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    Major religious groups

    From Wikipedia - Reading time: 21 min

    The 2020 global percentage of adherents by religion.[1]
    1. Christianity (28.8%)
    2. Islam (25.6%)
    3. Unaffiliated (24.2%)
    4. Hinduism (14.9%)
    5. Buddhism (4.10%)
    6. Other religions (2.40%)

    The world's principal religions and spiritual traditions may be classified into a small number of major groups, though this is not a uniform practice. This theory began in the 18th century with the goal of recognizing the relative degrees of civility in different societies,[2] but this concept of a ranking order has since fallen into disrepute in many contemporary cultures.

    Religious demographics

    [edit]
    Further information: List of religious populations
    Main category: Religious demographics
    A map of major denominations and religions according to the Pew Research Center's 2010 study The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050

    One way to define a major religion is by the number of current adherents. The population numbers by religion are computed by a combination of census reports and population surveys, in countries where religion data is not collected in census, for example the United States or France. Results can vary widely depending on the way questions are phrased, the definitions of religion used and the bias of the agencies or organizations conducting the survey. Informal or unorganized religions are especially difficult to count.

    There is no consensus among researchers as to the best methodology for determining the religiosity profile of the world's population. A number of fundamental aspects are unresolved:

    • Whether to count "historically predominant religious culture[s]".[3]
    • Whether to count only those who actively "practice" a particular religion.[4]
    • Whether to count based on a concept of "self-identification as adherents".[5]
    • Whether to count only those who expressly self-identify with a particular denomination.[6]
    • Whether to count only adults, or to include children as well.
    • Whether to rely on official government-provided statistics.[7][failed verification]
    • Whether to use multiple sources and ranges or single "best source(s)".

    Largest religious groups

    [edit]
    Religion Followers
    (billions)    		 Cultural tradition Founded References
    Christianity 2.3 Abrahamic religions Judaea (Middle East), c. 30 AD [8][9][10]
    Islam 2.0 Abrahamic religions Hejaz (Middle East), c. 610 AD [11][12]
    Hinduism 1.2 Indian religions Indian subcontinent, c. 500 BC [13]
    Buddhism 0.3 Indian religions Indian subcontinent, c. 5th Century BC [10]
    Folk religion 0.2 Regional Worldwide [10]

    Medium-sized religions

    [edit]
    Religion Followers
    (millions)    		 Cultural tradition Founded References
    Shinto 89 Japanese religions Japan, unknown origin date [14][15]
    Taoism 12–173 Chinese religions China, 2nd century CE [16]
    Yoruba Religion 50–100 African religions Yorubaland, unknown origin date [17]
    Voodoo 60 African religions Dahomey, unknown origin date [18]
    Sikhism 25–30 Indian religions Indian subcontinent, 15th century [19]
    Judaism 14.7 Abrahamic religions Judah (Middle East), 6th to 5th century BCE [13][20][21]
    Spiritism 5–15 New religious movements and Abrahamic religions France, 19th century [22]
    Mu-ism 5–15 Korean religions Korea, unknown origin date [23][page needed]
    Confucianism 6–7 Chinese religions China, 6th to 5th century BCE [24]
    Baháʼí Faith 5–7.3 Abrahamic religions Persia, 19th century [25][26][nb 1]
    Jainism 4–5 Indian religions Indian subcontinent, 7th to 9th century BCE [27][28]
    Cheondoism 3–4 Korean religions Korea, 19th century [29]
    Hoahaoism 1.5–3 Vietnamese religions Vietnam, 20th century [30]
    Caodaism 1.1–3 Vietnamese religions Vietnam, 20th century [31]
    Tenriism 1.2 Japanese religions Japan, 19th century [32]
    Druze 1 Abrahamic religions Egypt, 9th century [33]

    By region

    [edit]
    Further information: Religions by country
    • Religions by country according to The World Factbook – CIA[34]
    • Religion by region
    • Religion in Africa
    • Religion in Antarctica
    • Religion in Asia
      • Religion in the Middle East
      • Muslim world (SW Asia and N Africa)
    • Religion in Europe
      • Religion in the European Union
      • Christian world
    • Religion in North America
    • Religion in Oceania
    • Religion in South America
    [edit]
    Further information: Growth of religion
    Trends in adherence[35]
    1970–1985 (%)[36] 1990–2000 (%)[37][38] 2000–2005 (%)[39] 1970–2010 (%)[26]
    Baháʼí Faith 3.65 2.28 1.70 4.26
    Buddhism 1.67 1.09 2.76
    Christianity 1.64 1.36 1.32 2.10
    Confucianism 0.83
    Hinduism 2.34 1.69 1.57 2.62
    Islam 2.74 2.13 1.84 4.23
    Jainism 2.60
    Judaism 1.09 -0.03
    Sikhism 1.87 1.62 3.08
    Shinto -0.83
    Taoism 9.85
    Zoroastrianism 2.5
    unaffiliated 0.37

    Maps of self-reported adherence

    [edit]
    • A 2015 map showing self-reported religiosity by country.
      A 2015 map showing self-reported religiosity by country.
    • A 2002 map showing the percentages of people who regard religion as "non-important".
      A 2002 map showing the percentages of people who regard religion as "non-important".
    • A map showing the prevalence of "Abrahamic religion" (purple), and "Indian religion" (yellow) religions in each country
      A map showing the prevalence of "Abrahamic religion" (purple), and "Indian religion" (yellow) religions in each country
    • A 2006 map of the relative proportion of Christianity (red) and Islam (green) in each country
      A 2006 map of the relative proportion of Christianity (red) and Islam (green) in each country
    • The 2012 distribution of world religions by country/state, and by smaller administrative regions for the largest countries:
      The 2012 distribution of world religions by country/state, and by smaller administrative regions for the largest countries:
        % Christian population
        % Islam population
        % all other religions but Judaism
      (equal parts cyan/magenta - Judaism)

    Classification

    [edit]
    Further information: Comparative religion and Sociological classifications of religious movements

    Religious traditions fall into super-groups in comparative religion, arranged by historical origin and mutual influence. Abrahamic religions originate in the Middle East,[40][41] Indian religions in the Indian subcontinent (South Asia) and East Asian religions in East Asia.[42] Another group with supra-regional influence are Afro-American religion,[43] which have their origins in Central and West Africa.

    • Middle Eastern religions:[44]
      • Abrahamic religions are the largest group, and these consist mainly of Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and the Baháʼí Faith. They are named for the Hebrew patriarch Abraham, and are unified by the practice of monotheism. Today, at least 3.8 billion people are followers of Abrahamic religions[45] and are spread widely around the world apart from the regions around East and Southeast Asia. Several Abrahamic organizations are vigorous proselytizers.[46] Abrahamic religions with fewer adherents include the Baháʼí Faith,[47] the Druze faith,[47] Samaritanism,[47] and Rastafari.[47]
      • Iranian religions, partly of Indo-European origins,[48][49] include Zoroastrianism, Yazdânism, Uatsdin, Yarsanism, Manichaeism, and Yazidism.[50]
      • Gnosticism, including historical traditions of Mandaeism, which is still alive in the Middle East and diaspora.[51]
    • Eastern religions:
      • Indian religions, originated in Greater India and they tend to share a number of key concepts, such as dharma, karma, reincarnation among others. They are of the most influence across the Indian subcontinent, East Asia, Southeast Asia, as well as isolated parts of Russia. The main Indian religions are Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism.
      • East Asian religions consist of several East Asian religions which make use of the concept of Tao (in Chinese), Đạo (in Vietnamese) or Dō (in Japanese or Korean). They include many Chinese folk religions, Taoism and Confucianism, as well as Vietnamese, Korean and Japanese religions, which are influenced by Chinese religious thought.
    • Indigenous ethnic religions, found on every continent, now marginalized by the major organized faiths in many parts of the world or persisting as undercurrents (folk religions) of major religions. Includes traditional African religions, Asian shamanism, Native American religions, Austronesian and Australian Aboriginal traditions, Chinese folk religions, and postwar Shinto. Under more traditional listings, this has been referred to as "paganism" along with historical polytheism.
      • African religions:[44]
        • The religions of the tribal peoples of Sub-Saharan Africa, but excluding ancient Egyptian religion, which is considered to belong to the ancient Middle East;[44]
        • African diasporic religions practiced in the Americas, imported as a result of the Atlantic slave trade of the 16th to 18th centuries, building on traditional religions of Central and West Africa.
    • New religious movement is the term applied to any religious faith which has emerged since the 19th century, often syncretizing, re-interpreting or reviving aspects of older traditions such as Ayyavazhi, Mormonism, Ahmadiyya, Jehovah's Witnesses, polytheistic reconstructionism, and so forth.

    History of religious categories

    [edit]
    An 1821 map of the world, where "Christians, Mahometans, and Pagans" correspond to levels of civilization. The map makes no distinction between Buddhism and Hinduism.
    An 1883 map of the world divided into colors representing Christians, Buddhists, Hindus, Mohammedans (Muslims), and Fetishists

    Christian categorizations

    [edit]

    Initially, Christians had a simple dichotomy of world beliefs: Christian civility versus foreign heresy or barbarity. In the 18th century, "heresy" was clarified to mean Judaism and Islam;[52] along with paganism, this created a fourfold classification which spawned such works as John Toland's Nazarenus, or Jewish, Gentile, and Mahometan Christianity,[53] which represented the three Abrahamic religions as different "nations" or sects within religion itself, the "true monotheism."

    Daniel Defoe described the original definition as follows: "Religion is properly the Worship given to God, but 'tis also applied to the Worship of Idols and false Deities."[54] At the turn of the 19th century, in between 1780 and 1810, the language dramatically changed: instead of "religion" being synonymous with spirituality, authors began using the plural, "religions", to refer to both Christianity and other forms of worship. Therefore, Hannah Adams's early encyclopedia, for example, had its name changed from An Alphabetical Compendium of the Various Sects... to A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations.[55][56]

    In 1838, the four-way division of Christianity, Judaism, Mahommedanism (archaic terminology for Islam) and paganism was multiplied considerably by Josiah Conder's Analytical and Comparative View of All Religions Now Extant among Mankind. Conder's work still adhered to the four-way classification, but in his eye for detail he puts together much historical work to create something resembling the modern Western image: he includes Druze, Yazidis, Mandaeans, and Elamites[clarification needed][57] under a list of possibly monotheistic groups, and under the final category, of "polytheism and pantheism", he listed Zoroastrianism, "Vedas, Puranas, Tantras, Reformed sects" of India as well as "Brahminical idolatry", Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Lamaism, "religion of China and Japan", and "illiterate superstitions" as others.[58][59]

    The modern meaning of the phrase "world religion", putting non-Christians at the same level as Christians, began with the 1893 Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago. The Parliament spurred the creation of a dozen privately funded lectures with the intent of informing people of the diversity of religious experience: these lectures funded researchers such as William James, D. T. Suzuki, and Alan Watts, who greatly influenced the public conception of world religions.[60]

    In the latter half of the 20th century, the category of "world religion" fell into serious question, especially for drawing parallels between vastly different cultures, and thereby creating an arbitrary separation between the religious and the secular.[61]

    Islam categorizations

    [edit]

    In Islam, the Quran mentions three categories: Muslims, the People of the Book, and idol worshipers.

    See also

    [edit]
    • Irreligion
    • List of religions and spiritual traditions
    • List of religious populations
    • World religions
    • Numinous
    • Religious conversion
    • State religion

    Notes

    [edit]
    1. ^ Historically, the Baháʼí Faith arose in 19th-century Persia, in the context of Shia Islam, and thus may be classed on this basis as a divergent strand of Islam, placing it in the Abrahamic tradition. However, the Baháʼí Faith considers itself an independent religious tradition, which draws from Islam but also other traditions. The Baháʼí Faith may also be classed as a new religious movement, due to its comparatively recent origin, or may be considered sufficiently old and established for such classification to not be applicable.

    References

    [edit]
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    2. ^ Masuzawa, Tomoko (2005). The Invention of World Religions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-50989-1.
    3. ^ Pippa Norris; Ronald Inglehart (6 January 2007). Sacred and Secular, Religion and Politics Worldwide. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–44. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
    4. ^ Pew Research Center (19 December 2002). "Among Wealthy Nations U.S. Stands Alone in its Embrace of Religion". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2006.
    5. ^ adherents.com (28 August 2005). "Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents". adherents.com. Archived from the original on 15 June 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2006.
    6. ^ worldvaluessurvey.org (28 June 2005). "World Values Survey". worldvaluessurvey.org. Archived from the original on 14 April 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2006.
    7. ^ unstats.un.org (6 January 2007). "United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics". United Nations Statistics Division. Archived from the original on 10 January 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
    8. ^ "Status of Global Christianity, 2025, in the Context of 1900 –2050" (PDF). Center for the Study of Global Christianity, Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2025. Retrieved 28 March 2025. Christian total 2,645,317,000
    9. ^ "Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact" (PDF). gordonconwell.edu. January 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
    10. ^ a b c Fahmy, Conrad Hackett, Marcin Stonawski, Yunping Tong, Stephanie Kramer, Anne Shi and Dalia (9 June 2025). "How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 13 June 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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    16. ^ Wenzel-Teuber, Katharina (2012). "People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011" (PDF). Religions & Christianity in Today's China. 2 (3). Translated by David Streit: 34. ISSN 2192-9289. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
    17. ^ Olupona, Jacob Kẹhinde; Rey, Terry. Òrìşà Devotion as World Religion: The Globalization of Yorùbá Religious Culture, p. 23. Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2008. - "...more than 70 million African and New World peoples participate in or are closely familiar with, religious systems that include Ogun."
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    35. ^ The results have been studied and found "highly correlated with other sources of data", but "consistently gave a higher estimate for percent Christian in comparison to other cross-national data sets." Hsu, Becky; Reynolds, Amy; Hackett, Conrad; Gibbon, James (9 July 2008). "Estimating the Religious Composition of All Nations". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 47 (4): 678. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2008.00435.x.
    36. ^ International Community, Baháʼí (1992). "How many Baháʼís are there?". The Baháʼís. p. 14. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2008.
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    38. ^ Barrett, David; Johnson, Todd (2001). "Global adherents of the World's 19 distinct major religions" (PDF). William Carey Library. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2006.
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    43. ^ Neusner, Jacob (7 October 2009). World Religions in America, Fourth Edition: An Introduction. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9781611640472. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
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    47. ^ a b c d Abulafia, Anna Sapir (23 September 2019). "The Abrahamic religions". www.bl.uk. London: British Library. Archived from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
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    50. ^ Allison, Christine (20 September 2016) [20 July 2004]. "YAZIDIS i. GENERAL". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York: Columbia University. doi:10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_1252. ISSN 2330-4804. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
    51. ^ Sly, Liz (16 November 2008). "'This is one of the world's oldest religions, and it is going to die.'". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
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    53. ^ Toland, John; La Monnoye, Bernard de (1 January 1718). Nazarenus, or, Jewish, gentile, and Mahometan Christianity : containing the history of the antient Gospel of Barnabas, and the modern Gospel of the Mahometans ... also the original plan of Christianity explain'd in the history of the Nazarens ... with the relation of an Irish manuscript of the four Gospels, as likewise a summary of the antient Irish Christianity. London : J. Brotherton, J. Roberts and A. Dodd.
    54. ^ Masuzawa, Tomoko (26 April 2012). The Invention of World Religions: Or, How European Universalism Was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226922621. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
    55. ^ Masuzawa 2005, pp. 49–61.
    56. ^ Masuzawa, Tomoko (26 April 2012). The Invention of World Religions: Or, How European Universalism Was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226922621. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
    57. ^ Masuzawa, Tomoko (26 April 2012). The Invention of World Religions: Or, How European Universalism Was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226922621. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
    58. ^ Masuzawa 2005, pp. 65–66.
    59. ^ Masuzawa, Tomoko (26 April 2012). The Invention of World Religions: Or, How European Universalism Was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226922621. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
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    61. ^ Clark, Stephen R. L. (1990). "World Religions and World Orders". Religious studies. 26 (1): 43–57. doi:10.1017/S0034412500020199. ISSN 0034-4125. JSTOR 20019386. S2CID 170963021.

    Sources

    [edit]
    • Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel and Language: how Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian Steppes shaped the modern world. Princeton University Press.
    • Doniger, Wendy, ed. (2006). Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions. Encyclopaedia Britannica. ISBN 978-1593392666.
    • Samuel, Geoffrey (2010). The Origins of Yoga and Tantra: Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century. Cambridge University Press.
    • Voorst, Robert E. Van (2014). RELG: World (2 ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-285-43468-1.

    Further reading

    [edit]
    [edit]
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