Hadiyya language

Hadiyya
Hadiyya
Native to	Ethiopia
Region	Hadiya Zone of Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region
Ethnicity	Hadiya
Native speakers	1,300,000 (2007 census)
Language family	Afro-Asiatic Cushitic Highland East Cushitic Hadiyya; ; ;
Dialects	Hadiyya; Soro; Leemo;
Writing system	Latin, Ge’ez
Language codes
ISO 639-3	hdy
Glottolog	hadi1240
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Hadiyya (speakers call it Hadiyyisa, others sometimes call it Hadiyigna, Adiya, Adea, Adiye, Hadia, Hadiya, Hadya) is the language of the Hadiya people of Ethiopia. Over 1.2 million speakers of Hadiyya, making it one of the ten major languages in Ethiopia. It is a Highland East Cushitic language of the Afroasiatic family. Most speakers live in the Hadiya Zone of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR).^[2] The language has four recognized dialects—Leemo, Badawacho, Shashogo, and Sooro. These are mutually intelligible, with slight regional variations.

The closely related Libido language, located just to the north in the Mareko district of Gurage Zone, is very similar lexically, but has significant morphological differences. Historically oral, Hadiyya is now written using a Latin-based orthography, developed for educational and administrative use. Hadiyya has a set of complex consonant phonemes consisting of a glottal stop and a sonorant: /ʔr/, /ʔj/, /ʔw/, /ʔl/.

In their book (English version 1999), Braukämper and Mishago compiled a reasonably sized collection of the presently vanishing art of traditional songs of Hadiyya. The lyrics adhere to the strict rule of Hadiyya traditional poetry where rhythmical rhyming occurs at the beginning of the verse.^[3]

The New Testament of the Christian Bible has been translated into Hadiyya, published by the Bible Society of Ethiopia in 1993. It was originally produced using the traditional Ethiopic syllabary. A later printing used the Latin alphabet.^{[citation needed]}

Phonology

Consonants

The phonology of the Hadiyya language, part of the Highland East Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family, is characterized by its unique consonantal and vowel systems, syllable structure, and morphophonemic processes. Hadiyya has 23 consonant phonemes categorized by place and manner of articulation:

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless		t	tʃ	k	ʔ
	voiced	b	d	dʒ	g
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ	tʃʼ	kʼ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	ʃ		h
Fricative	voiced		z
Nasal	voiced	m	n
Nasal	preglottal	ʔm	ʔn
Rhotic			r
Approximant	voiced	w	l	j
Approximant	preglottal		ʔl

/r/ can be heard as either a flap [ɾ] or a trill [r].
Gemination can occur in most consonants word-medially, except for /r, z, h, ʔ/.^[4]

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i iː		u uː
Mid	e eː		o oː
Open		a aː

Vowel System

Hadiyya has a set of five vowel phonemes: /a, e, i, o, u/. These vowels exhibit:

Phonemic vowel length: The length of vowels changes word meanings (e.g., short /a/ vs. long /aa/).
Distribution restrictions: Certain vowels co-occur only under specific conditions.

Pitch Accent

Hadiyya exhibits a pitch accent system, where pitch can distinguish lexical or grammatical meanings. This is a defining feature of Highland East Cushitic languages.

Orthography

The Hadiyya (Hadiyyisa) language alphabet ^[5]
Letter	Name (IPA)	Example(s)^[6]
A a	[a]	mato (one), Waa’aa (God)
B b	[ba]	baxo (work), lobakata (much, many)
C c	[tʃ’a]	maceesee (hear me), cawoomoo (I’ll be silent)
CH ch	[tʃa]	manchoo (man), heechaa (life)
D d	[da]	daddaraanchoo (merchant), danaamoo (good, beautiful)
E e	[e]	neesee (us), eranee (well, good)
F f	[fa]	hoffanee (small), fatakimaa or fatahimaa (to release)
G g	[ga]	gatisima (to save, to secure), gaga (self)
H h	[ha]	hasee (find it), halichoo (donkey)
I i	[i]	iihanee (mine), hinkid (how)
J j	[dʒa]	joraa (bad), jagara (small residence usually next to a bigger one)
K k	[ka]	ka (‘you’ for male), kuk (this)
L l	[la]	lelee (play), laroo (cows)
M m	[ma]	ma’ccee (ear), maree (go)
N n	[na]	nafaraa (meadow in front area), neesee (us)
NY ny	[ɲa]	adapted for loan words such as "sanyo" (monday) of Amharic
O o	[o]	meenticcoo (woman or the woman), woroon (below)
P p	[pa]	adapted for loan words such as "politics" from English, and "police" from Amharic/English. However, monolingual Hadiya actually change the sound to [ba] in their speech
PH ph	[p’a]	aphisee (hit it), ccoophaaroo’o (food – minsed meat/greens in butter & spices)
Q q	[k’a]	qoxaraa (strong), ha’qaa (wood)
R r	[ra]	hurbaata (food), woro’nee (in)
S s	[sa]	lasagee (later), so’oo (barley)
SH sh	[ʃa]	shokkiissoohanee (hot, burning), bashillaa (far)
T t	[ta]	diinatee (money or cattle), matayanoo (being busy)
TS ts	[s’a]	adapted for loan words such as ‘tsom’ (fasting) of Amharic
U u	[u]	Uulla (earth or one’s plot/plat), hundam (all of it)
V v	[va]	adapted for loan words such as ‘university’ of English
W w	[wa]	weeraa (cedar tree), wo’oo (water)
X x	[t’a]	wiximaa (seeding), iix (he)
Y y	[ya]	iiyyimaa (carrying), malayyee (strength, force)
Z z	[za]	zara (race or ethnic group)
ZH zh	[ʒa]	adapted for loan words such as ‘gezhii’ (governor) of Amharic
’ (no allograph)	[ʔa]	ki’aakka’a (rising), liira’imito’oo (they rejoiced)

Numerals - t'íga

Source:^[7]


N	Number
1	máto
2	lámo
3	sáso
4	soóro
5	ʔónto
6	lóho
7	lamára
8	sadeénto
9	hónso
10	tómmo

When combining numerals, in Hadiyya from the numbers 11-99, you attach the base of the decade with the unit, using a structure that translates as “[decade] + [unit]”. For example:

21: Tommá máto ("20 and 1")

35: Sómmo ʔónto ("30 and 5")

48: Soóre sadeénto ("40 and 8")


N	Numbers
10	tommoó
20	tommá
30	sómmo
40	soóre
50	ʔónta
60	lóhonta
70	lamárta
80	sadeénta
90	hónsájje
100	ʃíha

After 100, the speakers of Hadiyya combine the numeral of 100 with the decades and the units of the numerals before.

142: ʃíha sóore lámo ("100 and 40 and 2")

Notes

^ Ethiopia 2007 Census
^ Simons, Gary F. and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2018. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Twenty-first edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com.
^ Braukämper, Ulrich and Tilahun Mishago. 1999. Praise and Teasing: Narrative Songs of the Hadiyya in Southern Ethiopia. Frankfurt: Frobenius Institute. Page 116 has a good map of Hadiyya dialects and locations.
^ Garkebo, Tadesse Sibamo (2014). Documentation and Description of Hadiyya (A Highland East Cushitic Language of Ethiopia). Addis Ababa University.
^ Mazengia, Shimelis (2016). Mendisu, Binyam Sisay; Johannessen, Janne Bondi (eds.). "Some Observations on Hadiyyisa Orthography". Oslo Studies in Language. 8 (1, "Multilingual Ethiopia: Linguistic Challenges and Capacity Building Efforts"): 201–218. ISSN 1890-9639.
^ Hadiyya (Hadiyyisa) Language Orthography – Alphabet and Writing. Retrieved February 12, 2022, from https://hadiyajourney.com/hadiyya-hadiyyisa-language-orthography-alphabet-and-writing/
^ Garkebo, Tadesse Sibamo (2014). Documentation and Description of Hadiyya. Addis Ababa University. pp. 141–142.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

References

Korhonen, Elsa, Mirja Saksa, and Ronald J. Sim. 1986. "A dialect study of Kambaata-Hadiyya (Ethiopia) [part 1]." Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 5: 5-41.
Korhonen, Elsa, Mirja Saksa, and Ronald J. Sim. 1986. "A dialect study of Kambaata-Hadiyya (Ethiopia), part 2: Appendices." Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 6: 71-121.
Leslau, Wolf. 1985. The liquid l in Hadiyya and West Gurage. Mélanges linguistiques offerts à Maxime Rodinson (Comptes rendus du groupe linguistique d’études chamito-sémitiques supplément 12), 231-238. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner.
Perrett, Denise Lesley. 1993. The switch-reference phenomena in Hadiyya: A labelled deductive system perspective, M.A. thesis, Univ. of London.
Perrett, Denise Lesley. 2000. The dynamics of tense construal in Hadiyya, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of London.
Plazikowsky-Brauner, Herma. 1960. Die Hadiya-Sprache. Rassegna di Studi Etiopici 16.38-76.
Plazikowsky-Brauner, Herma. 1961. Texte der Hadiya-Sprache. Rassegna di Studi Etiopici 17.83-115.
Plazikowsky-Brauner, Herma. 1964. Wörterbuch der Hadiya-Sprache. Rassegna di Studi Etiopici 20.133-182.
Sim, Ronald J. 1985. "The morphological structure of some main verb forms in Hadiyya." In The verb morphophonemics of five highland east Cushitic languages, including Burji, 10-43. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere, 2. Cologne: Institut für Afrikanistik.
Sim, Ronald J. 1988. "Violations of the two-consonant constraint in Hadiyya." African Languages and Cultures 1: 77-90.
Sim, Ronald J. 1989. Predicate conjoining in Hadiyya: a head-driven PS grammar. Ph.D. thesis. University of Edinburgh.
Stinson, D. Lloyd. 1976. Hadiyya. In Language in Ethiopia, M. L. Bender et al., eds., 148-154. London: Oxford University Press.
Tadese Sibamo Garkebo. 2015. Documentation and Description of Hadiyya. Addis Ababa University doctoral dissertation. Web access

[1] Ethiopia 2007 Census

[2] Simons, Gary F. and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2018. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Twenty-first edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com.

[3] Braukämper, Ulrich and Tilahun Mishago. 1999. Praise and Teasing: Narrative Songs of the Hadiyya in Southern Ethiopia. Frankfurt: Frobenius Institute. Page 116 has a good map of Hadiyya dialects and locations.

[4] Garkebo, Tadesse Sibamo (2014). Documentation and Description of Hadiyya (A Highland East Cushitic Language of Ethiopia). Addis Ababa University.

[5] Mazengia, Shimelis (2016). Mendisu, Binyam Sisay; Johannessen, Janne Bondi (eds.). "Some Observations on Hadiyyisa Orthography". Oslo Studies in Language. 8 (1, "Multilingual Ethiopia: Linguistic Challenges and Capacity Building Efforts"): 201–218. ISSN 1890-9639.

[6] Hadiyya (Hadiyyisa) Language Orthography – Alphabet and Writing. Retrieved February 12, 2022, from https://hadiyajourney.com/hadiyya-hadiyyisa-language-orthography-alphabet-and-writing/

[7] Garkebo, Tadesse Sibamo (2014). Documentation and Description of Hadiyya. Addis Ababa University. pp. 141–142.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

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