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    Shixing language

    From Wikipedia - Reading time: 8 min
    This article is about a Qiangic language. For the Spanish footballer nicknamed "Xumi", see Jordi Xumetra.
    Shixing
    Shuhi
    Native toChina
    Native speakers
    		1,800 (2000)[1]
    Language family
    Sino-Tibetan
    • Tibeto-Burman
      • Loloish or Qiangic (?)
        • Naic
          • Shixing
    Language codes
    ISO 639-3sxg
    Glottologshix1238
    ELPShixing

    Shixing, also rendered Shuhi, is a Qiangic language of Sichuan, China. Two-thirds of its speakers are monolingual.

    Shixing is also known by its Tibetan name Xumi (旭米 Xùmǐ); it is spoken by about 1800 people living by the Shuiluo River 水洛 in Shuiluo Township 水洛乡, Mili Tibetan Autonomous County.[2]

    Katia Chirkova reports two varieties.[3]

    • Upper Xumi (autonym: ʂuhĩ)
    • Lower Xumi (autonym: ʃʉhẽ)

    Phonology

    [edit]

    Consonants

    [edit]

    Xumi features a very unusual phonemic contrast between voiceless /ʎ̥/ and voiced /ʎ/ alveolo-palatal lateral approximants and voiceless and voiced glottal fricatives.[4][5]

    Consonant phonemes[6][7]
    Labial Alveolar Postalveolar Velar Uvular Glottal
    plain sibilant Palato-
    alveolar     		Retroflex Alveolo-
    palatal
    Nasal voiceless m̥ n̥ ɲ̊2 ŋ̊2
    voiced m n ɲ ŋ
    Plosive/

    Affricate

    		aspirated pʰ tʰ tsʰ tʃʰ2 ʈʂʰ tɕʰ kʰ qʰ
    plain p t ts tʃ2 ʈʂ tɕ k q
    voiced b d dz dʒ2 ɖʐ dʑ ɡ ɢ2
    Fricative voiceless s ʃ2 ʂ1 ɕ x χ1 h
    voiced z ʒ2 ʐ1 ʑ2 ɣ2 ʁ ɦ
    Lateral voiceless l̥ ʎ̥
    voiced l ʎ
    Approximant ɹ j w
    1. Only in Upper Xumi
    2. Only in Lower Xumi

    Vowels

    [edit]
    Oral monophthongs of Lower Xumi, from Chirkova & Chen (2013:369)

    Oral

    [edit]
    • The close and close-mid series are the same in both varieties: /i, ʉ, u, e, o/. The difference lies in the open-mid and open series; in Upper Xumi, these are /ɛ, ɐ, ɔ, a/, whereas in Lower Xumi, they are /ɛ, ɐ, ɑ/.[8][9]
      • At least in Lower Xumi /ʉ/, is phonetically close-mid [ɵ].[10]
      • /ɐ/ is closer in Upper Xumi [ɜ]; in addition, the open central vowel /a/ is phonetically near-open [ɐ]. For this reason, they may be transcribed with ⟨ɜ⟩ and ⟨ɐ⟩, respectively.[11]
      • The Lower Xumi /o/ and /ɑ/ generally correspond to Upper Xumi /u/ and /ɔ/, respectively. /ɑ/ is near-open near-back [ɑ̽] and thus similar to the Upper Xumi /a/, but more back.[10][11]

    Nasal

    [edit]
    • Upper Xumi has the following nasal vowels: /ĩ, ũ, ɛ̃, ɔ̃, ɐ̃/, as well as the marginal /ɘ̃/, which occurs only in the word [LPmɘ̃da][clarification needed] 'on the roof / upstairs'.[8]
    • Lower Xumi has the following nasal vowels: /ĩ, õ, ɛ̃, ɐ̃, ɑ̃/, as well as the marginal /ə̃/, which occurs only in the word [LPmə̃dɐ ᴿʁo][clarification needed] 'on the roof / upstairs'.[9] /ẽ, õ, ɐ̃, ɑ̃/ generally correspond to Upper Xumi /ĩ, ũ, ɛ̃, ɔ̃/, respectively.[11]

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ Shixing at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    2. ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 363.
    3. ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 364.
    4. ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367–368.
    5. ^ Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.
    6. ^ Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), p. 382.
    7. ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 365.
    8. ^ a b Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 388–389.
    9. ^ a b Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 369–370.
    10. ^ a b Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 369.
    11. ^ a b c Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), p. 389.

    Bibliography

    [edit]
    • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157
    • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169
    • Sun Hongkai [孙宏开]. 2014. A study of Shixing [Shixingyu yanjiu 史兴语研究]. Beijing: Minzu University Press.
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