkha цай Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..

[26] Confer Kalmyk Oirat чи Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Hudum ᠴᠢ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Khalkha чи Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..

[27] Confer Kalmyk Oirat зун Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Hudum ᠵᠤᠨ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Khalkha зун Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..

[28] Confer Kalmyk Oirat җил Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Hudum ᠵᠢᠯ Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; Khalkha жил Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..

[29] Should appear as a bow with a down-pointing tooth, followed by a round Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..

[30] Should appear in line with Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..

[31] Should appear in line with Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..

[1] N. Yakhantova, The Mongolian and Oirat Translations of the Sutra of Golden Light , 2006

[Kara2005-2] 2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 ^2.11 ^2.12 ^2.13 ^2.14 ^2.15 ^2.16 ^2.17 Kara, György (2005) (in en). Books of the Mongolian Nomads: More Than Eight Centuries of Writing Mongolian. Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies. ISBN 978-0-933070-52-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=cSlkAAAAMAAJ.

[Daniels1996-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 ^3.6 ^3.7 Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996) (in en). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA548.

[4] Kos'min, V. K. (2007). "Mongolian Buddhism's Influence on the Formation and Development of Burkhanism in Altai". Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia 45 (3): 43–72. doi:10.2753/aae1061-1959450303. ISSN 1061-1959. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/aae1061-1959450303.

[Čoyiǰungǰab1998-5] 5.00 ^5.01 ^5.02 ^5.03 ^5.04 ^5.05 ^5.06 ^5.07 ^5.08 ^5.09 ^5.10 ^5.11 ^5.12 ^5.13 n/a, Čoyiǰungǰab; Na., Gereltü (1998-05-10) (in mn). Oyirad ayalγun-u üges. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia University. ISBN 7-81015-892-9. https://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/mong/oirat%20dictionary%20020.pdf. Retrieved 2023-02-06.

[ALA-LC-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 "Tod-Oirat-Old Kalmyk romanization table". 2012. https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/kalmyk.pdf.

[Unicode15ch13-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 "The Unicode Standard, Version 15.0 – Core Specification Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II, Other Modern Scripts". 2022-09-13. https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode15.0.0/ch13.pdf.

[10] (in ru) GOST 7.79-2000 (ISO 9-95; Sistema standartov po informatsii, bibliotechnomu i izdatelskomu delu. Pravila transliteratsii kirillovskogo pisma latinskim alfavitom). http://www.ifap.ru/library/gost/7792000.pdf.

[Smirnov1857-18] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 ^9.5 ^9.6 ^9.7 ^9.8 ^9.9 Smirnov, Parmen (1857) (in ru). Kratkiy russko-kalmytskiy slovar. Kazan. https://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/mong/Смирнов_Краткий%20Русско-%20Калмыцкий%20словарь%201857.pdf. Retrieved 2023-02-06.

[BolorToli-19] "Bolor Dictionary". http://www.bolor-toli.com/.

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