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    Hinduism by country

    From Wikipedia - Reading time: 23 min

    Percentage of Hindus by country, according to the Pew Research Center
    Hinduism by country
    Africa
    • Algeria
    • Angola
    • Benin
    • Botswana
    • Burkina Faso
    • Burundi
    • Cameroon
    • Cape Verde
    • Central African Republic
    • Chad
    • Comoros
    • Democratic Republic of the Congo
    • Republic of the Congo
    • Djibouti
    • Egypt
    • Equatorial Guinea
    • Eritrea
    • Eswatini
    • Ethiopia
    • Gabon
    • Gambia
    • Ghana
    • Guinea
    • Guinea-Bissau
    • Ivory Coast
    • Kenya
    • Lesotho
    • Liberia
    • Libya
    • Madagascar
    • Malawi
    • Mali
    • Mauritania
    • Mauritius
    • Morocco
      • Western Sahara
    • Mozambique
    • Namibia
    • Niger
    • Nigeria
    • Rwanda
    • São Tomé and Príncipe
    • Senegal
    • Seychelles
    • Sierra Leone
    • Somalia
    • South Africa
    • South Sudan
    • Sudan
    • Tanzania
    • Togo
    • Tunisia
    • Uganda
    • Zambia
    • Zimbabwe
    Asia
    • Afghanistan
    • Armenia
    • Azerbaijan
    • Bahrain
    • Bangladesh
    • Bhutan
    • Brunei
    • Cambodia
    • China
    • Cyprus
    • Georgia
    • Hong Kong
    • India
    • Indonesia
      • Bali
      • Java
    • Iran
    • Iraq
    • Israel
    • Japan
    • Jordan
    • Kazakhstan
    • Korea
      • North Korea
      • South Korea
    • Kuwait
    • Kyrgyzstan
    • Laos
    • Lebanon
    • Malaysia
    • Maldives
    • Mongolia
    • Myanmar
    • Nepal
    • Oman
    • Pakistan
    • Palestine
    • Philippines
    • Qatar
    • Saudi Arabia
    • Singapore
    • Southeast Asia
    • Sri Lanka
    • Syria
    • Taiwan
    • Tajikistan
    • Thailand
    • Timor-Leste
    • Turkey
    • Turkmenistan
    • United Arab Emirates
    • Uzbekistan
    • Vietnam
    • Yemen
    Europe
    • Albania
    • Andorra
    • Austria
    • Belarus
    • Belgium
    • Bosnia and Herzegovina
    • Bulgaria
    • Croatia
    • Czechia
    • Denmark
    • Estonia
    • Finland
    • France
    • Germany
    • Gibraltar
    • Greece
    • Hungary
    • Iceland
    • Ireland
    • Italy
    • Kosovo
    • Latvia
    • Liechtenstein
    • Lithuania
    • Luxembourg
    • Malta
    • Moldova
    • Monaco
    • Montenegro
    • Netherlands
    • North Macedonia
    • Norway
    • Poland
    • Portugal
    • Romania
    • Russia
    • San Marino
    • Serbia
    • Slovakia
    • Slovenia
    • Spain
    • Sweden
    • Switzerland
    • Ukraine
    • United Kingdom
      • England
      • Northern Ireland
      • Scotland
      • Wales
    North America
    • Belize
    • Canada
    • Costa Rica
    • El Salvador
    • Guatemala
    • Honduras
    • Mexico
    • Nicaragua
    • Panama
    • United States
    Caribbean
    • Anguilla
    • Antigua and Barbuda
    • Bahamas
    • Barbados
    • Cuba
    • Dominica
    • Dominican Republic
    • Grenada
    • Guadeloupe
    • Haiti
    • Jamaica
    • Martinique
    • Puerto Rico
    • Saint Kitts and Nevis
    • Saint Lucia
    • Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
    • Trinidad and Tobago
    • Caribbean Madrasi Community
    Oceania
    • Australia
    • Fiji
    • Kiribati
    • Marshall Islands
    • Micronesia
    • Nauru
    • New Caledonia
    • New Zealand
    • Palau
    • Papua New Guinea
    • Samoa
    • Solomon Islands
    • Tonga
    • Tuvalu
    • Vanuatu
    South America
    • Argentina
    • Bolivia
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Colombia
    • Ecuador
    • French Guiana
    • Guyana
    • Paraguay
    • Peru
    • Suriname
    • Uruguay
    • Venezuela
    Full list
    • v
    • t
    • e

    Hinduism has approximately 1.2 billion adherents worldwide (14.9% of the world's population).[1] Hinduism is the third largest religion in the world behind Christianity (32.8%) and Islam (23.3%).[2]

    Most Hindus live in Asian countries, and the majority of Nepal and India are Hindus, and a significant number in Mauritius. The past two centuries have seen large-scale migration of Hindus from Southeast Asia, to around the world.[3] Countries with more than 500,000 Hindu residents and citizens are (in decreasing order) India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, the United States, Malaysia, United Kingdom, Myanmar, Australia, Mauritius, South Africa, Canada, and the United Arab Emirates.

    There are significant numbers of Hindu enclaves around the world, with many in South Africa, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Hinduism is also practiced by the non-Indic people including the Balinese of Bali island (Indonesia), Tengger of Java (Indonesia), the Balamon Chams of Vietnam, and Butuanon people in Philippines.

    Background

    [edit]

    Hinduism is a heterogeneous religion and consists of many schools of thought. Hinduism includes a diversity of ideas on spirituality and traditions, but has no ecclesiastical order, no unquestionable religious authorities, no governing body, no prophet(s) nor any binding holy book; Hindus can be polytheistic, monotheistic, pantheistic, monistic, agnostic, humanist, or atheistic.[4]

    Early Migration

    [edit]

    One of the first major waves of Hindus leaving the South Asia were a result of colonialism in India during 19th and early 20th century. Under indenture contracts, many Hindus migrated far across the world to Guyana, Surinam, Trinidad, Mauritius, South Africa, Eastern Africa, Fiji, Burma and Malaysia. These were some of the first countries with Hinduism established outside of the Indian sub-continent, many of which still have a thriving Hindu community today.[3]

    Demographic estimates

    [edit]

    Demographic estimates of Hindu populations by country have been published by the Pew Research Center in 2012,[5] as well as US State Department's International Religious Freedom Report 2006.[6]

    By total number, India has the most Hindus. As a percentage, Nepal has the largest percentage of Hindus in the world, followed by India and Mauritius.[7] The Hindu population around the world as of 2020 is about 1.2 billion, making it the world's third-largest religion after Christianity and Islam, of which nearly 1.1 billion Hindus live in India.[8][9] India contains 94% of the global Hindu population.[10][11] According to a statistical study, an estimated 100 million Hindus live outside of India.[12] In 2010, only two countries in the world had a majority of their population as Hindus – Nepal and India.[citation needed] In Mauritius, 47.9 percent of the population were Hindu, according to the 2022 census.[13]

    By country

    [edit]

    Sources used for the table below include the US State Department,[6] the CIA World Factbook,[14] adherents.com, thearda.com,[15][16] and Pew Research Center.[17][18] and as identified.

    Hinduism by country
    Region Country Hindu total Percentage Total population Census year
    South Asia/Central Asia Afghanistan 10,511 0.03%[19][20][21] 35,036,667 -NA-
    Western Europe Andorra 382 0.5%[22][23] 82,887 2020
    Caribbean Anguilla 58 0.4%[24] 13,452 2011
    Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda 379 0.4%[25] 81,799 -NA-
    South America Argentina 4,000+ 0.01%[26] 40,301,927 -NA-
    Oceania Australia 684,000 2.7%[27] 23,401,400 2021
    Central Europe Austria 11,000 0.1%[28] 8,900,000
    Middle East Bahrain 7,000 – 144,286[note 1] <1%–9.8%[31][note 1] 708,573
    South Asia Bangladesh 14,300,000 8.54%[32] 167,000,000 2011
    Caribbean Barbados 1,055 0.46%[33] 226,193
    Western Europe Belgium 6,235 0.06%[34] 10,392,226
    Central America and Caribbean Belize 612 0.2%[35] 294,385
    South Asia Bhutan 185,700 22.6%–25%[36][37] 742,737
    Southern Africa Botswana 3,353 0.3%[38] 1,372,675
    South America Brazil 5,675–9,500 0.0029%[39]–0.01% 192,755,799
    Southeast Asia Brunei 131 0.035%[40] 374,577
    West Africa Burkina Faso 150 0.001%[citation needed] 14,326,203
    Central Africa Burundi 8,391 0.1%[41][42] 8,390,505
    Southeast Asia Cambodia 41,988 0.3%[43][44] 13,995,904
    North America Canada 828,200 2.3%[45] 36,990,141 2021
    Central Europe Czech Republic 2,404 0.023%[46] 10,436,560
    East Asia China 20,000[47] <0.1%[48] 1,412,600,000
    South America Colombia 8,876 0.02%[49] 44,379,598
    East Africa Comoros 711 0.1%(approx)
    [citation needed]     		711,417
    Central Africa Congo (Kinshasa) 30,000[18] 0.18%[18] 65,751,512
    Balkans Croatia 449 0.01% (approx)[50] 4,493,312
    North America Cuba 23,927 0.21%[51] 11,394,043
    West Africa Côte d'Ivoire 18,013 0.1%[52][53] 18,013,409
    Middle East Cyprus 4,640 0.4%[54] 1,160,987 2015
    Western Europe Denmark 5,468 0.1%[55][56] 5,468,120
    East Africa Djibouti 99 0.02%[57] 496,374
    Caribbean Dominica 145 0.2%[58] 72,386
    North Africa Egypt 2,700 0.003%[59] 82,761,244 2010
    East Africa Eritrea 4,907 0.1% (approx)[60] 4,906,585
    Eastern Europe Estonia 295 0.027%[61] 1,094,564
    Oceania Fiji 261,136 27.9%[62][63] 935,974
    Western Europe Finland 5,000 0.1%[64] 5,238,460
    Western Europe France 121,000 0.2%[65] 63,718,187
    Eastern Europe Georgia 465 0.01% (approx)[66] 4,646,003
    Western Europe Germany 130,000 0.15% (approx)[67] 82,660,000
    West Africa Ghana 12,500 0.05% (approx)[68] 22,931,299
    Western Europe Gibraltar 628 2.0%[69] 32,194
    Caribbean Grenada 630 0.7%[70] 89,971
    Caribbean Guadeloupe 2,300 0.5%[71] 460,000
    South America and Caribbean Guyana 190,966 24.9%[72] 769,095
    Central Europe Hungary 3,307[73][74][75] 0.03% 9,603,634 2022
    South Asia India 1,053,000,000 79.8%[76][77][78] 1,320,000,000 (2011 Census)
    Southeast Asia Indonesia 4,679,053[79] 1.71%[79] 273,873,000 2021
    Middle East Iran 20,000[18] <0.1[18] 65,397,521
    Western Europe Ireland 14,300 0.30%[80] 4,761,865 2016
    Middle East Israel c.500–1,400 0.01%[81] 9,412,850 2020
    Western Europe Italy 108,950 0.2% (approx)[82] 60,418,000
    Caribbean Jamaica 1,836 0.07%[83] 2,780,132
    East Asia Japan 30,000[18] <0.1[18] 127,433,494
    Middle East Jordan 10,185 0.1[84] 10,185,500 2020
    Central Asia Kazakhstan 1,878 0.01%[85] 18,632,000 2020
    East Africa Kenya 60,000[18] 0.1%[18] 37,000,000
    East Asia Korea, South 12,452 0.015% (approx) 49,044,790
    Middle East Kuwait 300,667[note 2] 12%[87] 2,505,559
    Eastern Europe Latvia 179 0.012%[88] 1,481,823
    Middle East Lebanon 4,926 0.1% (approx)[89] 4,925,502
    Eastern Europe Lithuania 344 0.01%[90] 2,561,000
    Southern Africa Lesotho 2,125 0.1% (approx)[91][92] 2,125,262
    West Africa Liberia 3,196 0.1% (approx)[93] 3,195,931
    North Africa Libya 6,037 0.1%[94][95] 6,036,914
    Western Europe Luxembourg 336 0.07% (approx)[96] 480,222
    Southern Africa Madagascar 19,449 0.1%[97][98] 19,448,815
    Southern Africa Malawi 2,721 – 2,726 0.02%[99] – 0.2%[100] 13,603,181
    Southeast Asia Malaysia 1,949,850 6.3%[101][102] 30,949,962
    Caribbean Martinique 1,317 0.3%[103] 439,202
    South Asia Maldives 37 0.01%[104] 369,031
    Southern Africa Mauritius 650,000 47.9%[13] 1,261,000 2022
    Eastern Europe Moldova 433 0.01% (approx)[105] 3,200,000
    North Africa Morocco 200 0.0006[106] 32,781,860 2011
    Southern Africa Mozambique 10,453 – 41,811 0.05%[107] – 0.2%[108] 20,905,585
    Southeast Asia Myanmar 252,763[109] 0.5%[110] 50,279,900[111] 2014
    South Asia Nepal 23,677,744 81.19%[112] 29,164,578[113] 2021
    Western Europe Netherlands 96,110 – 200,000 0.58%[114] – 1.20%[115] 16,570,613
    Oceania New Zealand 144,753 2.9%[116] 4,115,771
    Western Europe Norway 23,140 0.5% 4,627,926
    Middle East Oman 96,147 – 182,679 3%[117] – 5.7%[118] 3,204,897
    South Asia Pakistan 5,217,216 2.17%[119] 240,458,089 2023
    Central America Panama 9,726 0.3%[120][121] 3,242,173
    Southeast Asia Philippines 32,711[15] <0.1%[15] 102,000,000[122][123]
    Western Europe Portugal 7,396 0.07% 10,642,836
    Central Europe Poland 2,421 0.008%[124] 30,575,000
    Caribbean Puerto Rico 3,550 0.09%[125] 3,944,259
    Middle East Qatar 422,118 15.1%[126] 2,795,484[127] 2020
    East Africa Réunion 55,409 6.7%[128] 927,000
    Eastern Europe Russia 143,000 0.1%[129] 141,377,752
    Oceania Samoa 38 0.02% (approx) 187,429
    Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis 860 1.82%[130] 47,195 2011
    Middle East Saudi Arabia 303,611[note 3] 0.6%[132] – 1.1%[133] 27,601,038
    East Africa Seychelles 5,508 5.4%[134][135] 102,812 2022
    West Africa Sierra Leone 2,458 – 6,145 0.04%[136] – 0.1%[137] 6,144,562
    Southeast Asia Singapore 280,000 5.0%[138][139] 5,600,000 2011
    Central Europe Slovakia 5,448 0.1% (approx)
    [citation needed]     		5,447,502
    Central Europe Slovenia 500 0.025% (approx)
    [citation needed]     		2,009,245
    Eastern Africa Somalia 8,278 0.06%[140] 13,797,204 2015
    Southern Africa South Africa 505,000 0.9%[141]-1.1%[18] 49,991,300
    Western Europe Spain 75,000 0.11%[142] 48,692,804 2024
    South Asia Sri Lanka 2,671,000 12.6%[143] 21,200,000 2011
    South America and Caribbean Suriname 120,623 – 128,995 22.3%[144] – 27.4%[145] 470,784
    Southern Africa Eswatini 1,700 – 2,266 0.15%[146] – 0.2%[147] 1,133,066
    Western Europe Sweden 7,044 – 10,837 0.078% – 0.12%[148] 9,031,088
    Western Europe Switzerland 28,708-50,000[149][150] 0.38%[151][152]-0.6%[153] 7,554,661
    East Africa Tanzania 50,000[154] 0.11%[154] 39,384,223
    Caribbean Trinidad and Tobago 240,100 18.2%[155][156][157] 1,056,608 2011
    Southeast Asia Thailand 65,000 0.1%[158] 65,068,149
    Oceania Tonga 100 0.1%[159] 103,043
    North Africa Tunisia 120 0.001%[160] 11,303,942 2016
    Middle East Turkey 843 0.001%[161] 83,614,362 2020
    Eastern Europe Ukraine 42,386 0.1%[162] 42,386,400
    East Africa Uganda 100,000[48] 0.3%[48] 38,225,447
    Middle East United Arab Emirates 490,000[note 4] 5 - 20%[164] 9,682,000
    Western Europe United Kingdom 1,020,000 1.7%[165][166] 60,776,238 2017
    North America United States 3,338,210 1.0%[167] 332,000,000 2020
    Caribbean United States Virgin Islands 528 1.9%[168] 28,054
    Central Asia Uzbekistan 895[161] 0.0025% 34,558,900 2020
    Southeast Asia Vietnam 70,000 0.07% 85,262,356
    Middle East Yemen 155,614 0.7%[169] 22,230,531
    Southern Africa Zambia 16,068 0.14%[170][171] 11,477,447
    Southern Africa Zimbabwe 3,000 0.02% 12,311,143
    Total 1,120,000,000 14.9%[172] 7,500,000,000

    By region

    [edit]

    These percentages were calculated by using the above numbers. The first percentage, in the 4th column, is the percentage of the population that is Hindu in a specific region (Hindus in the region * 100/total population of the region). The last column shows the Hindu percentage compared to the total Hindu population of the world (Hindus in the region * 100/total Hindu population of the world).

    (Note: Egypt, Sudan, and other Arab Maghreb countries are counted as part of North Africa, not the Middle East).

    Hinduism in Africa
    Region Total Population Hindus % of Hindus % of Hindu total
    Central Africa 193,121,055 N/A N/A N/A
    East Africa 193,741,900 667,694 0.345% 0.071%
    North Africa 202,151,323 5,765 0.003% 0.001%
    Southern Africa 137,092,019 1,269,844 0.926% 0.135%
    West Africa 268,997,245 70,402 0.026% 0.007%
    Total 885,103,542 2,013,705 0.225% 0.213%
    Hinduism in Asia
    Region Total Population Hindus % of Hindus % of Hindu total
    Central Asia 92,019,166 149,644 0.163% 0.016%
    East Asia 1,527,960,261 130,631 0.009% 0.014%
    West Asia 274,775,527 3,187,673 1.5% 0.084%
    South Asia 1,437,326,682 1,068,728,901 70.05% 98.475%
    Southeast Asia 571,337,070 6,386,614 1.118% 0.677%
    Total 3,903,418,706 1,074,728,901 26.01% 99.266%
    Hinduism in Europe
    Region Total Population Hindus % of Hindus % of Hindu total
    Balkans 65,407,609 449 0.001% 0.001%
    Central Europe 74,510,241 163 0% 0%
    Eastern Europe 212,821,296 717,101 0.337% 0.076%
    Western Europe 375,832,557 1,313,640 0.348% 0.138%
    Total 728,571,703 2,030,904 0.278% 0.214%
    Hinduism in the Americas
    Region Total Population Hindus % of Hindus % of Hindu total
    Caribbean 24,898,266 279,515 1.123% 0.030%
    Central America 41,135,205 5,833 0.014% 0.006%
    North America 446,088,748 2,131,127 0.478% 0.191%
    South America 371,075,531 389,869 0.105% 0.041%
    Total 883,197,750 2,806,344 0.281% 0.263%
    Hinduism in Oceania
    Region Total Population Hindus % of Hindus % of Hindu total
    Oceania 38,552,683 791,615 2.053% 0.071%
    Total 38,552,683 791,615 2.053% 0.071%

    See also

    [edit]
    • List of Hindu empires and dynasties
    • List of religious populations
    • Christianity by country
    • Islam by country
    • Ahmadiyya by country
    • Jewish population by country
    • Baháʼí Faith by country
    • Buddhism by country
    • Sikhism by country
    • List of countries by irreligion

    Notes

    [edit]
    1. ^ a b The estimates vary depending on whether temporary workers are included or not. The official census of the Bahrain government states that 99% of its citizens are Muslims, and the remaining 1% includes Jews, Christians, Hindus, and Bahais.[29] According to a 2017 publication by Abdullahi An-Na'im, the Muslims in Bahrain constitute 99.3% of the total population.[30]
    2. ^ The estimates vary depending on whether temporary workers – with no residency nor right to openly practice their religion – are included or not. The official Kuwaiti government census data does not count Hindus as residents or citizens of Kuwait.[86]
    3. ^ The estimates vary depending on whether temporary workers – with no residency nor right to openly practice their religion – are included or not. The Saudi Arabian government mandates that all Saudi citizens must be Muslims, and it prohibits public practice of Hinduism and other non-Muslim religions.[131]
    4. ^ The estimates vary depending on whether temporary workers – with no residency nor right to openly practice their religion – are included or not. 80% of the UAE population consists of non-citizen temporary workers, and an estimated 25% of these workers may be Hindu. Only Sunni Muslims can be naturalized new citizens in the UAE. According to the US State Department, the federal constitution of the UAE designates Islam as the official religion, and Islam is also the official religion of all seven of the individual emirates in the federal union. The Government does not recognize all non-Muslim religions and only a limited number of Christian groups are granted legal recognition in UAE. Non-Muslim and non-Christian religions such as Hinduism are not recognized legally in any of the emirates.[163]

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ Fahmy, Conrad Hackett, Marcin Stonawski, Yunping Tong, Stephanie Kramer, Anne Shi and Dalia (9 June 2025). "How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 24 June 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    2. ^ Table: Religious Composition (%) by Country Archived 5 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine Global Religious Composition, Pew Research Center (2012)
    3. ^ a b Rambachan, Anantanand (21 July 2004). Global Hinduism: Contemporary Hinduism. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 381.
    4. ^ Julius J. Lipner, Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-45677-7, page 8; Quote: “(...) one need not be religious in the minimal sense described to be accepted as a Hindu by Hindus, or describe oneself perfectly validly as Hindu. One may be polytheistic or monotheistic, monistic or pantheistic, even an agnostic, humanist or atheist, and still be considered a Hindu".; MK Gandhi, The Essence of Hinduism Archived 24 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Editor: VB Kher, Navajivan Publishing, see page 3; According to Gandhi, "a man may not believe in God and still call himself a Hindu."
    5. ^ Hindu population totals in 2010 by Country Archived 9 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine Pew Research, Washington DC (2012)
    6. ^ a b "International Religious Freedom". State.gov. 20 January 2009. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
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    10. ^ "Hindus". 18 December 2012. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
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    14. ^ "CIA – The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
    15. ^ a b c "Philippines, Religion And Social Profile". thearda.com. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
    16. ^ "Adherents.com". Adherents.com. Archived from the original on 9 October 2003. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
    17. ^ "Hindus". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 18 December 2012. Archived from the original on 9 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
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    19. ^ "Afghanistan, Religion And Social Profile". thearda.com. Retrieved 29 May 2025.
    20. ^ "The UK's Leading SEO Company for SME & Enterprise". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2007.
    21. ^ "Religious Freedom Page". Religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu. Archived from the original on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
    22. ^ "National / Regional Profiles: Adorra, Southern Europe, World". Association of Religion Data Archives. 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
    23. ^ "Religious Freedom Page". Religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu. Archived from the original on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
    24. ^ "SMG-AxANEWS – ANGUILLA's PRELIMINARY CENSUS FINDINGS #5: "Who are we? – Ethnic Composition and Religious Affiliation"". Archived from the original on 21 May 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
    25. ^ "2011 Population and Housing Census" (PDF). N/A. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
    26. ^ "The UK's Leading SEO Company For SME & Enterprise". J SEO. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
    27. ^ "Australian Bureau of Statistics : 2021 Census of Population and Housing : General Community Profile" (XLSX). Abs.gov.au. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
    28. ^ "Österreich - Religionszugehörigkeit 2018 | Statistik". Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
    29. ^ "Bahrain". US State Department. Archived from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
    30. ^ Abdullahi An-Na'im; edited by Mashood A. Baderin (2017). Islam and Human Rights: Selected Essays of Abdullahi An-Na'im. Taylor & Francis. pp. 257 note 84. ISBN 978-1-351-92611-9. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2017. {{cite book}}: |author2= has generic name (help)
    31. ^ "Religions in Bahrain – PEW-GRF". globalreligiousfutures.org. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
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