Canini (tribe)

Canins; Temporal range: 9–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Late Miocene–Present
	Canina (represented by the golden jackal) and Cerdocyonina (represented by the crab-eating fox)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Suborder:	Caniformia
Family:	Canidae
Subfamily:	Caninae
Tribe:	Canini; Fischer de Waldheim, 1817
Genera
	Subtribe Canina (wolf and wolf-like canines) Canis †Xenocyon; ; Cuon; Lupulella; Lycaon; †Cynotherium; †Eucyon; †Aenocyon; ; Subtribe Cerdocyonina Atelocynus; Cerdocyon; Chrysocyon; Lycalopex; Speothos; †Dusicyon; †Protocyon; †Theriodictis; ;

Canini is a taxon which represents the dog-like tribe of the subfamily Caninae (the canines), and is sister to the fox-like tribe Vulpini. The Canini came into existence 9 million years ago. This group was first represented by Eucyon, mostly by Eucyon davisi that was spread widely across North America^[1] and is basal to the other members of the tribe.^[3] Its members are informally known as true dogs.

Taxonomy

The critical features that mark the Canini as a monophyletic group include the consistent enlargement of the frontal sinus, often accompanied by the correlated loss of the depression in the dorsal surface of the postorbital process; the posterior expansion of the paroccipital process; the enlargement of the mastoid process; and the lack of lateral flare of the orbital border of the zygoma.

— Richard H. Tedford^[1]

Members of this tribe include:

Subtribe	Description	Genus	Species
Canina Waldheim, 1817	The wolf-like canines.^[4]	Canis (Linnaeus, 1758)	domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) grey wolf (Canis lupus) red wolf (Canis rufus) eastern wolf (Canis lycaon) coyote (Canis latrans) golden jackal (Canis aureus) African wolf (Canis anthus) Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis)
		Cuon (Hodgson, 1838)	dhole (Cuon alpinus)
		Lupulella (Hilzheimer, 1906)	Side-striped jackal (Lupulella adusta Sundevall, 1847) Black-backed jackal (Lupulella mesomelas Schreber, 1775)
		Lycaon Brookes, 1827	African wild dog (Lycaon pictus Temminck, 1820)) †Lycaon sekowei Hartstone-Rose et al., 2010
		†Cynotherium (Studiati, 1857)	† Sardinian dhole (Cynotherium sardous)
		†Eucyon (Tedford & Qiu, 1996)	† Eucyon davisi
		†Aenocyon (Merriam, 1918)	† Dire wolf (Aenocyon dirus)
Cerdocyonina (Tedford, et al., 2009)	The South American, fox-shaped canines.^[4]	Speothos (Lund, 1839)	bush dog (Speothos venaticus) †Speothos pacivorus
		Atelocynus (Cabrera, 1940)	short-eared dog (Atelocynus microtis)
		Chrysocyon (C.E.H. Smith, 1839)	maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)
		†Dusicyon (C.E.H. Smith, 1839)	†Dusicyon australis †Dusicyon avus †Dusicyon cultridens
		Lycalopex (Burmeister 1854)	Culpeo or Andean fox, Lycalopex culpaeus Darwin's fox, Lycalopex fulvipes South American gray fox, Lycalopex griseus Pampas fox, Lycalopex gymnocercus Sechuran fox, Lycalopex sechurae Hoary fox, Lycalopex vetulus
		Cerdocyon (C.E.H. Smith, 1839)	crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous)
		†Protocyon (Giebel 1855)	†P. orcesi Hoffstetter 1952 †P. tarijensis Ameghino 1902 †P. troglodytes Lund 1838, type
		†Theriodictis (Mercerat, 1891)	†Theriodictis platensis

Common names of most of the South American canines include "fox", based on resemblance, but they are more closely related to wolves than to vulpini, the Eurasian and North American foxes.

The cladogram below is based on the phylogeny of Lindblad-Toh et al. (2005),^[5] modified to incorporate recent findings on Canis species,^[6] Lycalopex species,^[7] and Dusicyon.^[8]

Caninae

Canini

Canina

Canis

Canis latrans (coyote)

	Canis rufus (red wolf)

	Canis lycaon (algonquin wolf)

	Canis lupus (gray wolf)

	Canis familiaris (domestic dog)

Canis anthus (African wolf)

Canis simensis (Ethiopian wolf)

Canis aureus (golden jackal)

Cuon	Cuon alpinus (dhole)

Lycaon	Lycaon pictus (African wild dog)

Lupulella

	Lupulella adusta (side-striped jackal)

	Lupulella mesomelas (black-backed jackal)

Cerdocyonina

	Speothos venaticus (bush dog)

	Chrysocyon brachyurus (maned wolf)

	†Dusicyon australis (Falkland Islands wolf)

Lycalopex

Lycalopex vetulus (hoary fox)

Lycalopex sechurae
(Sechuran fox or Peruvian desert fox)

	Lycalopex fulvipes (Darwin's fox)

	Lycalopex gymnocercus (pampas fox)

	Lycalopex griseus (South American gray fox or chilla)

	Lycalopex culpaeus (culpeo or Andean fox)

	Cerdocyon thous (crab-eating fox)

	Atelocynus microtis (short-eared dog)

Vulpini

Otocyon megalotis (bat-eared fox)

Nyctereutes (raccoon dogs)

Vulpes

	Vulpes zerda (fennec fox)

	Vulpes cana (Blanford's fox)

Vulpes chama (Cape fox)

	Vulpes vulpes (red fox)

	Vulpes rueppellii (Ruppell's fox)

	Vulpes corsac (corsac fox)

	Vulpes ferrilata (Tibetan sand fox)

	Vulpes macrotis (kit fox)

	Vulpes lagopus (Arctic fox)

Urocyon

	Urocyon littoralis (island fox)

	Urocyon cinereoargenteus (gray fox)

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Tedford, Richard H.; Wang, Xiaoming; Taylor, Beryl E. (2009). "Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 325: 1–218. doi:10.1206/574.1. hdl:2246/5999. S2CID 83594819.
^ Fischer de Waldheim, G. 1817. Adversaria zoological. Memoir Societe Naturelle (Moscow) 5:368–428. p372
^ Zrzavý, Jan; Duda, Pavel; Robovský, Jan; Okřinová, Isabela; Pavelková Řičánková, Věra (2018). "Phylogeny of the Caninae (Carnivora): Combining morphology, behaviour, genes and fossils". Zoologica Scripta. 47 (4): 373–389. doi:10.1111/zsc.12293. S2CID 90592618.
^ ^a ^b Wayne, Robert K. (June 1993). "Molecular evolution of the dog family". Trends in Genetics. 9 (6): 218–224. doi:10.1016/0168-9525(93)90122-x. PMID 8337763.
^ Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Wade, Claire M.; Mikkelsen, Tarjei S.; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Jaffe, David B.; Kamal, Michael; et al. (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature. 438 (7069): 803–819. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..803L. doi:10.1038/nature04338. PMID 16341006.
^ Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Pollinger, John; Godinho, Raquel; Robinson, Jacqueline; Lea, Amanda; Hendricks, Sarah; et al. (2015). "Genome-wide evidence reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals are distinct species". Current Biology. 25 (16): 2158–2165. Bibcode:2015CBio...25.2158K. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060. PMID 26234211.
^ Tchaicka, Ligia; de Freitas, Thales Renato Ochotorena; Bager, Alex; Vidal, Stela Luengos; Lucherini, Mauro; Iriarte, Agustín; et al. (2016). "Molecular assessment of the phylogeny and biogeography of a recently diversified endemic group of South American canids (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Genetics and Molecular Biology. 39 (3): 442–451. doi:10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2015-0189. PMC 5004827. PMID 27560989.
^ Slater, G.J.; Thalmann, O.; Leonard, J.A.; Schweizer, R.M.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Pollinger, J.P.; et al. (2009). "Evolutionary history of the Falklands wolf". Current Biology. 19 (20): R937 – R938. Bibcode:2009CBio...19.R937S. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.018. hdl:10261/58562. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 19889366. S2CID 36185744.

External links

[Tedford2009-1] Tedford, Richard H.; Wang, Xiaoming; Taylor, Beryl E. (2009). "Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 325: 1–218. doi:10.1206/574.1. hdl:2246/5999. S2CID 83594819.

[2] Fischer de Waldheim, G. 1817. Adversaria zoological. Memoir Societe Naturelle (Moscow) 5:368–428. p372

[Zrzavý2018-3] Zrzavý, Jan; Duda, Pavel; Robovský, Jan; Okřinová, Isabela; Pavelková Řičánková, Věra (2018). "Phylogeny of the Caninae (Carnivora): Combining morphology, behaviour, genes and fossils". Zoologica Scripta. 47 (4): 373–389. doi:10.1111/zsc.12293. S2CID 90592618.

[wayne1993-4] Wayne, Robert K. (June 1993). "Molecular evolution of the dog family". Trends in Genetics. 9 (6): 218–224. doi:10.1016/0168-9525(93)90122-x. PMID 8337763.

[LindbladToh2005-5] Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Wade, Claire M.; Mikkelsen, Tarjei S.; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Jaffe, David B.; Kamal, Michael; et al. (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature. 438 (7069): 803–819. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..803L. doi:10.1038/nature04338. PMID 16341006.

[Koepfli2015-6] Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Pollinger, John; Godinho, Raquel; Robinson, Jacqueline; Lea, Amanda; Hendricks, Sarah; et al. (2015). "Genome-wide evidence reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals are distinct species". Current Biology. 25 (16): 2158–2165. Bibcode:2015CBio...25.2158K. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060. PMID 26234211.

[7] Tchaicka, Ligia; de Freitas, Thales Renato Ochotorena; Bager, Alex; Vidal, Stela Luengos; Lucherini, Mauro; Iriarte, Agustín; et al. (2016). "Molecular assessment of the phylogeny and biogeography of a recently diversified endemic group of South American canids (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Genetics and Molecular Biology. 39 (3): 442–451. doi:10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2015-0189. PMC 5004827. PMID 27560989.

[8] Slater, G.J.; Thalmann, O.; Leonard, J.A.; Schweizer, R.M.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Pollinger, J.P.; et al. (2009). "Evolutionary history of the Falklands wolf". Current Biology. 19 (20): R937 – R938. Bibcode:2009CBio...19.R937S. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.018. hdl:10261/58562. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 19889366. S2CID 36185744.

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