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    Proto-Aslian language

    Topic: Social

     From Handwiki - Reading time: 6 min
    Short description: Reconstructed ancestor of the Aslian languages
    Proto-Aslian
    Reconstruction ofAslian languages
    Reconstructed
    ancestor

    Proto-Aslian is the reconstructed proto-language of the Aslian languages of Peninsular Malaysia and southern Thailand. It has been reconstructed by Timothy Phillips (2012).[1]

    Reconstructed forms

    The 289 reconstructed Proto-Aslian forms below are from Phillips (2012:259-262).

    • *[bə]teew 'water, river'
    • *[ca(n)]bɨŋ 'spider'
    • *[d/g]arɯɯɲ 'termite'
    • *[gə]liik 'to swallow'
    • *[gə]rɛɛs 'liver'
    • *[ɟa]lɯɯʔ 'pig'
    • *[kə]soom 'nest'
    • *[lə]bit 'to close (eyes)'
    • *[m/n]uay 'one'
    • *[pə]tam 'to plant'
    • *[s/h]uəc 'to whistle'
    • *[s]paay 'new'
    • *[sa]tam 'right (side)'
    • *[tam]pɯɯs 'to sweep'
    • *[ʔa]tiɛʔ 'earth'
    • *[ʔən]cɛɛn 'cooked'
    • *{(–)l–} '(iterative)'
    • *{(-)m-} '(nominalizer agentive)'
    • *{(-)n-} '(nominalizer)'
    • *{pər-} '(causative)'
    • *{–ra–} '(plural/comparative)'
    • *baay 'to dig'
    • *bakaʔ 'descendant'
    • *baliiŋ 'sky'
    • *baʔ 'to carry on back'
    • *bəhɔ(ɔ)l 'deer'
    • *bəhiiʔ 'sated (of food)'
    • *bək 'to tie'
    • *bəkaaw 'flower'
    • *bəkah 'to break'
    • *bəlaaw 'blowgun'
    • *bəliiŋ 'arm'
    • *bəlooʔ 'thigh'
    • *bənɨ(ɨ)m 'mountain'
    • *bərɔl 'dart butt'
    • *bəriʔ 'forest'
    • *bətees 'mushroom'
    • *bəy[oo]k 'white'
    • *bəʔaak 'flood'
    • *bəʔet 'good'
    • *bɨt 'hot'
    • *bɯɯl 'drunk'
    • *bɯɯʔ 'to suck'
    • *boh 'to put/place'
    • *bus 'cane'
    • *buyaaʔ 'alligator'
    • *ca(a)l 'to say'
    • *caaʔ 'to eat'
    • *cah 'cah'
    • *cap 'to catch'
    • *cɔk 'to stab'
    • *cɛ(ɛ)s 'to tear'
    • *cɛ(ɛ)ʔ 'louse'
    • *cə(n)ruas 'fingernail'
    • *cədaaw 'rainbow'
    • *cədək 'to hiccup'
    • *cɛɛm 'bird'
    • *cɛɛn 'to cook'
    • *cəgɛh 'hard'
    • *cəkʔiɛk 'gecko'
    • *cəloon 'back'
    • *cəma(a)ʔ 'sharp'
    • *cəntɯɯgŋ 'drum'
    • *cəŋcɛ̃ɛ̃ŋ 'eyebrow'
    • *cərəs 'rib'
    • *cəruuʔ 'winnow basket'
    • *ciip 'to walk'
    • *cɨl 'tattoo'
    • *coom 'to burn'
    • *cuam 'to dig'
    • *cuəh 'to defecate'
    • *cuəʔ 'dog'
    • *daŋ 'to see'
    • *dɔŋ 't.o. monkey'
    • *deh 'they (3P)'
    • *dəka(a)n 'bamboo rat'
    • *dəlũũʔ 'to push'
    • *dɯɯŋ 'house'
    • *duuy 'afternoon'
    • *gaal 'waist'
    • *gaɲ 'to bite'
    • *gɔl 'to carry on back'
    • *gəcɛɛʔ 'moon'
    • *gəhɛɛt 'sweet'
    • *gəlisɛɛh 'to whisper'
    • *gəluk 'to laugh'
    • *gəriɛŋ 'monitor lizard'
    • *gətɔh 'to spit'
    • *gɨn 'they (3P)'
    • *gɯɯm 'to winnow'
    • *gulam 'to carry on shoulder'
    • *guul 'mortar'
    • *hã(ã)n 'where'
    • *haar 'we two (1D.IN)'
    • *halap 'to raft'
    • *hawa(a)r 'mucus'
    • *heeʔ 'you (2S)'
    • *hə̃m 'to breathe'
    • *hiiʔ 'we (1P.IN)'
    • *hiŋkaaʔ 'to play'
    • *ɟaam / *ʔiɟaam 'to cry'
    • *ɟak 'to step on'
    • *ɟaŋka(a)ʔ 'chin/jaw'
    • *ɟarlaaʔ 'thorn'
    • *ɟɔ̃ɔ̃t 'to suck'
    • *ɟeeʔ 'we (1P.EX)'
    • *ɟəhuuʔ 'tree'
    • *ɟəl 'to bark'
    • *ɟəʔaaŋ 'bone'
    • *ɟɨk 'to breathe'
    • *ɟɯɯk 'to move'
    • *ɟuŋ 'foot/leg'
    • *k[a]niɛʔ 'mouse'
    • *k[a]ʔiɛp 'centipede'
    • *kaac 'to scratch'
    • *kaaʔ 'fish'
    • *kamiɛk 'to carry under arm'
    • *kaɲɔŋ 'elbow'
    • *kanɛ(ɛ)t 'small'
    • *kap 'to bite'
    • *karɛɛy 'thunder'
    • *karəŋ 'tree trunk'
    • *kawããp 'bear'
    • *kayoot 'pregnant'
    • *kɔɔɲ 'male'
    • *ke 'he/she (3S)'
    • *ke(e)ŋ 'to pull'
    • *kə(n)siir 'husband'
    • *kəbəc 'to fish'
    • *kəbɛɛc 'to spit'
    • *kəbɨɨʔ 'fruit'
    • *kəbɨs 'to die'
    • *kəboʔ 'mosquito'
    • *kədɛk 'bitter'
    • *kɛɛʔ 'to seek'
    • *kəhuəy 'to gape'
    • *kəl 'to fall'
    • *kəlaaŋ 'eagle'
    • *kəlapuəh 'shoulder'
    • *kəlɨɨt 'firefly'
    • *kəluəŋ 'inside'
    • *kəm 'to obtain'
    • *kəmbaar 'twin'
    • *kəmeet 'mosquito'
    • *kəmooc 'ghost'
    • *kəmuar 'worm, caterpillar'
    • *kəmuən 'nephew'
    • *kəɲaaŋ 'quick'
    • *kəndah 'wife'
    • *kəpiil 'turtle'
    • *kərɔʔ 'back'
    • *kərɟɛr 'to dance'
    • *kəroom 'under'
    • *kərual 'knee'
    • *kəteŋ 'calf (leg)'
    • *kətɯɯʔ 'skin, bark'
    • *kəyɔŋ 'to hear'
    • *kiɛt 'anus'
    • *kipaaŋ 'top'
    • *kɯɯʔ 'to vomit'
    • *kooɲ 'male'
    • *krkbaak 'butterfly'
    • *kuəm 'to hold, grasp'
    • *kuən 'child'
    • *kuuy 'head'
    • *lakuəm 'brain'
    • *las 'ant'
    • *lɛc 'wrong/miss'
    • *ləda(a)ʔ 'armpit'
    • *leew 'bamboo'
    • *ləhiɛŋ 'saliva'
    • *lək 'quiver'
    • *ləmooɲ 'tooth'
    • *ləɲsiɲ 'gums'
    • *ləntaak 'tongue'
    • *ləŋɛ(ɛ)ʔ 'neck'
    • *ləsəm 'rain'
    • *ləwɛɛy 'bee'
    • *liɛp 'to plait (leaves)'
    • *m(??)h 'you (2S)'
    • *mahaam 'blood'
    • *man 'to play'
    • *mat 'eye'
    • *mɔɔh 'nose'
    • *məriɛm 'how many?'
    • *miɛŋ 'cheek'
    • *mro(o)ɲ 'louse'
    • *muuh 'to bathe'
    • *napak 'boar'
    • *nɔɔm 'to urinate'
    • *nɛŋ 'before'
    • *niis 'mat'
    • *nooŋ 'road'
    • *ɲooʔ 'to suck'
    • *padaw 'bee'
    • *pak 'to chop'
    • *paraaʔ 'shelf'
    • *pareeʔ 'monitor lizard'
    • *pəhɨɨm 'to break wind'
    • *pəlɛ(ɛ)ʔ 'astonished'
    • *pəleek 'bat'
    • *pəlɛɛʔ 'fruit'
    • *pələm 'leech'
    • *pəluaŋ 'roof'
    • *pənlɯɯŋ 'egg'
    • *pərəc 'wing'
    • *pəʔaas 'turtle'
    • *pɨɨt 'to extinguish'
    • *pɨt 'to blow'
    • *puk 'chicken'
    • *rəmpiɛt 'to thresh'
    • *rəwaay 'soul'
    • *riɛt 'to wring'
    • *rudɔŋ 'friend'
    • *ruəp 'friend'
    • *ruəy 'fly'
    • *ruuy 'to sow'
    • *rʔiɛs / ʔriɛs 'root'
    • *sa(a)r 'to descend'
    • *sɔɔk 'hair, feather'
    • *sɛ(ɛ)ɲ 'end'
    • *sə[n]taaʔ 'tail'
    • *sɛc 'flesh'
    • *sɛɛh 'to pound'
    • *sɛɛl 'shy'
    • *səgu(u)ʔ 'to ask, request'
    • *səlaay 'field'
    • *səlaaʔ 'leaf'
    • *səlɨʔdeʔ 'cockroach'
    • *səluuh 'to blowpipe'
    • *səmaaɲ 'to ask'
    • *səmaaʔ 'human being'
    • *səŋɛc 'cold'
    • *səŋəp 'darkness'
    • *siɛc 'to steal'
    • *siɛm 'to forget'
    • *sisɛʔ 'to dance'
    • *siyãʔ 'house'
    • *sɯɯc 'to sting'
    • *suək 'navel'
    • *suəm 'marrow'
    • *suuc 'to wash'
    • *suup 'lung'
    • *taaɲ 'to plait, weave'
    • *tabooʔ 'thumb'
    • *taɟaak 'to carry in hand'
    • *taɟuuʔ 'snake'
    • *talun 'python'
    • *tawɔɔh 't.o. gibbon'
    • *tawiiŋ 'spider'
    • *tɔɔt 'to burn'
    • *təbiŋ 'full'
    • *təhop 'turtle'
    • *təhuəl 'to blow'
    • *təkɔɔʔ 'pus'
    • *təmɔʔ 'stone'
    • *təmkal 'male'
    • *təniit 'lip'
    • *təŋ(k)əm 'molar'
    • *tiɛk 'to sleep'
    • *tiɛl 'footprint'
    • *tiil 'to dry'
    • *tool 'to carry on head'
    • *tuəs 'to pull out'
    • *wɔɔk 'to wake up'
    • *we(e)n 'to throw out'
    • *weeh 'they two (3D)'
    • *weel 'again'
    • *wɛ̃ɛ̃n 'to squeeze'
    • *wiɛl 'left (side)'
    • *yɛɛʔ 'I (1S)'
    • *ʔaap 'tiger'
    • *ʔaat 'stick/spear'
    • *ʔas 'to swell'
    • *ʔawak 'ladle'
    • *ʔɔ̃ɔ̃ɲ 'to smell'
    • *ʔɔɔs 'fire'
    • *ʔə[k]ʔaak 'crow'
    • *ʔɛc 'belly, excrement'
    • *ʔəmpuaʔ 'to dream'
    • *ʔəndɯɯm 'ripe'
    • *ʔəɲiiʔ 'before'
    • *ʔəntaŋ 'ear'
    • *ʔəntap 'testicle'
    • *ʔiiɲ 'I (1S)'
    • *ʔoo[k/ŋ] 'wasp'
    • *ʔoor 'to command'
    • *ʔuək 'to give'
    • *ʔuuy 'to do'

    Lexical innovations

    Selected Aslian lexical innovations as identified by Paul Sidwell (2021):[2]

    Gloss Proto-Aslian Kensiu Jahai Semnam Semelai
    ‘bitter’ *kədɛk kadek kadɛk kdɛk kədɛc
    ‘marrow’ *suəm – suwəp lasuoːm smsɔm
    ‘bear’ *kawãːp kawap kawip kaweːp –
    ‘sweet’ *gəhɛːt gəhɛt bhɛt bhɛt gɛhɛt (Temoq)

    Phonological correspondences

    Proto-Aslian appears to have some phonological rime correspondences with Nancowry, suggesting that there could be a Southern Austroasiatic branch or linkage that includes Aslian and Nicobaric. Gérard Diffloth (2008) presents the following comparisons[3] (as quoted in Sidwell 2021[2]).

    Gloss Proto-Aslian Nancowry
    ‘house-fly’ *ruəj juəj
    ‘wasp’ *gr-tuəʔ tũəʔ
    ‘child’ *kuən kuən
    ‘to scratch’ *kuɔc koac
    ‘dream’ *-mpuɔʔ ʔinfoaʔ
    ‘fingernail’ *c-(n)r-uɔs kisoah
    ‘four’ *puɔn foan

    See also

    References

    1. ↑ Phillips, Timothy C. 2012. Proto-Aslian: towards an understanding of its historical linguistic systems, principles and processes. Ph.D. thesis, Institut Alam Dan Tamadun Melayu Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi.
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Sidwell, Paul (2021). "Classification of MSEA Austroasiatic languages". The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia. De Gruyter. pp. 179–206. doi:10.1515/9783110558142-011. ISBN 9783110558142. 
    3. ↑ Diffloth, Gérard. 2008. Proto-Aslian diphthongs and historical parallels in other Austroasiatic languages. Paper presented at the 18th Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, 22 May.
    • Phillips, Timothy C. 2012. Proto-Aslian: towards an understanding of its historical linguistic systems, principles and processes. Ph.D. thesis, Institut Alam Dan Tamadun Melayu Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi.
    • Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.



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