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Cervicitis epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Prince Tano Djan, BSc, MBChB [2]
Overview[edit | edit source]
The incidence and prevalence of cervicitis depends on the study population. The prevalence of cervicitis is estimated to be 18,000 per 100,000 women diagnosed with gonococcal infection.[1] Cervicitis is relatively more prevalent in HIV-positive women than non-HIV positive women.[2] Among this population, the prevalence of cervicitis is estimated to be 7,400 per 100,000 women diagnosed with HIV infection.[3] The overall prevalence of nongonococcal cervicitis is higher than gonococcal cervicitis.[4] Chlamydia cervicitis is four to five times more prevalent than gonococcal cervicitis.[5][4] However, co-infection of gonococcal and chlamydia cervicitis is higher in PID than in cervicitis.[5] Cervicitis commonly follows the pattern of age prevalence of sexually transmitted infections with the highest incidence among women aged 15-24.[6][7][8] There is no racial predilection to developing cervicitis. The prevalence of cervicitis is higher in under-served communities and developing countries.[9][10]
Epidemiology and Demographics[edit | edit source]
Prevalence and Incidence[edit | edit source]
The incidence and prevalence of cervicitis depends on the study population.
The prevalence of cervicitis is estimated to be 18,000 per 100,000 women diagnosed with gonococcal infection.[1] The prevalence of cervicitis ranges from 7,600 to 24,900 per 100,000 female sex workers. The broad range is due to variation in demographic location.[11][12]
Cervicitis is relatively more prevalent in HIV-positive women than non-HIV positive women.[2] Among this population, the prevalence of cervicitis is estimated to be 7,400 per 100,000 women diagnosed with HIV infection.[3] Screening and treatment of M. genitalium among HIV-infected individuals may be needed to improve cervical health and reduce morbidity.[3] The overall prevalence of nongonococcal cervicitis is higher than gonococcal cervicitis.[4] Chlamydia cervicitis is four to five times more prevalent than gonococcal cervicitis.[5][4] However, co-infection of gonococcal and chlamydia cervicitis is higher in PID than in cervicitis.[5]
Age[edit | edit source]
Cervicitis commonly follows the pattern of age prevalence of sexually transmitted infections with the highest incidence among women aged 15-24.[6][7][8]
Race[edit | edit source]
There is no racial predilection to developing cervicitis.
Developed and Developing Countries[edit | edit source]
The prevalence of cervicitis is higher in under-served communities and developing countries.[9][10]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Barlow D, Phillips I (1978). "Gonorrhoea in women. Diagnostic, clinical, and laboratory aspects". Lancet. 1 (8067): 761–4. PMID 76760.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lewis DA, Chirwa TF, Msimang VM, Radebe FM, Kamb ML, Firnhaber CS (2012). "Urethritis/cervicitis pathogen prevalence and associated risk factors among asymptomatic HIV-infected patients in South Africa". Sex Transm Dis. 39 (7): 531–6. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31824cbecc. PMID 22706215.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Dehon PM, Hagensee ME, Sutton KJ, Oddo HE, Nelson N, McGowin CL (2016). "Histological Evidence of Chronic Mycoplasma genitalium-Induced Cervicitis in HIV-Infected Women: A Retrospective Cohort Study". J Infect Dis. 213 (11): 1828–35. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiw025. PMC 4857473. PMID 26783349.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Gaydos C, Maldeis NE, Hardick A, Hardick J, Quinn TC (2009). "Mycoplasma genitalium as a contributor to the multiple etiologies of cervicitis in women attending sexually transmitted disease clinics". Sex Transm Dis. 36 (10): 598–606. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181b01948. PMC 2924808. PMID 19704398.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Burnett AM, Anderson CP, Zwank MD (2012). "Laboratory-confirmed gonorrhea and/or chlamydia rates in clinically diagnosed pelvic inflammatory disease and cervicitis". Am J Emerg Med. 30 (7): 1114–7. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2011.07.014. PMID 22030186.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Satterwhite CL, Torrone E, Meites E, Dunne EF, Mahajan R, Ocfemia MC; et al. (2013). "Sexually transmitted infections among US women and men: prevalence and incidence estimates, 2008". Sex Transm Dis. 40 (3): 187–93. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318286bb53. PMID 23403598.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Chlamydia CDC Fact Sheet. CDC.http://www.cdc.gov/std/chlamydia/stdfact-chlamydia-detailed.htm#_ENREF_3. Accessed on December 29, 2015
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Marrazzo JM, Handsfield HH, Whittington WL (2002). "Predicting chlamydial and gonococcal cervical infection: implications for management of cervicitis". Obstet Gynecol. 100 (3): 579–84. PMID 12220782.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Chico RM, Mayaud P, Ariti C, Mabey D, Ronsmans C, Chandramohan D (2012). "Prevalence of malaria and sexually transmitted and reproductive tract infections in pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review". JAMA. 307 (19): 2079–86. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.3428. PMID 22665107.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Toomey KE, Moran JS, Rafferty MP, Beckett GA (1993). "Epidemiological considerations of sexually transmitted diseases in underserved populations". Infect Dis Clin North Am. 7 (4): 739–52. PMID 8106727.
- ↑ Efosa OB, Uwadiegwu AP (2015). "Cytopathological Examination and Epidemiological Study of Cervicitis in Commercial Sex Workers (CSWs) in Coal City (Enugu), Nigeria". Ethiop J Health Sci. 25 (3): 225–30. PMC 4650877. PMID 26633925.
- ↑ Pollett S, Calderon M, Heitzinger K, Solari V, Montano SM, Zunt J (2013). "Prevalence and predictors of cervicitis in female sex workers in Peru: an observational study". BMC Infect Dis. 13: 195. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-195. PMC 3664214. PMID 23631602.
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