List of pharaohs

Pharaoh of Egypt
Pharaoh of Egypt
	The Pschent combined the Red Crown of Lower Egypt and the White Crown of Upper Egypt
Details
Style	Five-name titulary
First monarch	Narmer or Menes; (as King of Upper and Lower Egypt); Akhenaten or Thutmose III; (first to be called Pharaoh);
Last monarch	Nectanebo II; (last native); Cleopatra and Caesarion; (last Hellenistic pharaohs); Maximinus Daza; (last known to have Egyptian royal titulary);
Formation	c. 3150 BC; (first King of Upper and Lower Egypt); c. 1458 BC or c. 1352 BC; (first to be called a pharaoh);
Abolition	343 BC; (last native pharaoh); 30 BC; (last Hellenistic pharaohs); 313 AD; (last use of Ancient Egyptian royal titulary);
Residence	Varies by era
Appointer	Hereditary

The title "pharaoh" is used for those rulers of Ancient Egypt who ruled after the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Narmer during the Early Dynastic Period, approximately 3100 BC. However, the specific title was not used to address the kings of Egypt by their contemporaries until the New Kingdom's 18th Dynasty, c. 1400 BC. Along with the title pharaoh for later rulers, there was an Ancient Egyptian royal titulary used by Egyptian kings which remained relatively constant during the course of Ancient Egyptian history, initially featuring a Horus name, a Sedge and Bee (nswt-bjtj) name and a Two Ladies (nbtj) name, with the additional Golden Horus, nomen and prenomen titles being added successively during later dynasties.

Egypt was continually governed, at least in part, by native pharaohs for approximately 2500 years, until it was conquered by the Kingdom of Kush in the late 8th century BC, whose rulers adopted the traditional pharaonic titulature for themselves. Following the Kushite conquest, Egypt experienced another period of independent native rule before being conquered by the Achaemenid Empire, whose rulers also adopted the title of pharaoh. The last native pharaoh of Egypt was Nectanebo II, who was pharaoh before the Achaemenids conquered Egypt for a second time.

Achaemenid rule over Egypt came to an end through the conquests of Alexander the Great in 332 BC, after which it was ruled by Hellenic Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic Dynasty. Their rule, and the independence of Egypt, came to an end when Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC. Augustus and subsequent Roman emperors were styled as Pharaoh when in Egypt until the reign of Maximinus Daza in 314 AD.

The dates given in this list of pharaohs are approximate. They are based primarily on the conventional chronology of Ancient Egypt, mostly based on the Digital Egypt for Universities^[4] database developed by the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, but alternative dates taken from other authorities may be indicated separately.

Ancient Egyptian king lists

Modern lists of pharaohs are based on historical records and, including Ancient Egyptian king lists and later histories, such as Manetho's Aegyptiaca, as well as archaeological evidence. Concerning ancient sources, Egyptologists and historians alike call for caution in regard to the credibility, exactitude and completeness of these sources, many of which were written long after the reigns they report.^[5] An additional problem is that ancient king lists are often damaged, inconsistent with one another and/or selective.

The following ancient king lists are known (along with the dynasty under which they were created):^[6]

Den seal impressions (1st Dynasty); found on a cylinder seal in Den's tomb. It lists all 1st Dynasty kings from Narmer to Den by their Horus names.^[7]
Palermo Stone (5th Dynasty); carved on an olivine-basalt slab. Broken into pieces and thus today incomplete.
Giza writing board (6th Dynasty); painted with red, green and black ink on gypsum and cedar wood. Very selective.
South Saqqara Stone (6th Dynasty); carved on a black basalt slab. Very selective.
Karnak King List (18th Dynasty); carved on limestone. Very selective.
Abydos King List of Seti I (19th Dynasty); carved on limestone. Very detailed, but omitting some of the Kings from First Intermediate Period and all the kings from Second Intermediate Period of Egypt.
Abydos King List of Ramesses II (19th Dynasty); carved on limestone. Very selective, today damaged.
Ramesseum king list (19th Dynasty); carved on limestone. Contains most of the New Kingdom pharaohs up to Ramesses II.
Saqqara Tablet (19th Dynasty), carved on limestone. Very detailed, but omitting most kings of the 1st Dynasty for unknown reasons.
Turin King List (19th Dynasty); written with red and black ink on papyrus. Likely the most complete king-list in history, today damaged.
Medinet Habu king list (20th Dynasty); carved on limestone and very similar to the Ramesseum king list.
Genealogy of Ankhefensekhmet (22nd Dynasty); carved on limestone, today damaged.
Manetho's Aegyptiaca (Greek Period); possibly written on papyrus. The original writings are lost today and many anecdotes assigned to certain kings seem fictitious.

Predynastic Period

The Predynastic Period ends c. 3100 BC when Egypt was first unified as a single kingdom.

Lower Egypt

Lower Egypt geographically consists of the northern Nile and the Nile delta.

The following list may be incomplete:

Name	Comments	Reign
[...]pu^[8]	Only known from the Palermo stone^[9]	Unknown
Hsekiu / Seka	Only known from the Palermo stone^[9]	Unknown
Khayu	Only known from the Palermo stone^[10]	Unknown
Tiu / Teyew	Only known from the Palermo stone^[11]	Unknown
Thesh / Tjesh	Only known from the Palermo stone^[12]	Unknown
Neheb	Only known from the Palermo stone^[13]	Unknown
Wazner	Only known from the Palermo stone^[14]	c. 3290 BC
Mekh	Only known from the Palermo stone^[15]	Unknown
[...]a^[16]	Only known from the Palermo stone^[15]	Unknown
Hedju Hor	Only known from two clay jugs from Tura, Egypt	Naqada II c. 3250 BC
Ny-Hor	Only known from clay and stone vessels found in tombs near Tarchan, Tura, Tarjan, and Nagada. Some scholars believe that this serekh is simply a crude attempt at writing the name "Narmer".^[17]	Naqada II c. 3240 BC
Ni-Neith	Only known from inscriptions in Helwan. Reading of name is uncertain.^[18]	c. 3230 BC
Hat-Hor	Some scholars believe that this serekh is simply a crude attempt at writing the name "Narmer".^[19]	c. 3220 BC
[Double Falcon]	May also have ruled in Upper Egypt	c. 3210 BC
Wash	Only known from the Narmer Palette^[20]	c. 3150 BC

Upper Egypt

Upper Egypt refers to the region up-river to the south of Lower Egypt.

Regrouped here are predynastic rulers of Upper Egypt belonging to the late Naqada III period, sometimes informally described as Dynasty 0:

Image	Name	Comments	Reign
	A (?)	Only known from a graffito discovered in the Western Desert in 2004.^[21] This ruler is otherwise unattested.	c. 3180 BC
	[Finger Snail]	The existence of this king is very doubtful.^[22]	Naqada III
—	[Fish]^[23]	Only known from artifacts that bear his mark. He most likely never existed.^[22]	Naqada III
	[Elephant]^[24]	More than likely never existed	Naqada III
	[Stork]^[25]^[26]	^[22]	Naqada III
	[Bull]	^[22]	c. 3280 BC Naqada III
	[Scorpion I]		c. 3255 BC

Predynastic rulers: Dynasty 0

Since these kings precede the First Dynasty, they have been informally grouped as "Dynasty 0".^{[clarification needed]}

The following list of predynastic rulers may be incomplete:

Name	Comments	Reign
[Crocodile]	Potentially read Shendjw; identity and existence are disputed.^[27]	c. 3170 BC
Iry-Hor	Correct chronological position unclear.^[28]	c. 3170 BC
Ka	Maybe read Sekhen rather than Ka. Correct chronological position unclear.^[29]	c. 3170 BC
[Scorpion II]	Potentially read Serqet; possibly the same person as Narmer.^[30]	c. 3170 BC

Early Dynastic Period

The Early Dynastic Period of Egypt stretches from c. 3100 to 2686 BC.^[31]

First Dynasty

The First Dynasty ruled from c. 3100 to c. 2890 BC.^[32]

Name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
Narmer	Menes?	Believed by many scholars to be the same person as Menes, due to the preponderance of evidence indicating this.^[33] His name is widely attested across Egypt, and has also been found at Nahal Tillah in Israel, which is much farther afield than his predecessors.^[34]	c. 3150 BC^[32]
Hor-Aha	Teti	Greek form: Athotís.^[35] May also be Menes although Narmer is more likely.^[33] Trade was largely replaced by direct exploitation of resources via outposts during his reign.^[36] Possibly the son of Narmer.	c. 3050 BC
Djer^[37]	Iti	Greek form: Kénkenes. His tomb was later thought to be the legendary tomb of Osiris. First pharaoh with a full Golden Horus name. Interest and trade with Egypt's North Eastern borders appears to have been renewed during Djer's reign.^[36]	41 years, c. 3000 BC^[38]
Djet^[39]	Ita	Greek form: Ouenephes. Indications show that Djet did not reign for long.^[40]	10 years, c. 2980 BC^[41]
Merneith	—	Possibly the first female pharaoh of Egypt. She may have ruled as regent for her son Den. Her tomb is notable for being on the same scale as other tombs of other kings of that period.	c. 2950 BC
Den^[42]	Sepati	Greek form: Ousaphaidos. Den was the first pharaoh to have a Nesut-biti (dual king) name, and is the first pharaoh attested wearing the double crown (pschent) of upper and lower Egypt.^[43] A second sed festival is attested from his reign, indicating he enjoyed a long time in power.^[43] Den focused on the northeastern part of Egypt during his reign, and also led a few small battles in the northeast which are attested on the Palermo stone.^[44]	c. 2965 - c. 2923 BC^[45]
Adjib	Merybiap	Greek form: Miebidós.^[46] Known for his ominous nebwy-title.^[47]	9 years, c. 2930 BC
Semerkhet	Semsu	Greek form: Semempsés.^[48] First Egyptian ruler with a fully developed Nebty name. His complete reign is preserved on the Cairo Stone. Many stone vessels of his predecessor were found reinscribed for Semerkhet so he may have been a usurper.^[49]	8.5 years, c. 2920 BC^[41]
Qa'a	Qebeh	Greek form: Bienékhes.^[50] Ruled very long, his tomb is the last one with subsidiary tombs.	34 years, c. 2916 BC
Sneferka	–	Very short reign, correct chronological position unknown.	c. 2900 BC
[Horus Bird]	–	Very short reign, correct chronological position unknown.	c. 2900 BC

Second Dynasty

The Second Dynasty ruled from c. 2890 to 2686 BC.^[32]

Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
Hotepsekhemwy^[51]	Bedjatau	Manetho names him Boëthos and reports that under this ruler an earthquake killed many people. Hotepsekhemwy broke the tradition of being buried at the Abydos royal cemetery at Umm-el-Qa'ab, where most of the 1st dynasty kings are buried, and chose to be buried at Saqqara instead to be closer to the capital.^[52]	27 years, c. 2890 BC
Nebra^[53]	Kakau	Greek form: Kaíechós (after the Ramesside cartouche name Kakaw). First ruler who uses the sun-symbol in his royal name, could be identical to king Weneg.	12 years, c. 2850 BC
Nynetjer^[54]	Banetjer	Greek form: Binóthris. May have divided Egypt between his successors, allegedly allowed women to rule like pharaohs.	c. 2775 - c. 2730 BC
Ba	–	May have been an independent ruler succeeding Nynetjer. Alternatively, he may have ruled in the 1st or 3rd dynasties or be the same person as Horus Bird.	Unknown
Weneg-Nebty^[55]	–	Greek form: Ougotlas / Tlás. Could be an independent ruler succeeding Nynetjer or the same as Peribsen, Sekhemib-Perenmaat, or Raneb.	c. 2740 BC
Wadjenes	Wadjenes	Greek form: Tlas May have been a misinterpretation of the hieroglyphic sign of a flower called Weneg. May have been a crown prince or be the same person as Weneg-Nebty.	c. 2740 BC
Nubnefer	–	May have been the birth name of Nebra. May either be the successor of Wadjenes or Nynetjer.	Unknown
Senedj^[56]		Greek form: Sethenes. Possibly the same person as Peribsen. This, however, is highly disputed.^[57]	47 years (supposedly)
Seth-Peribsen	Peribsen	Used a Seth-animal above his serekh rather than a Horus falcon. He promoted the sun-cult in Egypt and reduced the powers of officials, nomarchs and palatines. Some scholars believe that he ruled over a divided Egypt.^[58]	c. 2740 BC
Sekhemib	Sekhemib-Perenmaat	Could be the same person as Seth-Peribsen.^[59]	c. 2720 BC
Neferkara I		Greek form: Néphercherés. Known only from Ramesside king lists, not archaeologically attested.	c. 2740 BC
Neferkasokar	Greek form: Sesóchris. Known only from Ramesside king lists, not archaeologically attested. Old Kingdom legends claim that this ruler saved Egypt from a long-lasting drought.^[60]	8 years, c. 2740 BC
Horus Sa	–	May have been a short form of the Horus-name Sanakht. May have been the Horus-name of Weneg or Senedj, correct chronological position unclear.	Unknown
– ("Hudjefa")		Known only from Ramesside king lists, his "name" is actually a paraphrase pointing out that the original name of the king was already lost in Ramesside times.	11 years (according to the Turin Canon)
Khasekhemwy^[52]	Beb(e)ty	Greek form: Chenerés. It is probable that when Khasekhem acceded kingship he was a ruler of upper Egypt, he led campaigns against lower Egypt that ended in his victory, to commemorate his achievement of reunifying Egypt he changed his name to Khasekhemwy.^[52] His serekh name is unique for presenting both Horus and Set. He was one of Egypt's first master builders, his funerary enclosure known as Shunet-ez-Zebib is a colossal mudbrick structure.^[61]	c. 2704 - c. 2686 BC

Old Kingdom

The Old Kingdom of Egypt is the long period of stability and growth following the Early Dynastic Period and preceding the troubled First Intermediate Period. The kingdom spanned from 2686 to 2181 BC.

Third Dynasty

The Third Dynasty ruled from 2686 to 2613 BC.^[32]

Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
Netjerikhet	Djoser^[62]^[63]	Hellenized names Sesorthos and Tosórthros. Commissioned the first Pyramid in Egypt, created by chief architect and scribe Imhotep.	c. 2670 - c. 2650 BC^[64]
Sekhemkhet^[65]	(Djoser-)Teti	Greek form: Tyréis (after the Ramesside cartouche name for Sekhemkhet, Teti). In the necropolis of his unfinished step pyramid, the remains of a 2-year old infant were found.^[66]	c. 2650 - c. 2643 BC
Sanakht	Nebka?	Likely to be identified with the throne name Nebka; Hellenized names Necherôchis and Necherôphes. May have reigned 6 years if identified with the penultimate king of the Dynasty on the Turin canon.	c. 2650 BC
Qahedjet	–	Possibly be the same person as Huni or an archaistic representation of Thutmose III, correct chronological position unknown.	Unknown
Khaba	–	Possibly built an unfinished step pyramid, could be identical with Huni.	2643–2637 BC
Huni^[67]		Greek form: Áches. Could be the same as Qahedjet or Khaba. Possibly built an unfinished step pyramid and several cultic pyramids throughout Egypt. Huni was for a long time credited with the building of the pyramid of Meidum. This, however, is disproved by New Kingdom graffiti that praise king Sneferu, not Huni.	2637–2613 BC

Fourth Dynasty

The Fourth Dynasty ruled from c. 2613 to c. 2498 BC.^[32]

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Nebmaat	Sneferu	Greek form: Sóris. Reigned for around 24 years, giving him enough time to build the Meidum Pyramid, the Bent Pyramid and the Red Pyramid. Some scholars believe that he was buried in the Red Pyramid. For a long time it was thought that the Meidum Pyramid was not Sneferu's work, but that of king Huni. Ancient Egyptian documents describe Sneferu as a pious, generous and even accostable ruler.^[68]	c. 2613 – c. 2589 BC^[32]
	Medjedu	Khufu	Greek form: Cheops and Suphis. Built the Great Pyramid of Giza. Khufu is depicted as a cruel tyrant by ancient Greek authors; Ancient Egyptian sources however describe him as a generous and pious ruler. He is the main protagonist in the Westcar Papyrus. The first imprinted papyri originate from Khufu's reign, which may have made ancient Greek authors believe that Khufu wrote books in attempt to praise the gods.	c. 2589 – c. 2566 BC
	Kheper	Djedefre	Greek form: Rátoises. Some scholars believe he created the Great Sphinx of Giza as a monument for his deceased father. He also created a pyramid at Abu Rawash. However, this pyramid is no longer extant; it is believed the Romans re-purposed the materials from which it was made.	c. 2566 – c. 2558 BC
	Userib	Khafre	Greek form: Chéphren and Suphis II. His pyramid is the second largest in Giza. Some scholars prefer him as the creator of the Great Sphinx before Djedefra. His funerary complex was the largest at the Giza plateau.	c. 2558 – c. 2532 BC
	Baka/Bakare		Greek form: Bikheris. Could be the owner of the Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan. Possibly fictional.	c. 2570 BC
	Kakhet	Menkaure	Greek form: Menchéres. His pyramid is the third and smallest in Giza. A legend claims that his only daughter died due to an illness and Menkaura buried her in a golden coffin in the shape of a cow.	c. 2532 – c. 2503 BC
	Shepeskhet	Shepseskaf	Greek form: Seberchéres. Owner of the Mastabat al-Fir'aun.	c. 2503 – c. 2498 BC
–	Thamphthis		According to Manetho the last king of the 4th dynasty. He is not archaeologically attested and thus possibly fictional.	c. 2500 BC

Fifth Dynasty

The Fifth Dynasty ruled from c. 2498 to c. 2345 BC.^[32]

Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
Userkaf		Buried in a pyramid in Saqqara. Built the first solar temple at Abusir.	c. 2498 – c. 2491 BC
Sahure		Moved the royal necropolis to Abusir, where he built his pyramid.	c. 2491 – c. 2477 BC
Neferirkare	Kakai	Son of Sahure, born with the name Ranefer	c. 2477 – c. 2460 BC
Neferefre	Isi	Son of Neferirkare	c. 2460 – c. 2458 BC
Shepseskare	Netjeruser	Reigned most likely after Neferefre and for only a few months, possibly a son of Sahure.^[69]	Around a few months, c. 2458 BC
Nyuserre	Ini	Brother to Neferefre, built extensively in the Abusir necropolis.	c. 2458 - c. 2422 BC
Menkauhor	Kaiu	Last pharaoh to build a sun temple	c. 2422 - c. 2414 BC
Djedkare	Isesi	Effected comprehensive reforms of the Egyptian administration. Enjoyed the longest reign of his dynasty, with likely more than 35 years on the throne.	c. 2414 - c. 2375 BC
Unas		The Pyramid of Unas is inscribed with the earliest instance of the pyramid texts. He also constructed Unas's causeway a 500m long causeway from the bank of the river Nile to his funerary complex, this is where his funerary precession would have taken place.	c. 2375 - c. 2345 BC

Sixth Dynasty

The Sixth Dynasty ruled from c. 2345 to c. 2210 BC.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Teti		According to Manetho, he was murdered.	c. 2345 – c. 2333 BC
	Userkare		Reigned one to five years, may have usurped the throne at the expense of Teti	c. 2333 – c. 2332 BC
	Meryre	Pepi I	Faced conspiracies and political troubles yet became the most prolific builder of his dynasty	c. 2332 – c. 2283 BC
	Merenre	Nemtyemsaf I	Reformed the administration of Upper Egypt by decentralization, received the submission of Lower Nubia	c. 2283 – c. 2278 BC
	Neferkare	Pepi II	Possibly the longest-reigning monarch in human history, with 94 years on the throne. Alternatively, may have reigned only 64 years.	c. 2278 – c. 2214 BC
	Merenre	Nemtyemsaf II^[70]	Short lived pharaoh, possibly an aged son of Pepi II.	c. 2214 – c. 2213 BC
—	Neferka		Most likely a writing mistake for "Neferkare"	c. 2200 BC
	Netjerkare or Nitocris Nitocris	Neitiqerty Siptah or Siptah	This male king gave rise to the legendary queen Nitocris of Herodotus and Manetho.^[71] Sometimes classified as the first king of the combined 7th/8th Dynasties.	c. 2213 – c. 2210 BC

First Intermediate Period

The First Intermediate Period (2183–2060 BC) is a period of disarray and chaos between the end of the Old Kingdom and the advent of the Middle Kingdom.

The Old Kingdom rapidly collapsed after the death of Pepi II. He had reigned for more than 64 and likely up to 94 years, longer than any monarch in history. The latter years of his reign were marked by inefficiency because of his advanced age. The union of the Two Kingdoms fell apart and regional leaders had to cope with the resulting famine.

The kings of the 7th and 8th Dynasties, who represented the successors of the 6th Dynasty, tried to hold onto some power in Memphis but owed much of it to powerful nomarchs. After 20 to 45 years, they were overthrown by a new line of pharaohs based in Herakleopolis Magna. Some time after these events, a rival line based at Thebes revolted against their nominal Northern overlords and united Upper Egypt. c. 2055 BC, Mentuhotep II, the son and successor of pharaoh Intef III defeated the Herakleopolitan pharaohs and reunited the Two Lands, thereby starting the Middle Kingdom.

Seventh and Eighth Dynasties

The Seventh and Eighth Dynasties ruled for approximately 20–45 years. They comprise numerous ephemeral kings reigning from Memphis over a possibly divided Egypt and, in any case, holding only limited power owing to the effectively feudal system into which the administration had evolved. The list below is based on the Abydos King List dating to the reign of Seti I and taken from Jürgen von Beckerath's Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen^[72] as well as from Kim Ryholt's latest reconstruction of the Turin canon, another king list dating to the Ramesside Era.^[73]

Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
Khui	—	Attested to by a relief fragment with the cartouche of Khui from a mastaba in Dara.^[74]	Duration unknown, c. 2150 BC?
Menkare	—	Likely attested by a relief fragment from the tomb of queen Neit.^[75]^[76]^[77]	Probably short, c. 2181 BC
Neferkare II	—	—	Unknown
Neferkare III	Neby	Attested by inscriptions in the tomb of his mother Ankhesenpepi, started the construction of a pyramid in Saqqara.	Unknown
Djedkare Shemai	–	—	Unknown
Neferkare IV	–	—	Unknown
Merenhor	—	—	Unknown
Neferkamin I / Sneferka		—	Unknown
Nikare	—	Possibly attested by a cylinder-seal.	Unknown
Neferkare V	Tereru	—	Unknown
Neferkahor	—	Attested by a cylinder seal.	Unknown
Neferkare VI	Pepiseneb	—	Unknown to 2171 BC
Neferkamin Anu	–	—	c. 2170 BC
Qakare	Ibi	Built a poorly constructed pyramid at Saqqara inscribed with the last known instance of the Pyramid Texts	2175–2171 BC
Neferkaure	—	Attested by one to three decrees from the temple of Min at Coptos.	2167–2163 BC
Neferkauhor	Khuwihapi	Attested by eight decrees from the temple of Min and an inscription in the tomb of Shemay.	2163–2161 BC
Neferirkare	Pepi	Possibly to be identified with horus Demedjibtawy, in which case he is attested by a decree from the temple of Min.	2161–2160 BC

Ninth Dynasty

The Ninth Dynasty^[78] ruled from 2160 to 2130 BC.^[32]

The Turin King List has 18 kings reigning in the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties. Of these, twelve names are missing and four are partial.^[78]

Image		Name	Comments	Reign
	Meryibre	Khety I (Acthoes I)	Manetho states that Achthoes founded this dynasty.	2160 BC–unknown^[32]
—	—	Name lost	—	Unknown
—	Neferkare VII	—	—	Unknown
	Nebkaure	Khety II (Acthoes II)	—	Unknown
—	Senen[...] or Setut		—	Unknown
—	—	Name lost	—	Unknown
—	Mery[...]	—	—	Unknown
—	Shed[...]	—	—	Unknown
—	H[...]	—	—	Unknown
—	—	Name lost	—	Unknown
—	—	Name lost	—	Unknown
—	—	Name lost	—	Unknown
	User(?)[...]	—	—	Unknown
	Imhotep	—	Ephemeral ruler of the Ninth Dynasty. Only known from two rock inscriptions in the Wadi Hammamat.^[79]^[80]^[81]^[82]^[83]^[84] Correct chronological position unknown.	Unknown

Tenth Dynasty

The Tenth Dynasty was a local group that held sway over Lower Egypt and ruled from 2130 to 2040 BC.^[32]

Image		Name	Comments	Reign
	Meryhathor	—	—	2130 BC–unknown
—	Neferkare VIII	—	—	Between 2130 and 2040 BC
	Wahkare	Khety III (Acthoes III)	—	Unknown
	Merykare	—	—	Unknown–2040 BC
—	—	Name lost	—	Few months

Eleventh Dynasty

The Eleventh Dynasty originated from a group of Theban nomarchs serving kings of the 8th, 9th or 10th dynasty with roots in Upper Egypt that ruled from 2134 to 1991 BC.

Image	Name	Comments	Reign
	Intef the Elder	Theban nomarch (Iry-pat) serving an unnamed king, later considered a founding figure of the 11th Dynasty.	Unknown

The successors of Intef the Elder, starting with Mentuhotep I, became independent from their northern overlords and eventually conquered Egypt under Mentuhotep II.

Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
Tepia	Mentuhotep I	Nominally a Theban nomarch (Tepy-a) but may have ruled independently.	Unknown – 2133 BC
Sehertawy	Intef I	First member of the dynasty to claim a Horus name.	2133–2117 BC^[32]
Wahankh	Intef II	Conquered Abydos and its nome.	2117–2068 BC^[32]
Nakhtnebtepnefer	Intef III	Conquered Asyut and possibly moved further North up to the 17th nome.^[85]	2068–2060 BC^[32]

Middle Kingdom

The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2040–1802 BC) is the period from the end of the First Intermediate Period to the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period. In addition to the Twelfth Dynasty, some scholars include the Eleventh, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties in the Middle Kingdom.

The Middle Kingdom can be noted for the expansion of trade outside of the kingdom that occurred during this time.

Eleventh Dynasty cont.

The second part of the Eleventh Dynasty is usually considered to be the beginning of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.

Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
Nebhepetre	Mentuhotep II^[86]	Mentuhotep II regained all Egypt c. 2015 BC, Middle Kingdom begins, becomes first pharaoh of Middle Kingdom.	2060–2040 BC^[32] (King of Upper Egypt only) 2040–2009 BC^[32] (King of Upper and Lower Egypt)
Sankhkare	Mentuhotep III^[87]	Commanded the first expedition to Punt of the Middle Kingdom	2009–1997 BC^[32]
Nebtawyre	Mentuhotep IV^[88]	Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists; tomb unknown. May have been overthrown by his vizier and successor Amenemhat I.	1997–1991 BC^[32]

Enigmatic kings, only attested in Lower Nubia:

Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
Menkhkare	Segerseni^[89]	Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists, tomb unknown. Only attested in Lower Nubia, most likely a usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty.	Early 20th century BC
Qakare	Ini^[89]	Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists, tomb unknown. Only attested in Lower Nubia, most likely a usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty.	Early 20th century BC
Iyibkhentre^[89]	Geregtaw(y)ef	Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists, tomb unknown. Only attested in Lower Nubia, most likely a usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty.	Early 20th century BC

Twelfth Dynasty

The Twelfth Dynasty ruled from 1991 to 1802 BC.

Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
Sehetepibre	Amenemhat I^[90]^[91] (Ammanemes I)^[92]	Amenemhat I was not from a royal family, and built the first substantial pyramid since Pepi II at Lisht.^[93] He restored order in Egypt, and then built a new capital called Itjtawy. Amenemhat I was probably assassinated.^[94]	1991–1962 BC^[32]
Kheperkare	Senusret I^[95] (Sesonchosis)^[96]	Senusret I built extensively in upper Egypt, including the temple of Amun at Karnak.^[93] Senusret I claimed to have sent 17,000 people into the Wadi Hammamat to bring back stone for 150 statues and 60 sphinxes.^[97] He also constructed a pyramid at Lisht near his fathers pyramid.	1971–1926 BC
Nubkaure	Amenemhat II^[98] (Ammenemes II)^[99]	Amenemhat II recorded his reign in now fragmented annals.^[93] The Egyptian navy may have attacked Cyprus during his campaigns.^[100] Amenemhat II also built a pyramid at Dashur. Ruled for at least 35 years.	1929–1895 BC^[32]
Khakheperre	Senusret II^[101] (No name given by Manetho)^[102]	Senusret II developed the Fayyum as a major agricultural resource during his reign.^[103] He also built a pyramid at Lahun.	1897–1878 BC^[32]
Khakaure	Senusret III^[104] (Sesostris)^[105]	Senusret III got rid of nomarchs and made 3 administrative districts.^[106] He also led campaigns into Lower Nubia in his 8th, 10th, 16th, and 18th regnal years.^[100] Senusret III also built his own pyramid at Dashur and was the most powerful and influential pharaoh of the 12th dynasty.	1878–1839 BC
Nimaatre	Amenemhat III^[107] (Lamares)^[108]	Amenemhat III further developed the Fayyum as an agricultural region.^[93] He also constructed a large mortuary complex at Hawara including his pyramid, the mortuary complex was probably the labyrinth that inspired the ancient Greek authors.^[109]	1860–1814 BC
Maakherure	Amenemhat IV^[110] (Ammenemes)^[111]	Had a co-regency lasting at least 1 year based on an inscription at Konosso.	1816–1807 BC
Sobekkare	Sobekneferu^[112] (Skemiophris)^[113]	The first known archeologically attested female Pharaoh.	1807–1802 BC

The position of a possible additional ruler, Seankhibtawy Seankhibra, is uncertain. He may be an ephemeral king, or a name variant of a king of the 12th or 13th Dynasty.

Second Intermediate Period

The Second Intermediate Period (1802–1550 BC) is a period of disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom, and the start of the New Kingdom. It is best known as when the Hyksos, whose reign comprised the Fifteenth Dynasty, made their appearance in Egypt.

The Thirteenth Dynasty was much weaker than the Twelfth Dynasty, and was unable to hold onto the two lands of Egypt. Either at the start of the dynasty, c. 1805 BC or toward the middle of it in c. 1710 BC, the provincial ruling family in Xois, located in the marshes of the eastern Delta, broke away from the central authority to form the Canaanite Fourteenth Dynasty.

The Hyksos made their first appearance during the reign of Sobekhotep IV, and c. 1720 BC took control of the town of Avaris (the modern Tell el-Dab'a/Khata'na), conquering the kingdom of the 14th dynasty. Sometime around 1650 BC the Hyksos, perhaps led by Salitis the founder of the Fifteenth Dynasty, conquered Memphis, thereby terminating the 13th dynasty. The power vacuum in Upper Egypt resulting from the collapse of the 13th dynasty allowed the 16th dynasty to declare its independence in Thebes, only to be overrun by the Hyksos kings shortly thereafter.

Subsequently, as the Hyksos withdrew from Upper Egypt, the native Egyptian ruling house in Thebes set itself up as the Seventeenth Dynasty. This dynasty eventually drove the Hyksos back into Asia under Seqenenre Tao, Kamose and finally Ahmose, first pharaoh of the New Kingdom.

Thirteenth Dynasty

The Thirteenth Dynasty (following the Turin King List) ruled from 1802 to c. 1649 BC and lasted 153 or 154 years according to Manetho.

This table should be contrasted with Known kings of the 13th Dynasty:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Sekhemre Khutawy	Sobekhotep I	Founded the 13th Dynasty. His reign is well attested. Referred to as Sobekhotep I in dominant hypothesis, known as Sobekhotep II in older studies	1802–1800 BC^[114]
	Mehibtawy Sekhemkare	Amenemhat Sonbef	Perhaps a brother of Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep and son of Amenemhat IV^[114]	1800–1796 BC^[114]
	Nerikare	Sobek[...]	Attested on a Nile record from Semna.^{[citation needed]}	1796 BC
	Sekhemkare	Amenemhat V	Ruled for 3 to 4 years^[114]	1796–1793 BC^[114]
	—	Ameny Qemau	Buried in his pyramid in south Dashur	1795–1792 BC
	Hotepibre	Qemau Siharnedjheritef	Also called Sehotepibre	1792–1790 BC
—	—	Iufni	Only attested on the Turin canon	Very short reign, possibly c. 1790–1788 BC^[114]
	Seankhibre	Amenemhat VI	Attested on the Turin Canon.^{[citation needed]}	1788–1785 BC
	Semenkare	Nebnuni	Attested on the Turin Canon^{[citation needed]}	1785–1783 BC^[114] or 1739 BC^[115]
	Sehetepibre	Sewesekhtawy	Attested on the Turin Canon.^{[citation needed]}	1783–1781 BC^[114]
—	Sewadjkare I	—	Known only from the Turin canon	1781 BC
—	Nedjemibre	—	Known only from the Turin canon	7 months, 1780 BC^[114] or 1736 BC^[115]
	Khaankhre	Sobekhotep	Referred to as Sobekhotep II in dominant hypothesis, known as Sobekhotep I in older studies	Reigned c. 3 years, 1780–1777 BC^[114]
—	Renseneb	—	4 months	1777 BC^[114]
	Awybre	Hor	Famous for his intact tomb treasure and Ka statue	Reigned 1 year and 6 months, 1777–1775 BC^[114]
	Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw	—	Possibly a son of Hor Awibre	Estimated reign 3 years, 1775–1772 BC^[114]
	Djedkheperew	—	Possibly a son of Hor Awibre and brother of Khabaw, previously identified with Khendjer	Estimated reign 2 years, 1772–1770 BC^[114]
	—	Sebkay	Possibly two kings, Seb and his son Kay.^[114]
	Sedjefakare	Kay Amenemhat	A well known king attested on numerous stelas and other documents.	5 to 7 years or 3 years, 1769–1766 BC^[114]
	Khutawyre	Wegaf	Founder of the dynasty in old studies	c. 1767 BC
	Userkare	Khendjer	Possibly the first Semitic pharaoh, built a pyramid at Saqqara	Minimum 4 years and 3 months c. 1765 BC
	Smenkhkare	Imyremeshaw	Attested by two colossal statues	Reigned less than 10 years, starting 1759 BC^[114] or 1711 BC.^[116]
	Sehetepkare	Intef IV	—	Less than 10 years
	Meribre	Seth	—	Reign ended 1749 BC
	Sekhemresewadjtawy	Sobekhotep III	4 years and 2 months	1755–1751 BC
	Khasekhemre	Neferhotep I	11 years	1751–1740 BC
	Menwadjre	Sihathor	Ephemeral coregent with his brother Neferhotep I, may not have reigned independently.	1739 BC^[114]
	Khaneferre	Sobekhotep IV	10 or 11 years	1740–1730 BC
	Merhotepre	Sobekhotep V	—	1730 BC
	Khahotepre	Sobekhotep VI	4 years 8 months and 29 days	c. 1725 BC
	Wahibre	Ibiau	10 years and 8 months	1725–1714 BC or 1712–1701 BC^[114]
	Merneferre	Ay I	Longest reigning king of the dynasty	23 years, 8 months and 18 days, 1701–1677 BC^[114] or 1714–1691 BC
	Merhotepre	Ini	Possibly a son of his predecessor	2 years, 3 or 4 months and 9 days, 1677–1675 BC^[114] or 1691–1689 BC
—	Sankhenre	Sewadjtu	Attested only on the Turin canon	3 years and 2–4 months, 1675–1672 BC^[114]
	Mersekhemre	Ined	May be the same person as Neferhotep II	3 years, 1672–1669 BC^[114]
—	Sewadjkare II	Hori	Reigned 5 years	5 years
	Merkawre	Sobekhotep VII	Reigned 2 years and 6 months^[114]	1664–1663 BC^[114]
—	Name lost	Seven kings	Names lost in a lacuna of the Turin canon^[114]	1663 BC –?^[114]
—	Name lost
—	Name lost
—	Name lost
—	Name lost
—	Name lost
—	Name lost
—	Mer[...]re	—	—	Unknown
	Merkheperre	—	—	Some time between 1663 BC and 1649 BC^[114]
—	Merkare	—	Attested only on the Turin canon	Some time between 1663 BC and 1649 BC^[114]
—	Name lost		—	Unknown
	Sewadjare	Mentuhotep V	—	c. 1655 BC^[114]
—	[...]mosre	—	—	Unknown
—	Ibi [...]maatre	—	—	Unknown
—	Hor[...] [...]webenre	—	—	Unknown
—	Se[...]kare	—	Unknown	Unknown
	Seheqenre	Sankhptahi	May be the son of his predecessor	Between 1663 and 1649 BC
—	[...]re	—	Unknown	Unknown
—	Se[...]enre	—	Unknown	Unknown – 1649 BC^[114]

The position of the following kings is uncertain:

Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
Djedhotepre	Dedumose I	Possibly a king of the 16th dynasty	c. 1654 BC
Djedneferre	Dedumose II	Possibly a king of the 16th dynasty	Unknown
Maare	Sobekhotep IX	Late 13th dynasty.	Unknown
Sewahenre	Senebmiu	Late 13th dynasty.	After 1660 BC.^[114]
Mershepsesre	Ini II	Late 13th dynasty.	Unknown
Menkhaure	Snaaib	Possibly a king of the Abydos Dynasty	Unknown

Fourteenth Dynasty

The Fourteenth Dynasty was a local group from the eastern Delta, based at Avaris,^[117] that ruled from either 1805 BC or c. 1710 BC until c. 1650 BC.

Some of the contested rulers of the 14th Dynasty (proposed by Kim Ryholt) are commonly identified by Egyptologists as being of Canaanite (Semitic) descent, owing to the distinct origins of the names of some of their kings and princes. However, the dynasty rulers are not referred to as Hyksos in the Turin kings list.^[118] It is here given according to Ryholt; however, this reconstruction of the dynasty is heavily debated with the position of the five kings preceding Nehesy highly disputed.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Sekhaenre	Yakbim	Chronological position uncertain, here given according to Ryholt^[117]	1805–1780 BC
	Nubwoserre	Ya'ammu	Chronological position uncertain, here given per Ryholt^[117]	1780–1770 BC
	Khawoserre^[117]	Qareh	Chronological position uncertain, here given per Ryholt^[117]	1770–1760 BC
	Aahotepre^[117]	'Ammu	Chronological position uncertain, here given per Ryholt^[117]	1760–1745 BC
	Maaibre	Sheshi^[119]	Chronological position, duration of reign and extend of rule uncertain, here given according to Ryholt.^[117] Alternatively, he could be an early Hyksos king, a Hyksos ruler of the second part of the 15th Dynasty or a vassal of the Hyksos.	1745–1705 BC
	Aasehre	Nehesy	Short reign, perhaps a son of Sheshi^[117]	c. 1705 BC
—	Khakherewre	—	—	Unknown
—	Nebefawre	—	—	c. 1704 BC
—	Sehebre	—	Possibly identifiable with Wazad or Sheneh^[114]	c. 1704 to 1699 BC
	Merdjefare	—	Possibly identifiable with Wazad or Sheneh^[114]	c. 1699 BC
—	Sewadjkare III	—	—	Unknown
—	Nebdjefare	—	—	1694 BC
—	Webenre	—	—	Unknown
—	Name lost		—	Unknown
—	[...]djefare	—	—	Unknown
—	[...]webenre	—	—	c. 1690 BC
—	Awibre II	—	—	Unknown
—	Heribre	—	—	Unknown
	—	Nebsenre^[117]	Attested by a jar bearing his prenomen	At least 5 months of reign, some time between 1690 BC and 1649 BC
—	Name lost		—	Unknown
—	[...]re	—	—	Unknown
	Sekheperenre^[117]	—	Attested by a single scarab seal	2 months, some time between 1690 BC and 1649 BC
—	Djedkherewre	—	—	Unknown
—	Sankhibre II	—	—	Unknown
—	Nefertum[...]re	—	—	Unknown
—	Sekhem[...]re	—	—	Unknown
—	Kakemure	—	—	Unknown
—	Neferibre	—	—	Unknown
—	—	I[...]re	—	Unknown
—	Khakare	—	—	Unknown
—	Akare^[120]	—	Only known from the Turin canon	Unknown
—	Semenenre	Hapu	—	Unknown
—	Djedkare^[117]	Anati	Only known from the Turin canon	Unknown
—	—	Bebnum^[117]	Only known from the Turin canon	Some time between 1690 BC and 1649 BC
—	Name lost		Eight lines lost in the Turin canon	Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown
—	Senefer[...]re	—	—	Unknown
—	Men[...]re	—	—	Unknown
—	Djed[...]re	—	—	Unknown
—	Name lost		Three lines lost in the Turin canon	Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown
—	Ink[...]	—	—	Unknown
—	'A[...]^[121]	—	Only known from the Turin canon. Name may be read as "Ineb" according to Alan Gardiner.^[121]	Unknown
—	—	'Apepi^[117]	Possibly attested as a king's son by 5 scarabs-seals	c. 1650 BC
—	Name lost		Five lines lost in the Turin canon	Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown

The position and identity of the following pharaohs is uncertain:

Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
—	Khamure^[114]	—	Unknown
—	Nuya^[114]	Attested by a scarab-seal	Unknown
—	Sheneh^[114]	May be identifiable with Sehebre or Merdjefare	Unknown
—	Shenshek^[114]	Attested by a scarab-seal	Unknown
—	Wazad^[114]	May be identifiable with Sehebre or Merdjefare	c. 1700 BC ?
—	Yakareb^[114]	—	Unknown
Meruserre	Yaqub-Har^[119]	May belong to the 14th dynasty, the 15th dynasty or be a vassal of the Hyksos.	17th–16th centuries BC

The Turin King List provides additional names, none of which are attested beyond the list.

Fifteenth Dynasty

The Fifteenth Dynasty arose from among the Hyksos people who emerged from the Fertile Crescent to establish a short-lived governance over much of the Nile region, and ruled from 1674 to 1535 BC.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
—	(Salitis)		Ruled Lower Egypt and founded the 15th Dynasty	c. 1650 BC
	—	Semqen	Chronological position uncertain.	1649 BC – Unknown
	—	'Aper-'Anat	Chronological position uncertain.	Unknown
—	—	Sakir-Har	—	Unknown
	Meruserre	Yaqub-Har	From Turin papyrus.	either 8 or 18 years
	Seuserenre	Khyan	Apex of the Hyksos' power, conquered Thebes toward the end of his reign	likely 30–35 years
	Nebkhepeshre / Aqenenre / Auserre	Apepi	—	1590 BC?
	Nakhtyre / Hotepibre	Khamudi	—	1555–1544 BC

Abydos Dynasty

The Second Intermediate Period may include an independent dynasty reigning over Abydos from c. 1650 BC until 1600 BC.^[122]^[123]^[124]

Four attested kings may be tentatively attributed to the Abydos Dynasty, and they are given here without regard for their (unknown) chronological order:

Image	Prenomen	Nomen	Comments	Reign
	Woseribre	Senebkay	Tomb discovered in 2014. Perhaps identifiable with a Woser[...]re of the Turin canon.	c. 1650 BC
	Menkhaure	Snaaib	May belong to the late 13th Dynasty.^[125]^[126]^[127]	Uncertain
	Sekhemrekhutawy	Pantjeny	May belong to the late 16th Dynasty^[128]	Uncertain
	Sekhemraneferkhau	Wepwawetemsaf	May belong to the late 16th Dynasty^[128]	Uncertain
—	[...]hebre	—	Only known from the Turin Canon. Believed by Kim Ryholt to have been part of the Abydos dynasty.^[129]	Uncertain

Sixteenth Dynasty

The Sixteenth Dynasty was a native Theban dynasty emerging from the collapse of the Memphis-based 13th dynasty c. 1650 BC. They were finally conquered by the Hyksos 15th dynasty c. 1580 BC.

The 16th dynasty held sway over Upper Egypt only.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
—		—	Name of the first king is lost here in the Turin King List and cannot be recovered	Unknown
	Sekhemresementawy	Djehuti	–	3 years
	Sekhemreseusertawy	Sobekhotep VIII	–	16 years
	Sekhemresankhtawy	Neferhotep III	–	1 year
	Seankhenre	Mentuhotepi	May be a king of the 17th Dynasty^[126]	< 1 year
	Sewadjenre	Nebiryraw I	–	26 years
	Neferkare (?)	Nebiryraw II	–	c. 1600 BC
	Semenre	–	–	c. 1600 BC
	Seuserenre	Bebiankh	–	12 years
	Djedhotepre	Dedumose I	May be a king of the 13th Dynasty^[126]	c. 1588–1582 BC
	Djedneferre	Dedumose II	–	c. 1588–1582 BC
	Djedankhre	Montemsaf	–	c. 1590 BC
	Merankhre	Mentuhotep VI	–	Short reign, c. 1585 BC
	Seneferibre	Senusret IV	–	Unknown
—	Sekhemre	Shedwast	May be the same as Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf II	Unknown

The 16th Dynasty may also have comprised the reigns of pharaohs Sneferankhre Pepi III^[130] and Nebmaatre. Their chronological position is uncertain.^[125]^[126]

Seventeenth Dynasty

The Seventeenth Dynasty was based in Upper Egypt and ruled from 1580 to 1550 BC and comprised the family of rulers that would eventually overthrow the Hyksos and establish the 18th Dynasty and New Kingdom

Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
Sekhemrewahkhaw	Rahotep	—	c. 1580
Sekhemre Wadjkhaw	Sobekemsaf I	—	At least 7 years
Sekhemre Shedtawy	Sobekemsaf II	His tomb was robbed and burned during the reign of Ramesses IX.	Unknown to c. 1573 BC
Sekhemre-Wepmaat	Intef V	—	c. 1573-1571 BC
Nubkheperre	Intef VI	Reigned more than 3 years	c. 1571 to the mid-1560s BC
Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat	Intef VII	—	Late 1560s BC
Senakhtenre	Ahmose	—	c. 1558 BC
Seqenenre	Tao	Died in battle against the Hyksos.	1558–1554 BC
Wadjkheperre	Kamose	—	1554–1549 BC

The early 17th Dynasty may also have included the reign of a pharaoh Nebmaatre, whose chronological position is uncertain.^[114]

New Kingdom

The New Kingdom (1550–1077 BC) is the period covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth dynasty of Egypt, from the 16th to the 11th century BC, between the Second Intermediate Period, and the Third Intermediate Period.

Through military dominance abroad, the New Kingdom saw Egypt's greatest territorial extent. It expanded far into Nubia in the south, and held wide territories in the Near East. Egyptian armies fought with Hittite armies for control of modern-day Syria.

Three of the best known pharaohs of the New Kingdom are Akhenaten, also known as Amenhotep IV, whose exclusive worship of the Aten is often interpreted as the first instance of monotheism, Tutankhamun known for the discovery of his nearly intact tomb, and Ramesses II who attempted to recover the territories in modern Israel/Palestine, Lebanon and Syria that had been held in the Eighteenth Dynasty. His reconquest led to the Battle of Qadesh, where he led the Egyptian armies against the army of the Hittite king Muwatalli II.

Eighteenth Dynasty

The Eighteenth Dynasty ruled from c. 1550 to 1292 BC:

Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
Nebpehtire	Ahmose I (Ahmosis I)	Brother and successor to Kamose, conquered north of Egypt from the Hyksos.	1551-1515 BC^[131] or 1539-1515 BC^[132]
Djeserkare	Amenhotep I	Son of Ahmose I. Amenhotep I led campaigns in Nubia down to the 3rd Nile cataract.^[133] He also introduced the practice of having the tomb and funerary temple in separate locations rather than in the same location.^[134] It is possible that Amenhotep I and his mother Ahmose-Nefertari founded the tomb workers village of Deir-el-Medina, the two were honored as gods by later residents.^[135]	1515-1494 BC^[136] or 1514-1494 BC^[132]
Aakheperkare	Thutmose I	Believed to be of non-royal origin.^[137] His mother is known to be Senseneb. Thutmose I established family control over the Egyptian throne for the next 175 years.^[133] Thutmose I defeated the Kingdom of Kush and destroyed Kerma in Nubia, he campaigned in Syria as far as the Euphrates River.^[133] He is also the father of Thutmose II and Hatshepsut.^[133]	1494-1482 BC^[138] or 1493-1483 BC^[132]
Aakheperenre	Thutmose II	Son of Thutmose I. Grandson of Ahmose I through his mother, Mutnofret.^[139]	1482-1480/1479 BC^[140]^[141]
Maatkare	Hatshepsut	The second known female ruler of Egypt. Ruled jointly with her nephew Thutmose III.^[142] Famous for her expedition to Punt documented on her famous Mortuary Temple at Deir el-Bahari. Built many temples and monuments. Ruled during the height of Egypt's power. Was the daughter of Thutmose I and the Great Wife of her brother Thutmose II.	1479–1458 BC
Menkheperre	Thutmose III	Son of Thutmose II. He ruled jointly with Hatshepsut, his aunt and step-mother, during the early part of her reign.^[143] Famous for his territorial expansion into the Levant and Nubia. Under his reign, the Ancient Egyptian Empire was at its greatest extent. Ruled during the height of Egypt's Power. Before the end of his reign, he obliterated Hatshepsut's name and image from temples and monuments.	1479–1425 BC
Aakheperrure	Amenhotep II	Son of Thutmose III. Ruled during the height of Egypt's Power.	1425–1400 BC
Menkheperure	Thutmose IV	Famous for his Dream Stele. Son of Amenhotep II. Ruled during the height of Egypt's Power.	1400–1390 BC
Nebmaatre	Amenhotep III	Father of Akhenaten and grandfather of Tutankhamun. Ruled Egypt at the height of its power. Built many temples and monuments, including his enormous Mortuary Temple. Was the son of Thutmose IV.	1390–1352 BC
Neferkheperure Waenre	Akhenaten (originally Amenhotep IV)	Founder of the Amarna Period in which he changed the state religion from the polytheistic Ancient Egyptian religion to the Monotheistic Atenism, centered around the worship of the Aten, an image of the sun disc. He moved the capital to Akhetaten. Was the second son of Amenhotep III. He changed his name from Amenhotep (Amun is pleased) to Akhenaten (Effective for the Aten) to reflect his religion change.	1352–1336 BC
Ankhkheperure	Smenkhkare Djeserkheperu	Married to Meritaten, daughter of Akhenaten. Identity and sex of Smenkhare is uncertain, with suggestions they were either male relative of Akhenaten, or Queen Nefertiti, main wife of Akhenaten, who took ceremonial male identity as King. It's unknown if Smenkhkare ever was sole ruler, or if they died as co-regent of Akhenaten.^[144]	1340–1337 BC^[145] or 1336–1334^[146]
Ankhetkheperure Merwaenre	Nefernefruaten Akhetenhyes	Female pharaoh. Speculated to be former queen consort Neferneferuaten Nefertiti, because of name similarity. Often supposed to have been the same person as Smenkhkare, as they shared the same throne name; most scholars now see Neferneferuaten as ruling queen, while Smenkhkare was a male king.	1336–1332 BC^[147]
Nebkheperure	Tutankhamun (originally Tutankhaten)	Believed to be a son of Akhenaten.^[148] He reinstated the polytheistic Ancient Egyptian religion. His name change from Tutankhaten to Tutankhamun reflects the change in religion from the monolatristic Atenism to the classic religion, of which Amun is a major deity. He is thought to have taken the throne at around age eight or nine and to have died around age eighteen or nineteen.	1332–1323 BC^[149]
Kheperkheperure Irmaat	Ay II Itnetjer	Was Grand Vizier to Tutankhamun and an important official during the reigns of Akhenaten and Smenkhkare. Possibly the brother of Tiye, Great Wife of Amenhotep III, and also possibly father of Nefertiti, Great Wife of Akhenaten. Believed to have been born into nobility, but not royalty. Succeeded Tutankhamun due to his lack of an heir.	1323–1320 BC^[150]
Djeserkheperure Setepenre	Horemheb	Born a Commoner. Was a General during the Amarna Period. Obliterated Images of the Amarna Pharaohs and destroyed and vandalized buildings and monuments associated with them. Succeeded Ay despite Nakhtmin being the intended heir.	1320–1292 BC

Nineteenth Dynasty

The Nineteenth Dynasty ruled from 1292 to 1186 BC and includes one of the most famous pharaohs: Ramesses II the Great.

Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
Menpehtire	Ramesses I^[151]	Already Grand Vizier, of non-royal birth. Succeeded Horemheb due to his lack of an heir.	1292–1290 BC
Menmaatre	Seti I Merneptah	Regained much of the territory that was lost under the reign of Akhenaten.	1290–1279 BC
Usermaatre Setepenre (Ozymandias)	Ramesses II Meriamun (Ramesses the Great)	Continued expanding Egypt's territory until he reached a stalemate with the Hittite Empire at the Battle of Kadesh in 1275 BC, after which the famous Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty was signed in 1258 BC. Had one of the longest Egyptian reigns. Known for his large scale construction projects, including many now famous monuments.	1279–1213 BC
Baenre Meriamun	Merneptah Hetephirmaat^[152]	Thirteenth son of Ramesses II.	1213–1203 BC
Userkheperure Setepenre	Seti II Merneptah^[153]	Son of Merneptah. May have had to overcome a contest by Amenmesse before he could solidify his claim to the throne.	1204–1198 BC
Menmire Setepenre	Amenmesse Heqawast	Most likely a rival king ruling in Upper Egypt in opposition to Seti II. Suggested son of Merneptah.	1203–1200 BC
Akhenre (originally Sekhaenre) Setepenre	Siptah Merneptah (originally Ramesses Siptah)^[154]	Possibly son of Seti II or Amenmesse, ascended to throne at a young age.^[155]	1198–1192 BC
Sitre Meritamun	Tausret Setepetenmut	Seti II's widow, initially regent for Pharaoh Siptah, then briefly sole Pharaoh.^[156] Also known as Twosret or Tawosret.	1192–1190 BC

Twentieth Dynasty

The Twentieth Dynasty ruled from 1190 to 1077 BC:

Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
Userkhaure Setepenre Meriamun	Setnakhte Mereramun	Not related to Seti II, Siptah, or Tausret. May have usurped the throne from Tausret. Did not recognize Siptah or Tausret as legitimate rulers. Possibly a member of a minor line of the Ramesside royal family. Also called Setnakt.	1190–1186 BC
Usermaatre Meriamun	Ramesses III Heqaiunu	Son of Setnakhte. Fought the Sea Peoples in 1175 BC. assassinated in Harem conspiracy.	1186–1155 BC
Heqamaatre (originally Usermaatre) Setpenamun	Ramesses IV Heqamaat Meriamun	Son of Ramesses III. During his reign, Egyptian power started to decline.	1155–1149 BC
Usermaatre Sekheperenre	Ramesses V Amenhirkhepshef Meriamun	Son of Ramesses IV	1149–1145 BC
Nebmaatre Meriamun	Ramesses VI Amenhirkhepshef Netjerheqaiunu	Son of Ramesses III. Brother of Ramesses IV. Uncle of Ramesses V.	1145–1137 BC
Usermaatre Setpenre Meriamun	Ramesses VII Itamun Netjerheqaiunu	Son of Ramesses VI.	1137–1130 BC
Usermaatre Akhenamun	Ramesses VIII Sethirkhepshef Meriamun	An obscure Pharaoh, who reigned only around a year. Identifiable with Prince Sethiherkhepeshef II. Son of Ramesses III. Brother of Ramesses IV and Ramesses VI. Uncle of Ramesses V and Ramesses VII. He is the sole pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty whose tomb has not been found.	1130–1129 BC
Neferkare Setpenre	Ramesses IX Khaemwast Mereramun	Probably grandson of Ramesses III through his father, Montuherkhopshef. First cousin of Ramesses V and Ramesses VII.	1129–1111 BC
Khepermaatre Meriamun	Ramesses X Amenhirkhepshef Meriamun^[157]	Possibly a son of Ramesses X. A poorly documented Pharaoh, his reign was about 3 years long, though previously estimated at 10 years.	1111–1107 BC
Menmaatre Setepenptah	Ramesses XI Khaemwast Mereramun Netjerheqaiunu^[158]	Possibly the son of Ramesses X. During the second half of his reign, High Priest of Amun Herihor ruled over the south from Thebes, limiting his power to Lower (Northern) Egypt. He was eventually succeeded in the north by Smendes, possibly after an intervening reign.	1107–1075 BC
Usermaatre Heqawast	Ramesses XII Mereramun^[159]	Possibly a son and successor of Ramesses XI, ruling before the succession of Herihor in the south and Smendes in the north.	1075–1069 BC

Third Intermediate Period

The Third Intermediate Period (1069–664 BC) marked the end of the New Kingdom after the collapse of the Egyptian empire at the end of the Bronze Age. Two dynasties of Libyan origin ruled, giving this period its alternative name of the Libyan Period.

Twenty-First Dynasty

The Twenty-First Dynasty was based at Tanis and was a relatively weak group. Theoretically, they were rulers of all Egypt, but in practice their influence was limited to Lower Egypt. They ruled from 1069 to 943 BC.^[160]

Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
Hedjkheperre Setpenre	Nesbanebdjed Meriamun^[161] (Smendes I)	Married to Tentamun, possible daughter of Ramesses XI.	1069–1043 BC
Neferkare Heqawast	Amenemnisu Meriamun	Obscure four-year reign.	1043–1039 BC
Aakheperre Setepenamun	Pasebakhenniut I (Psusennes I) Meriamun	Son of Pinedjem I, a High Priest of Amun and Pharaoh. Ruled for 40 to 51 years. Famous for his intact tomb at Tanis. Known as "The Silver Pharaoh" due to the magnificent silver coffin he was buried in. One of the most powerful rulers of the Dynasty.	1039–991 BC
Usermaatre Setepenamun	Amenemope Meriamun	Probably son of Psusennes I.	991–981 BC
Aakheperre Setepenre	Osorkon Meriamun (Osochor)	Son of Shoshenq A, Great Chief of the Meshwesh (Libya).	981–975 BC
Netjerikheperre Setpenamun	Siamun	Unknown Origins. Built extensively for a third intermediate period Pharaoh. One of the most powerful rulers of the dynasty.	975–957 BC
Titkheperre Setepenre	Pasebakhenniut II (Psusennes II Meriamun)	Possibly son of Siamun.	957–943 BC

Theban High Priests of Amun

The High Priests of Amun at Thebes were the de facto rulers of Upper Egypt during the Twenty-first dynasty, writing their names in cartouches and being buried in royal tombs.^[162]

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	—	Piankh	Previously believed to have governed after Herihor.	1085–1079 BC
	Hemnetjertepienamun	Herihor Siamun	Previously believed to have governed before Piankh. Eventually adopted royal titulary at Thebes, thus becoming ruler in the South and alongside the Tanite pharaoh in the North.^[163]	1079–1068 BC
	Khakheperre Setepenamun	Pinedjem I Meriamun	Son of Piankh and successor of Herihor. Father of Psusennes I. High Priest for many years, eventually gave his seat to his son Masaharta, and declared himself king.^[164]	1063–1054 BC (High Priest) 1054–1031 BC (Pharaoh)^[164]
	—	Masaharta	Son of Pinedjem I.	1054–1046 BC
	—	Djedkhonsuefankh	Son of Pinedjem I.	1046–1045 BC
	Usermaatre	Menkheperre	Son of Pinedjem I. Temporary (?) assumption of kingship after father's death.	1045–990 BC
	—	Nesbanebdjed II (Smendes II)	Son of Menkheperre.	990–988 BC
	—	Pinedjem II	Son of Menkheperre, Father of Psusennes II.	988–967 BC
—	Titkheprure	Hemnetjertepienamun Pasebakhaennuit (Psusennes III)	Son of Pinedjem II. Not the same person as King Psusennes II.	967–post 957 BC

Twenty-Second Dynasty

The pharaohs of the Twenty-Second Dynasty were Libyans, ruling from c. 943 to 731 BC.^[165]

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Hedjkheperre Setpenre	Shoshenq I Meriamun	Son of Nimlot A, a brother of Osorkon the Elder and a Great Chief of the Meshwesh (Libyans). Possibly the biblical Shishaq	943–922 BC
	Sekhemkheperre Setepenre	Osorkon I Meriamun	Son of Shoshenq I.	922–887 BC
	Hedjkheperre Setepenre	Takelot I Meriamun	Son of Osorkon I.	887–874 BC
	Heqakheperre Setepenre	Shoshenq IIa Meriamun	Obscure pharaoh, placement and identification uncertain.	880s BC?
—	Tutkheperre Setepenre	Shoshenq IIb Meriamun	Obscure pharaoh, placement and identification uncertain.	880s BC?
—	Maatkheperre Setepenre	Shoshenq IIc Meriamun	Obscure pharaoh, placement and identification uncertain.	880s BC?
	Hedjkheperre Setepenamun	Harsiese Meriamun	An obscure rival pharaoh at Thebes.	880–860 BC?
	Usermaatre Setpenamun	Osorkon II Sibaste Meriamun	Son of Takelot I.	873–830 BC
	Usermaatre Setpenre	Shoshenq III Sibaste Meriamun	—	830–post 791 BC
	Hedjkheperre Setepenre	Shoshenq IV Sibaste Meriamun Netjerheqaiunu	—	ante 788–778 BC
	Usermaatre Setpenre	Pami I Sibaste Meriamun	—	778–769 BC
	Aakheperre Setepenre	Shoshenq V Sibaste Meriamun Netjerheqawast	Son of Pami I	769–731 BC

Twenty-Third Dynasty

The designation Twenty-Third Dynasty is applied variously by scholars to branches of the Twenty-Second Dynasty ruling in mostly Upper Egypt (at least intermittently at Thebes), to various local rulers based at Herakleopolis, Hermopolis, Leontopolis, and to a line of kings who succeeded the Twenty-Second Dynasty at Tanis, all of Libyan origin.^[166]

Upper Egyptian lines

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Hedjkheperre Setpenre	Takelot II Siese Meriamun	Previously thought to be a 22nd Dynasty pharaoh, he is now known to be the founder of the 23rd.	834–809 BC
	Usermaatre Setpenamun	Pedubast I Sibaste Meriamun	A rival king, who seized Thebes from Takelot II.	822–799 BC
—	—	Iuput I Siese Meriamun	Contemporary with Pedubast I; apparent successor to Takelot II	809–798 BC
—	Usermaatre Meryamun	Shoshenq VI Meriamun	Successor to Pedubast I.	799–793 BC
	Usermaatre Setpenamun	Osorkon III Siese Meriamun	Son of Takelot II; recovered Thebes, then proclaimed himself king.	791–764 BC
	Usermaatre Setpenamun	Takelot III Siese Meriamun	Co-ruler with his father Osorkon III for the first five years of his reign.	768–756 BC
	Usermaatre Setpenamun	Rudamun Meriamun	Younger son of Osorkon III and brother of Takelot III.	756–750 BC
—	Uasnetjerre/Hedjkheperre Setepenre	Shoshenq VII Saisetmeriamun	A poorly attested king, whose existence is disputed.	—
	Menkheperre	Ini Siese Meriamun	Reigned at Thebes and Abydos; possibly a contemporary of the 25th Dynasty.	750–745 BC

Rulers of Hermopolis, order uncertain:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
—	Neferkheperre	Djehutyemhat	Possibly reigned after Nimlot I.	745–735 BC?
—	—	Nimlot I	Possibly reigned before Djehutyemhat; submitted to Piye.	745–735 BC?

Rulers of Herakleopolis:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
—	Neferkare	Peftjauawybast	Submitted to Piye	750–720 BC?

Rulers of Leontopolis:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Usermaatre Setepenre	Iuput II Sibaste Meriamun	Submitted to Piye	730–710 BC?

Tanite Twenty-Third Dynasty

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
—	Sehetepibre	Pedubast II	Probable successor of Shoshenq V; throne name identification varies among scholars.	731–725 BC?
	Usermaatre	Osorkon IV	Submitted to Piye and treated with Assyrians; suppressed by the 24th Dynasty?	725–716 BC?
—	Neferkare	Pami II	Suppressed by the 25th Dynasty?	712–702 BC?
—	Shepseskare Irenre	Gemenefkhonsbak	Local ruler of Tanis.	uncertain
—	Sekhemkare	—	Local ruler of Tanis.	uncertain
—	—	Pedubast III	Assyrian vassal.	fl. in 670–667 BC

Twenty-Fourth Dynasty

The Twenty-fourth Dynasty was a short-lived rival dynasty located in the western Delta (Sais), with only two rulers ruling from 731 to 712 BC.^[167]

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Shepsesre	Tefnakhte	Assumption of kingship disputed (King Shepsesre Tefnakhte could belong in the early 26th Dynasty)	731–717 BC
	Wahkare	Bakenrenef (Bocchoris)	Son of Tefnakhte. Asserted his rule over Memphis and Tanis but eliminated by Shebitku	717–712 BC

Twenty-Fifth Dynasty

Nubians invaded Lower Egypt and took the throne of Egypt under Piye although they already controlled Thebes and Upper Egypt in the early years of Piye's reign. Piye's conquest of Lower Egypt established the Twenty-fifth Dynasty which ruled until 656 BC.^[168]

Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
Usermaatre	Piye	King of Nubia; conquered Egypt in his 20th year; full reign at least 24 years, possibly 30+ years	743–713 BC, according to Frédéric Payraudeau^[169]
Djedkaure	Shebitku	Believed to be Shabaka's successor until the 2010s	713–705 BC, according to Frédéric Payraudeau^[169]
Neferkare	Shabaka	Believed to be Shebitku's predecessor until the 2010s	705–690 BC, according to Frédéric Payraudeau^[169]
Khuinefertemre	Taharqa	Died in 664 BC	690–664 BC^[170]
Bakare	Tantamani	Lost control of Upper Egypt in 656 BC when Psamtik I extended his authority into Thebes in that year.	664–653 BC

They were ultimately driven back into Nubia, where they established a kingdom at Napata (656–590), and, later, at Meroë (590 BC – AD 500).

Late Period

The Late Period runs from c. 664 to 332 BC, and includes periods of rule by native Egyptians and Persians.

Twenty-Sixth Dynasty

The Twenty-sixth Dynasty ruled from c. 664 to 525 BC.^[171]

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Menibre? Iribre?	Tefnakht II (Stephinates)	Manetho's Stephinates. May have been a descendant of the Twenty-fourth Dynasty. The father of Necho I.	685–678 BC
—	—	Nekauba (Nechepsos)	Manetho's Nechepsos. His existence has been questioned.	678–672 BC
	Menkheperre	Nekau I (Necho I)	Was killed by an invading Kushite force in 664 BC under Tantamani. Father of Psamtik I.	672–664 BC

The son and successor of Nekau I, Psamtik I, managed to reunify Egypt and is generally regarded as the founder of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty.

Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
Wahibre	Psamtik I (Psammetichus I)	Reunified Egypt. Son of Necho I and father of Necho II.	664–610 BC^[172]
Wehemibre	Nekau II (Necho II)	Most likely the pharaoh mentioned in several books of the Bible and the death of Josiah. Son of Psamtik I and father of Psamtik II.	610–595 BC^[172]
Neferibre	Psamtik II (Psammetichus II)	Son of Necho II and father of Apries.	595–589 BC^[172]
Haaibre	Wahibre (Apries)	Fled Egypt after Amasis II (who was a general at the time) declared himself pharaoh following a civil war. Son of Psamtik II.	589–570 BC^[172]
Khnemibre	Ahmose II (Amasis II)	He was the last great ruler of Egypt before the Persian conquest. According to the Greek historian Herodotus, he was of common origins. Father of Psamtik III.	570–526 BC^[172]
Ankhkaenre	Psamtik III (Psammetichus III)	Son of Amasis II. Ruled for about six months before being defeated by the Persians in the Battle of Pelusium and subsequently executed for attempting to revolt.	526–525 BC^[172]

Twenty-Seventh Dynasty

Egypt was conquered by the Persian Empire in 525 BC by king Cambyses II, the son of Cyrus the Great, and remained Persian satrapy for more than one hundred years until regaining independence in 404 BC. The Achaemenid kings were acknowledged as Pharaohs in this era, forming the 27th Dynasty:

Image	Throne name	Name	Comments	Reign
	Mesutre	Kembydjet (Cambyses II)	Defeated Psamtik III at the Battle of Pelusium at 525 BC.	525–1 July 522 BC^[172]
—	—	Bardiya (Smerdis) / Gaumata	Son of Cyrus the Great.	522 BC^[172]
	Seteture	Deriush (Darius I)	Ascended throne by overthrowing Gaumata^{[citation needed]}	522–November 486 BC^[172]
	—	Kheshayarusha (Xerxes I)	Assassinated by Artabanus of Persia.	November 486–December 465 BC^[172]
—	—	Artabanus the Hyrcanian	—	465-464 BC
	—	Arutakhshashas (Artaxerxes I)	Died in 424 BC	464–424 BC
—	—	Xerxes II	A claimant.	424–423 BC^[172]
—	—	Sogdianus	A claimant.	423–July 423 BC^[172]
	—	Darius II	Died in 404 BC	July 423–March 404 BC^[172]

Several native rebellions took place during the 27th dynasty:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Dates
	Seheruibre	Petubastis III^[173]	A native Egyptian rebel in the Delta.	522/21–520 BC
—	Ahmose? Nebkaenre?	Psammetichus IV^[173]	A proposed native Egyptian rebel leader. Exact date uncertain.	Possibly in the 480s BC

Twenty-Eighth Dynasty

The Twenty-eighth Dynasty lasted only 6 years, from 404 to 398 BC, with one pharaoh:

Image	Name	Comments	Reign
	Amunirdisu (Amyrtaeus)	Descendant of the Saite pharaohs of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty; led a successful revolt against the Persians.	404–398 BC

Twenty-Ninth Dynasty

The Twenty-ninth Dynasty ruled from 398 to 380 BC:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Baenre Merynetjeru	Nefaarud I (Nepherites I)	Also known as Nepherites. Defeated Amyrtaeus in open battle and had him executed.	398–393 BC
	Khnemmaatre Setepenkhnemu	Hakor (Achoris)	Son of Nefaarud I.	c. 392–c. 391 BC
	Userre Setepenptah	Pasherienmut (Psammuthes)	Possibly dethroned Hakor for a year.	c. 391 BC
	Khnemmaatre Setepenkhnemu	Hakor (Achoris)	Retook the throne from Psammuthes.	c. 390–c. 379 BC
—	—	Nefaarud II (Nepherites II)	Was deposed and likely killed by Nectanebo I after ruling for only 4 months. Son of Hakor.	c. 379 BC
—	—	Muthis	Possible pharaoh attested in Eusebius's epitome; not known archaeologically and his chronological placement is disputed.	Possibly between 393 and 380 BC

Thirtieth Dynasty

The Thirtieth Dynasty ruled from 379/8 until Egypt once more came under Persian rule c. 340 BC:^[174]^[175]

Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
Kheperkare	Nekhtnebef (Nectanebo I)	Also known as Nekhtnebef. Deposed and likely killed Nefaarud II, starting the last dynasty of native Egyptians. Father of Teos.	379/8–361/0 BC
Irimaatenre	Djedher (Teos)	Co-regent with his father Nectanebo I from about 365 BC. Was overthrown by Nectanebo II with the aid of Agesilaus II of Sparta.	361/0–359/8 BC
Snedjemibre Setepenanhur	Nakhthorhebyt Merihathor (Nectanebo II)	Last native ruler of ancient Egypt^[176] to be recognized by Manetho.	359/8–341/0 BC

Thirty-First Dynasty

Egypt again came under the control of the Achaemenid Persians. After the practice of Manetho, the Persian rulers from 340 to 332 BC are occasionally designated as the Thirty-first Dynasty:

Name	Comments	Reign
Artaxerxes III	Egypt came under Persian rule for the second time. Did not adopt any pharaonic titulary.	c. 341/339 – 338 BC^[177]
Artaxerxes IV Arses	Only reigned in Lower Egypt. Did not adopt any pharaonic titulary.	338–336 BC
Darius III	Upper Egypt returned to Persian control in 335 BC. His name, Deriush, was written in a cartouche as a pharaonic nomen would be.	336–332 BC

Native rebellions again took place during the 31st dynasty:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Dates
	Senensetepuniptah	Khababash	Rebel pharaoh who led an invasion in Nubia.	338–335 BC^[172]

Hellenistic period

Argead Dynasty

The Macedonian Greeks under Alexander the Great ushered in the Hellenistic period with his conquest of Persia and Egypt. The Argeads ruled from 332 to 309 BC:

Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
Setpenre Meryamun	Aluksindres (Alexander the Great)	Formally Alexander III of Macedon conquered Persia and Egypt.	332–13 June 323 BC^[172]
Setpenre Meryamun	Pelupuisa (Philip Arrhidaeus)	Formally Philip III of Macedon. Mentally disabled half-brother of Alexander the Great.	323–317 BC
Khaibre Setepenamun	Aluksindres (Alexander IV)	Formally Alexander IV of Macedon. Son of Alexander the Great and Roxana.	317–309 BC

Ptolemaic Dynasty

The second Hellenistic dynasty, the Ptolemies, ruled Egypt from 305 BC until Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC (whenever two dates overlap, that means there was a co-regency). The most famous member of this dynasty was Cleopatra VII, in modern times known simply as Cleopatra, who was successively the consort of Julius Caesar and, after Caesar's death, of Mark Antony, having children with both of them.

Cleopatra strove to create a dynastic and political union between Egypt and Rome, but the assassination of Caesar and the defeat of Mark Antony doomed her plans.^[178]

Caesarion (Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar) was the last king of the Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt, and he reigned jointly with his mother Cleopatra VII of Egypt, from September 2, 47 BC. He was the eldest son of Cleopatra VII, and possibly the only son of Julius Caesar, after whom he was named. Between the death of Cleopatra, on August 12, 30 BC, up to his own own death in late August 30 BC, he was nominally the sole pharaoh. Ultimately, he was killed on the orders of Octavian, who would become the Roman emperor Augustus. While younger children of Cleopatra did survive Egyptian-Roman war, Octavian denied them inheritance of Egypt.^[179]

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Setpenre Meryamun	Ptolemy I Soter	—	7 November 305 – January 282 BC^[172]
	Weserkare Meryamun	Ptolemy II Philadelphos	—	28 March 284 – 28 January 246 BC
	Iwaensenwinetjerwy Setepenre Sekhemankhenamun	Ptolemy III Euergetes	—	28 January 246 – November/December 222 BC
	Iwaennetjerwymenekhwy Setepenptah Userkare Sekhemankhamun	Ptolemy IV Philopator	Died in unclear circumstances, possibly by fire in the palace or murder.	November/December 222 – July/August 204 BC
	Iwaennetjerwymer(wy)it Setepenptah Userkare Sekhemankhamun	Ptolemy V Epiphanes	Upper Egypt in revolt 207–186 BC	July/August 204 – September 180 BC
	Iwaennetjerwyperu Setepenptahkheperi Irymaatamunre	Ptolemy VI Philometor	Lived under the control of Ptolemy VIII 164 BC–163 BC; restored 163 BC Died 145 BC	c. May 180 – October 164 BC^[172]and 163 – c. July 145 BC^[172]
	—	Cleopatra II	Wife of Ptolemy VI. Married Ptolemy VIII c. 145 BC; led revolt against him in 131 BC and became sole ruler of Egypt. Later reconciled with Ptolemy VIII; co-ruled with Cleopatra III and Ptolemy VIII until 116 BC.	170 – October 164 BC and 163–127 BC and 124–116 BC
	Iwaennetjerwyperwy Setepenptah Irymaatre Sekhemankhenamun	Ptolemy VIII Physcon	Proclaimed king by Alexandrians in 170 BC; ruled jointly with Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II from 169 to 164 BC. Restored 145–131 BC and again in 127 BC. Died 116 BC	171–163 BC and 145–131 BC and 127–116 BC
—	—	Ptolemy Eupator	Son of Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II, made co-regent but did later the same year	152 BC
—	Panetjerhunu Meriyetef	Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator	Traditionally identified with a surviving son of Ptolemy VI who existed but never ruled; the posthumous designation Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator was probably applied to Ptolemy Memphites (below)	145 BC (supposedly)
	—	Cleopatra III	Second wife of Ptolemy VIII. Restored with Ptolemy VIII in 127 BC; later co-regent with Ptolemy IX and X. Murdered by her own son Ptolemy X.	142–131 BC and 127–107 BC
—	—	Ptolemy Memphites	Probably posthumously Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator; possibly proclaimed King by mother Cleopatra II; soon killed by father Ptolemy VIII	131 BC
	Iwa(en)netjermenekhnetjeretmeretmutesnedjet(et) Setepenptah Irimaatre Sekhemankhamun	Ptolemy IX Soter	Died 80 BC	28 June 116–October 110 BC and 88-81 BC^[172]
	Iwa(en)netjermenekhenetjeretmenkhetre Setepenptah Irimaatre Senenankhenamun	Ptolemy X Alexander	Died 88 BC	October 110–February 109 BC and 107-88 BC^[172]
	—	Berenice III	Forced to marry Ptolemy XI; murdered on his orders 19 days later	81–80 BC
	—	Ptolemy XI Alexander	Young son of Ptolemy X Alexander; installed by Sulla; ruled for 80 days before being lynched by citizens for killing Berenice III	80 BC^[172]
	Iwaenpanetjernehem Setepenptah Irimaatenre Sekhemankhamen	Ptolemy XII Auletes	Son of Ptolemy IX; deposed in 58 BC, then restored in 55 BC.	80–58 BC^[172] and 55–51 BC^[172]
	—	Cleopatra V Tryphaena	Wife of Ptolemy XII, mother of Berenice IV	79–68 BC
	—	Cleopatra VI	Supposed daughter of Ptolemy XII, theorised by some Egyptologists to actually be the same person as Cleopatra V.^[180]	58–57 BC
	—	Berenice IV	Daughter of Ptolemy XII; forced to marry Seleucus Kybiosaktes, but had him strangled; later married Archelaos of Comana. Joint rule with Cleopatra VI until 57 BC.	58–55 BC^[172]
	—	Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator	Son and designated heir of Ptolemy XII Auletes alongside his sister Cleopatra. Supposedly drowned during Battle of the Nile (47 BC).	51-47 BC
	—	Ptolemy XIV Philopator	Brother-husband and nominal co-ruler of Cleopatra. Died young, allegedly poisoned by his sister-wife.^[181]	47-44 BC
	—	Cleopatra VII	Ruled jointly with her brother Ptolemy XIII, her brother Ptolemy XIV, and her son Ptolemy XV.^[182] In modern usage, the stand-alone use of "Cleopatra" with no ordinal number usually refers to Cleopatra VII. Believed to have committed suicide.	51^[183] – 12 August 30 BC^[172]
	—	Arsinoe IV	In opposition to Cleopatra VII	December 48 – January 47 BC
	Iwapanetjernetynehem Setepenptah Irimaatre Sekhem(ankh)enamun	Ptolemy XV Caesar	Eldest son of Cleopatra VII; aged 3 when proclaimed co-ruler with Cleopatra. Last known ruler of ancient Egypt when Rome took over.	2 September 44 – late August 30 BC

Native rebellions also took place under Greek rule:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
—	—	Hugronaphor	Revolutionary pharaoh in the South	205–199 BC
—	—	Ankhmakis	Revolutionary pharaoh in the South	199–185 BC
—	—	Harsiesi	Revolutionary pharaoh in the South	131–130 BC

Queens considered Pharaohs by Sally-Ann Ashton:^[184]

Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
Khenem(et)ibenmaat Mer(et)netjru	Arsinoe II	Wife of Ptolemy II	c. 277 – July 270 BC^[172]
—	Berenice II	Wife of Ptolemy III. Murdered.	244/243 – 222 BC
—	Arsinoe III	Wife of Ptolemy IV. Murdered.	220–204 BC
—	Cleopatra I Syra	Wife of Ptolemy V, regent of her son Ptolemy VI during his minority. Possible nominal co-ruler with her husband and son.	c. February 193 – 176 BC^[172]

Rome

Cleopatra VII had affairs with Roman dictator Julius Caesar and Roman general Mark Antony, but it was not until after her suicide (after Mark Antony was defeated by Octavian, who would later be Emperor Augustus Caesar) that Egypt became a province of the Roman Republic in 30 BC. Subsequent Roman emperors were accorded the title of pharaoh, although exclusively only while in Egypt.

The last Roman emperor to be conferred the title of pharaoh was Maximinus Daza (reigned 311–313 AD).^[3]^[185]

References

^ ^a ^b Clayton 1995, p. 217. "Although paying lip-service to the old ideas and religion, in varying degrees, pharaonic Egypt had in effect died with the last native pharaoh, Nectanebo II in 343 BC."
^ Tyldesley, Joyce (2009). Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt. Profile Books. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-1861979018. The Ptolemies believed themselves to be a valid Egyptian dynasty, and devoted a great deal of time and money to demonstrating that they were the theological continuation of all the dynasties that had gone before. Cleopatra defined herself as an Egyptian queen, and drew on the iconography and cultural references of earlier queens to reinforce her position. Her people and her contemporaries accepted her as such.
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^ Dietrich Wildung: Die Rolle ägyptischer Könige im Bewußtsein ihrer Nachwelt. Teil I. Posthume Quellen über die Könige der ersten vier Dynastien. In: Münchener Ägyptologische Studien, vol. 17. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich/Berlin 1969, p. 31–33.
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^ Toby A.H. Wilkinson (1999). Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge. p. 93. ISBN 0-415-26011-6.
^ Wilkinson, Toby (1999). Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge. pp. 83 & 95. ISBN 0-415-18633-1.
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^ Dodson & Hilton (2004) p.73
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^ Jürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen, Münchner ägyptologische Studien, Heft 49, Mainz : P. von Zabern, 1999, ISBN 3-8053-2591-6, available online Archived 2015-12-22 at the Wayback Machine
^ Kim Ryholt: "The Late Old Kingdom in the Turin King-list and the Identity of Nitocris", Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 127, 2000, p. 99
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^ Gustave Jéquier, Maṣlaḥat al-Āthār (1993): Les pyramides des reines Neit et Apouit (in French), Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale, OCLC 195690029, see plate 5.
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^ ^a ^b Turin Kinglist, Columns IV,18 to V,10, Ancient Egypt dot org. Accessed 10 February 2010.
^ Lepsius, Karl (1859). Denkmaler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien. pp. 115h.
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^ Baker, Darrell (2008). The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs. Predynastic to the Twentieth Century: 3300-1069 BCE. Vol. 1. Stacey International. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9.
^ Schenkel, Wolfgang (1965). Memphis Herakleopolis Theben Die Epigraphischen Zeugnisse Der 7.-11. Dynastie Ägyptens. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 27–28.
^ Margaret Bunson: Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Infobase Publishing, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4381-0997-8, available online, see p. 181
^ Labib Habachi: King Nebhepetre Menthuhotep: his monuments, place in history, deification and unusual representations in form of gods, in: Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte 19 (1963), pp. 16–52
^ Wolfram Grajetzki (2006) pp. 23–25
^ Wolfram Grajetzki (2006) pp. 25–26
^ ^a ^b ^c Wolfram Grajetzki (2006) pp. 27–28
^ http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk//chronology/amenemhatI.html Amenemhat I
^ Wolfram Grajetzki (2006) pp. 28–35
^ Baker, Darrell D. (2008). Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC. Egypt: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-977-416-221-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Marc Van De Mieroop (2021). A History of Ancient Egypt. Wiley Blackwell. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-119-62087-7.
^ Marc Van De Mieroop (2021). A History of Ancient Egypt. Wiley Blackwell. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-119-62087-7.
^ Murnane (1977) p.2
^ Baker, Darrell D. (2008). Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC. Egypt: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 391. ISBN 978-977-416-221-3.
^ Marc Van De Mieroop (2021). A History of Ancient Egypt. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 112–113. ISBN 978-1-119-62087-7.
^ Murnane (1977) p.7
^ Baker, Darrell D. (2008). Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC. Egypt: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-977-416-221-3.
^ ^a ^b Marc Van De Mieroop (2021). A History of Ancient Egypt. Wiley Blackwell. p. 109. ISBN 978-1-119-62087-7.
^ Murnane (1977) p.9
^ Baker, Darrell D. (2008). Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC. Egypt: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 395. ISBN 978-977-416-221-3.
^ Marc Van De Mieroop (2021). A History of Ancient Egypt. Wiley Blackwell. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-119-62087-7.
^ Josef Wegner, The Nature and Chronology of the Senwosret III–Amenemhat III Regnal Succession: Some Considerations based on new evidence from the Mortuary Temple of Senwosret III at Abydos, JNES 55, Vol.4, (1996), pp.251
^ Baker, Darrell D. (2008). Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC. Egypt: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 398. ISBN 978-977-416-221-3.
^ Marc Van De Mieroop (2021). A History of Ancient Egypt. Wiley Blackwell. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-119-62087-7.
^ Wolfram Grajetzki (2006) pp. 56–61
^ Baker, Darrell D. (2008). Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC. Egypt: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-977-416-221-3.
^ "Amenemhat III". University College London.
^ "Amenemhat IV Maakherure (1807/06-1798/97 BC)". Digital Egypt for Universities.
^ Baker, Darrell D. (2008). Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC. Egypt: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-977-416-221-3.
^ Grajetzki (2006) pp. 61–63
^ Baker, Darrell D. (2008). Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC. Egypt: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 456. ISBN 978-977-416-221-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao K. S. B. Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800–1550 BC, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997
^ ^a ^b Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen, Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3
^ Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen, Albatros, 2002
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ K.S.B. Ryholt: The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800–1550 BC, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997
^ Ilin-Tomich, Alexander (2016). "Second Intermediate Period". UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology: 3.
^ ^a ^b "Kings of the 2nd Intermediate Period". www.ucl.ac.uk.
^ Baker, Darrell D. (2008). Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC. Egypt: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-977-416-221-3.
^ ^a ^b Baker, Darrell D. (2008). Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC. Egypt: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-977-416-221-3.
^ Detlef Franke: "Zur Chronologie des Mittleren Reiches. Teil II: Die sogenannte Zweite Zwischenzeit Altägyptens", In Orientalia 57 (1988), p. 259
^ Ryholt, K. S. B. (1997). The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period, C. 1800–1550 B.C. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-87-7289-421-8.
^ "Giant Sarcophagus Leads Penn Museum Team in Egypt To the Tomb of a Previously Unknown Pharaoh". Penn Museum. January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
^ ^a ^b Jürgen von Beckerath: Untersuchungen zur politischen Geschichte der Zweiten Zwischenzeit in Ägypten, Glückstadt, 1964
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Jürgen von Beckerath: Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägyptens, Münchner Ägyptologische Studien 46. Mainz am Rhein, 1997
^ Jürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen, Münchner ägyptologische Studien 49, Mainz 1999.
^ ^a ^b Marcel Marée: A sculpture workshop at Abydos from the late Sixteenth or early Seventeenth Dynasty, in: Marcel Marée (editor): The Second Intermediate period (Thirteenth-Seventeenth Dynasties), Current Research, Future Prospects, Leuven, Paris, Walpole, Massachusetts. 2010 ISBN 978-90-429-2228-0. p. 247, 268
^ Baker, Darrell D. (2008). Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC. Egypt: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-977-416-221-3.
^ Wolfgang Helck, Eberhard Otto, Wolfhart Westendorf, Stele – Zypresse: Volume 6 of Lexikon der Ägyptologie, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1986, Page 1383
^ Nadig, Peter (2016). Hatszepsut (in Polish). Prószyński i S-ka. p. 85. ISBN 978-83-8069-417-0
^ ^a ^b ^c Kara Cooney. Hatszepsut. Kobieta, która została królem [The Woman Who Would be King] (in Polish). WAB. 2016. p. 8 ISBN 978-83-280-2771-8
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Marc Van De Mieroop (2021). A History of Ancient Egypt. Wiley Blackwell. p. 146. ISBN 978-1-119-62087-7.
^ Marc Van De Mieroop (2021). A History of Ancient Egypt. Wiley Blackwell. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-119-62087-7.
^ Marc Van De Mieroop (2021). A History of Ancient Egypt. Wiley Blackwell. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-119-62087-7.
^ Nadig, Peter (2016). Hatszepsut (in Polish). Prószyński i S-ka. p. 88. ISBN 978-83-8069-417-0
^ Cooney, Kara (2018). When Women Ruled the World: Six Queens of Egypt. National Geographic. pp. 103–104. ISBN 978-1426219771.
^ Nadig, Peter (2016). Hatszepsut (in Polish). Prószyński i S-ka. p. 89. ISBN 978-83-8069-417-0
^ Dodson & Hilton 2004: 126, 131
^ Cooney, Kara (2016). Hatszepsut. Kobieta, która została królem [The Woman Who Would be King] (in Polish). WAB. p. 8. ISBN 978-83-280-2771-8.
^ Nadig, Peter (2016). Hatszepsut (in Polish). Prószyński i S-ka. p. 100. ISBN 978-83-8069-417-0.
^ Cooney, Kara (2018). When Women Ruled the World: Six Queens of Egypt. National Geographic. pp. 151–152. ISBN 978-1426219771.
^ Cooney, Kara (2018). When Women Ruled the World: Six Queens of Egypt. National Geographic. pp. 151–152. ISBN 978-1426219771.
^ Naunton, Chris (2018). Searching for the Lost Tombs of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. pp. 181–182. ISBN 978-0500051993.
^ Naunton, Chris (2018). Searching for the Lost Tombs of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. p. 380. ISBN 978-0500051993.
^ Cooney, Kara (2016). Hatszepsut. Kobieta, która została królem (in Polish). WAB. p. 8. ISBN 978-83-280-2771-8.
^ Naunton, Chris (2018). Searching for the Lost Tombs of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. p. 380. ISBN 978-0500051993.
^ Naunton, Chris (2018). Searching for the Lost Tombs of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. pp. 187–188. ISBN 978-0500051993.
^ Naunton, Chris (2018). Searching for the Lost Tombs of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. p. 380. ISBN 978-0500051993.
^ Naunton, Chris (2018). Searching for the Lost Tombs of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. p. 380. ISBN 978-0500051993.
^ "Ramesses I Menpehtire". Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
^ "King Merenptah". Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
^ "Sety II". Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
^ "Siptah Sekhaenre/Akhenre". Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
^ Cooney, Kara (2018). When Women Ruled the World: Six Queen of Egypt. National Geographic. p. 230. ISBN 978-1426219771.
^ Cooney, Kara (2018). When Women Ruled the World: Six Queen of Egypt. National Geographic. pp. 223, 230–231, 236–237. ISBN 978-1426219771.
^ Grimal (1992) p.291
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^ Mladjov 2017.
^ Dates follow Krauss 2015 and Frédéric Payraudeau 2020: 32, 555.
^ Cerny p.645
^ Dates follow Frédéric Payraudeau 2020: 32, 555.
^ He is recognized as king by Ronald Leprohon in the The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary (2013). Society of Biblical Literature. p. 137, by Aiden Dodson & Dyan Hilton in The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt (2004). Thames & Hudson. pp. 198, 200–201. ISBN 0-500-05128-3, and by Payraudeau 2020, pp. 63–67. However, he is not viewed as such by Chris Naunton in Searching for the Lost Tombs of Egypt (2018). Thames & Hudson. pp. 201–202. ISBN 978-0-500-05199-3, nor by Nicholas Grimal in Dzieje starożytnego Egiptu [Histoire de l'Egypte ancienne] (in Polish) (2nd ed.) (2004). PIW. pp. 322, 323. ISBN 83-06-02917-8.
^ ^a ^b Grimal, Nicholas (2004). Dzieje starożytnego Egiptu [Histoire de l'Egypte ancienne] (in Polish) (2nd ed.). PIW. pp. 322–323. ISBN 83-06-02917-8.
^ Dates follow Frédéric Payraudeau 2020: 34, 555.
^ Dates follow Frédéric Payraudeau 2020: 35-36, 556.
^ Dates follow Frédéric Payraudeau 2020: 37, 556.
^ Dates follow Frédéric Payraudeau 2020: 557.
^ ^a ^b ^c F. Payraudeau, Retour sur la succession Shabaqo-Shabataqo, Nehet 1, 2014, p. 115–127
^ Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. p. 88. ISBN 0-89950-390-X.
^ "Late Period Kings". Retrieved 2007-10-27.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa Stewart, John (2006). African States and Rulers (Third ed.). London: McFarland. p. 83. ISBN 0-7864-2562-8.
^ ^a ^b Placed in this dynasty only for chronological reasons, as he was not related to the Achaemenids.
^ Lloyd 1994, p. 358.
^ Depuydt 2006, pp. 269–270.
^ "Nakhthorhebyt". Digital Egypt for Universities. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
^ Depuydt 2010, pp. 192, 202.
^ Cooney, Kara (2018). When Women Ruled the World: Six Queens of Egypt. National Geographic. pp. 254–255. ISBN 978-1426219771.
^ Cooney, Kara (2018). When Women Ruled the World: Six Queens of Egypt. National Geographic Books. pp. 306–307. ISBN 978-1426219771.
^ Tyldesley, Joyce (2006), Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt, WW Norton, p. 200, ISBN 0-500-05145-3.
^ Tyldesley, Joyce. Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt. Profile Books. 2009. pp. 145-146. ISBN 978-1861979018
^ Tyldesley, Joyce (2009). Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt. Profile Books. p. 22. ISBN 978-1861979018. Cleopatra's 'reign' is in fact a succession of co-regencies with her brother Ptolemy XIII (51-47), her brother Ptolemy XIV (47-44) and her son Ptolemy XV Caesar (44-30).
^ Tyldesley, Joyce (2009). Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt. Profile Books. p. 59. ISBN 978-1861979018.
^ Ashton, Sally-Ann (2014-09-19). The Last Queens of Egypt: Cleopatra's Royal House. Routledge. pp. 112–113. ISBN 978-1-317-86873-6.
^ Vernus, Pascal; Yoyotte, Jean (2003). The Book of the Pharaohs. Cornell University Press. pp. 238–256. ISBN 978-0-8014-4050-2. maximinus pharaoh.

External links

Egyptian Royal Genealogy (Old Broken Link) Archived 2009-04-07 at the Wayback Machine
Manetho and the King Lists Review of different primary king lists
Chronology Table - 0 Dynasty&History Period, by Dariusz Sitek Multi-pages of list of pharaohs in different king lists, without the god kings, in Egyptian hieroglyphs and English
Egyptian Journey 2003: History: King Lists Hyperlink texts of the Manetho, Abydos & Turin king lists, without the god-kings
Comparing the major Egyptian king lists Compares the Karnak, Adydos and Saqqara king lists
Digital Egypt for Universities

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[139] Dodson & Hilton 2004: 126, 131

[140] Cooney, Kara (2016). Hatszepsut. Kobieta, która została królem [The Woman Who Would be King] (in Polish). WAB. p. 8. ISBN 978-83-280-2771-8.

[141] Nadig, Peter (2016). Hatszepsut (in Polish). Prószyński i S-ka. p. 100. ISBN 978-83-8069-417-0.

[142] Cooney, Kara (2018). When Women Ruled the World: Six Queens of Egypt. National Geographic. pp. 151–152. ISBN 978-1426219771.

[143] Cooney, Kara (2018). When Women Ruled the World: Six Queens of Egypt. National Geographic. pp. 151–152. ISBN 978-1426219771.

[144] Naunton, Chris (2018). Searching for the Lost Tombs of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. pp. 181–182. ISBN 978-0500051993.

[145] Naunton, Chris (2018). Searching for the Lost Tombs of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. p. 380. ISBN 978-0500051993.

[146] Cooney, Kara (2016). Hatszepsut. Kobieta, która została królem (in Polish). WAB. p. 8. ISBN 978-83-280-2771-8.

[147] Naunton, Chris (2018). Searching for the Lost Tombs of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. p. 380. ISBN 978-0500051993.

[148] Naunton, Chris (2018). Searching for the Lost Tombs of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. pp. 187–188. ISBN 978-0500051993.

[149] Naunton, Chris (2018). Searching for the Lost Tombs of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. p. 380. ISBN 978-0500051993.

[150] Naunton, Chris (2018). Searching for the Lost Tombs of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. p. 380. ISBN 978-0500051993.

[151] "Ramesses I Menpehtire". Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001. Retrieved 2007-09-29.

[152] "King Merenptah". Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001. Retrieved 2007-09-29.

[153] "Sety II". Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001. Retrieved 2007-10-27.

[154] "Siptah Sekhaenre/Akhenre". Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001. Retrieved 2007-10-27.

[155] Cooney, Kara (2018). When Women Ruled the World: Six Queen of Egypt. National Geographic. p. 230. ISBN 978-1426219771.

[156] Cooney, Kara (2018). When Women Ruled the World: Six Queen of Egypt. National Geographic. pp. 223, 230–231, 236–237. ISBN 978-1426219771.

[157] Grimal (1992) p.291

[158] "Ramesses XI Menmaatre-setpenptah". Retrieved 2007-10-28.

[159] Mladjov 2017.

[160] Dates follow Krauss 2015 and Frédéric Payraudeau 2020: 32, 555.

[161] Cerny p.645

[162] Dates follow Frédéric Payraudeau 2020: 32, 555.

[163] He is recognized as king by Ronald Leprohon in the The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary (2013). Society of Biblical Literature. p. 137, by Aiden Dodson & Dyan Hilton in The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt (2004). Thames & Hudson. pp. 198, 200–201. ISBN 0-500-05128-3, and by Payraudeau 2020, pp. 63–67. However, he is not viewed as such by Chris Naunton in Searching for the Lost Tombs of Egypt (2018). Thames & Hudson. pp. 201–202. ISBN 978-0-500-05199-3, nor by Nicholas Grimal in Dzieje starożytnego Egiptu [Histoire de l'Egypte ancienne] (in Polish) (2nd ed.) (2004). PIW. pp. 322, 323. ISBN 83-06-02917-8.

[Grimal_2004_322–323-164] Grimal, Nicholas (2004). Dzieje starożytnego Egiptu [Histoire de l'Egypte ancienne] (in Polish) (2nd ed.). PIW. pp. 322–323. ISBN 83-06-02917-8.

[165] Dates follow Frédéric Payraudeau 2020: 34, 555.

[166] Dates follow Frédéric Payraudeau 2020: 35-36, 556.

[167] Dates follow Frédéric Payraudeau 2020: 37, 556.

[168] Dates follow Frédéric Payraudeau 2020: 557.

[pay-169] F. Payraudeau, Retour sur la succession Shabaqo-Shabataqo, Nehet 1, 2014, p. 115–127

[Stewart88-170] Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. p. 88. ISBN 0-89950-390-X.

[171] "Late Period Kings". Retrieved 2007-10-27.

[Stewart83-172] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa Stewart, John (2006). African States and Rulers (Third ed.). London: McFarland. p. 83. ISBN 0-7864-2562-8.

[Chronological-173] Placed in this dynasty only for chronological reasons, as he was not related to the Achaemenids.

[FOOTNOTELloyd1994358-174] Lloyd 1994, p. 358.

[FOOTNOTEDepuydt2006269–270-175] Depuydt 2006, pp. 269–270.

[176] "Nakhthorhebyt". Digital Egypt for Universities. Retrieved March 1, 2011.

[FOOTNOTEDepuydt2010192,_202-177] Depuydt 2010, pp. 192, 202.

[178] Cooney, Kara (2018). When Women Ruled the World: Six Queens of Egypt. National Geographic. pp. 254–255. ISBN 978-1426219771.

[179] Cooney, Kara (2018). When Women Ruled the World: Six Queens of Egypt. National Geographic Books. pp. 306–307. ISBN 978-1426219771.

[180] Tyldesley, Joyce (2006), Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt, WW Norton, p. 200, ISBN 0-500-05145-3.

[181] Tyldesley, Joyce. Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt. Profile Books. 2009. pp. 145-146. ISBN 978-1861979018

[182] Tyldesley, Joyce (2009). Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt. Profile Books. p. 22. ISBN 978-1861979018. Cleopatra's 'reign' is in fact a succession of co-regencies with her brother Ptolemy XIII (51-47), her brother Ptolemy XIV (47-44) and her son Ptolemy XV Caesar (44-30).

[183] Tyldesley, Joyce (2009). Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt. Profile Books. p. 59. ISBN 978-1861979018.

[184] Ashton, Sally-Ann (2014-09-19). The Last Queens of Egypt: Cleopatra's Royal House. Routledge. pp. 112–113. ISBN 978-1-317-86873-6.

[:0-185] Vernus, Pascal; Yoyotte, Jean (2003). The Book of the Pharaohs. Cornell University Press. pp. 238–256. ISBN 978-0-8014-4050-2. maximinus pharaoh.

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