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    Timeline of Madrid

    From Wikipedia - Reading time: 18 min

    The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Madrid, Spain.

    This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

    Prior to 17th century

    [edit]
    Part of a series on the
    History of Spain

    18th century map of Iberia
    Prehistory
    • Prehistoric Iberia
    Early history
    • Pre-Roman peoples
    • Carthaginian Spain (575–206 BCE)
    Roman Hispania
    • Roman Conquest (206–27 BCE)
    • Hispania (218 BCE–472 CE)
    • Romanization
    • Diocese of Hispania
    Early Middle Ages
    • Kingdom of the Suebi (409–585)
    • Kingdom of the Visigoths (418–721)
    • Byzantine Spania (552–624)
    Middle Ages
    • Muslim conquest (711–716)
    • Al-Andalus (711–1492)
    • Reconquista (711–1492)
    • Christian kingdoms (718–1479)
    Early modern period
    • Catholic Monarchs (1479–1516)
    • Granada War (1482–1492)
    • Colonisation of the Americas (1492–1898)
    • Habsburgs (1516–1700)
    • Golden Age (1556–1659)
    • Iberian Union (1580–1640)
    • Bourbons (1700–1808)
    • War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714)
    • Nueva Planta Decrees (1707–1716)
    Peninsular War
    • Abdications of Bayonne (1808)
    • Napoleonic Spain (1808–1813)
    • Cortes of Cádiz (1810–1814)
    • Constitution of Cádiz (1812)
    • Treaty of Valençay (1813)
    Absolutist restoration
    • Sexenio Absolutista (1814–1820)
    • Trienio Liberal (1820–1823)
    • Ominous Decade (1823–1833)
    Reign of Isabella II
    • Regency of María Cristina (1833–1840)
    • First Carlist War (1833–1840)
    • Regency of Espartero (1840–1843)
    • Década moderada (1844–1854)
    • Second Carlist War (1846–1849)
    • Bienio progresista (1854–1856)
    • Glorious Revolution (1868)
    Sexenio Democrático
    • Provisional Government (1868–1871)
    • Reign of Amadeo I (1870–1873)
    • Third Carlist War (1872–1876)
    • First Republic (1873–1874)
    Restoration Spain
    • Reign of Alfonso XII (1874–1885)
    • Regency of María Cristina (1885–1902)
    • Reign of Alfonso XIII (1886–1931)
    • Spanish–American War (1898)
    • Spain during World War I (1914–1918)
    • Rif War (–1927)
    • Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera (1923–1930)
    • Dictablanda of Dámaso Berenguer (1930–1931)
    Second Republic
    • Provisional Government (1931)
    • First Biennium (1931–1933)
    • Second Biennium (1933–1936)
    • Revolution and Asturian miners' strike (1934)
    • 1936 general election (1936)
    • 1936 coup d'état (1936)
    • 1936 Revolution (1936)
    • Civil War (1936–1939)
    • Nationalist victory (1939)
    Francoist Spain
    • Spain during World War II (1939–1945)
    • Blue Division (1941–1944)
    • Spanish Maquis (1939–1965)
    • Republican exile (1939–1977)
    • Basque conflict (1959–2011)
    Contemporary history
    • Transition to democracy (1975–1978)
    • Current constitution (1978)
    • 1981 coup d'état attempt
    • Madrid train bombings (2004)
    • 2008–2014 financial crisis
    • 2017 Barcelona attacks
    • Catalan declaration of independence (2017)
    • COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2022)
    Topic
    • Economic
    • Law enforcement
    • LGBT
    • Military
    • Religion
    • Territorial organization
    Timeline
    • flag Spain portal
    • History portal
    • v
    • t
    • e
    • Prehistory: Quaternary period or Lower Paleolithic – First archaeological signs of human occupation
    • Roman period: mansion or staging-post (Miacum) established
    • 5th century AD – archaeological remains reported in 2007 indicate Visigoth occupation
    • 9th century – Muhammad I of Córdoba ordered the construction of an Alcazar
    • 1085 – Alfonso VI of León and Castile takes the city in the Reconquista.[1]
    • 1339 – Treaty of Madrid secures collaboration between Aragon and Castile
    • 1499 –
      • Cardinal Cisneros founded the Complutense University.
      • Fernando de Rojas publishes La Celestina in Madrid
    • 1500 – Printing press in operation.[2]
    • 1505 – San Jerónimo el Real built.
    • 1526 – Treaty of Madrid signed.
    • 1537 – Casa de Cisneros built.
    • 1547 – Birth of Miguel de Cervantes, later a Spanish writer.[1]
    • 1559 – Convent of Las Descalzas Reales founded.
    • 1561
      • Court of Philip II moves from Toledo to Madrid.[3]
      • Population: 20,000.[citation needed]
    • 1562 – Anton van den Wyngaerde draws a Panorama of Madrid [es].
    • 1584 – Bridge of Segovia built.

    17th century

    [edit]
    Small bridge in and view of the Paseo del Prado in mid-18th century by Italian painter Antonio Joli
    • 1601 – Court of Philip III moves from Madrid to Valladolid.
    • 1605 – Cervantes' novel Don Quixote published.
    • 1606 – Court of Philip III returns to Madrid.
    • 1613 – Palace of the Councils built.
    • 1616 – Real Monasterio de la Encarnación inaugurated.
    • 1619 – Plaza Mayor laid out; Casa de la Panadería built.
    • 1633 – Church of San Antonio de los Alemanes built.
    • 1636 – Royal Alcazar built.
    • 1637 – Buen Retiro Palace built.[1]
    • 1643 – Palacio de Santa Cruz built.[citation needed]
    • 1644 – Funeral of Isabel de Borbón.[4]
    • 1661 – Gazeta de Madrid begins publication.[5]
    • 1664 – San Isidro Church built.
    • 1672 – Premiere of Guevara–Hidalgo's zarzuela Celos Hacen Estrellas.[6]

    18th century

    [edit]
    View of Calle de Alcalá in mid-18th century by Italian painter Antonio Joli
    The San Francisco el Grande Basilica was finished in 1784
    • 1706 – City occupied by Portuguese.
    • 1713 – Royal Spanish Academy founded.[7][1]
    • 1714 – Real Biblioteca del Palacio formed.[7]
    • 1734 – Royal Alcazar burns down.
    • 1737 – Real Colegio de Profesores Boticarios established.
    • 1738 – Real Academia de la Historia founded.[7]
    • 1743 – Teatro de la Cruz renovated.
    • 1751 – Compañía Guipuzcoana de Caracas headquartered in Madrid.[8]
    • 1752 – Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando founded.[7][1]
    • 1755 – Real Jardín Botánico founded.[9]
    • 1756 – Puerta de Recoletos [es] built.
    • 1766 – Esquilache Riots.
    • 1767 – Buen Retiro Park opens.
    • 1774 – Casa de Fieras del Retiro [es] (zoo) opens.
    • 1778 – Puerta de Alcalá inaugurated.
    • 1782 – Cibeles Fountain [es] built on Plaza de Cibeles.
    • 1784 – San Francisco el Grande Basilica built.
    • 1790 – Plaza Mayor reconstructed.
    • 1798 – Royal Chapel of St. Anthony of La Florida built. Population: 170,000

    19th century

    [edit]
    Map of Madrid, 1857
    • 1808 – Dos de Mayo Uprising.
    • 1812 – Wellington takes city from the French.
    • 1817 – Moncloa Porcelain Factory in operation.[10]
    • 1819 – Museo del Prado established.
    • 1830
      • Royal Conservatory of Music founded.
      • León Gil de Palacio [es] creates a scale model of the city.
    • 1831 – Bolsa de Madrid founded.[11]
    • 1832 – Lhardy patisserie in business.[12]
    • 1835 – Ateneo de Madrid founded.
    • 1836
      • Biblioteca Nacional established.[7]
      • Literary University relocates to Madrid.
    • 1840 – Monumento a los Caidos por España inaugurated.
    • 1843 – Museo Naval de Madrid inaugurated.[13]
    • 1850 – Teatro Real opera house opens.
    • 1851 – Estación de Mediodía inaugurated.
    • 1856
      • Teatro de la Zarzuela opens.
      • Escuela Superior de Diplomática [es] (school) founded.
    • 1864 – Hotel Paris opens.
    • 1866 – Sociedad de Conciertos de Madrid founded.
    • 1867 – National Archaeological Museum of Spain established.
    • 1868 – City walls dismantled.[14]
    • 1869 – Jardín Zoológico established.[15]
    • 1874 – Bull ring constructed on Plaza de Toros.[5]
    • 1875 – Museo Nacional de Antropología inaugurated.
    • 1877 – Population: 397,816.[1]
    • 1884 – Cementerio de la Almudena established.
    • 1885
      • Roman Catholic diocese of Madrid established.[16]
      • Theatre of María Guerrero built.
    • 1887
      • Café Comercial in business.
      • Palacio de Cristal built.
      • Population: 472,228.[1]
    • 1888 – Café Gijón opens.[12]
    • 1891 – Bank of Spain Building completed.[1]
    • 1892 – Historical American Exposition held.[17]
    • 1893 – Fábrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre formed.
    • 1900 – Population: 539,835.[18]

    20th century

    [edit]
    The Monument to Alfonso XII was finished in 1922
    • 1902 – Real Madrid C.F. (football club) founded.[19]
    • 1903 – Madrid Symphony Orchestra formed.
    • 1905 – Parque del Oeste inaugurated.
    • 1909 – Cibeles Palace built.
    • 1910
      • Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales established.
      • Residencia de Estudiantes founded.
    • 1911
      • Cuatro Vientos Airport opens.
      • Metropolis Building inaugurated.
    • 1912 – Hotel Palace opens.
    • 1916 – Market of San Miguel constructed.
    • 1919 – Metro begins operating.
    • 1920 – Population: 750,896.[20]
    • 1922 – Monument to Alfonso XII inaugurated.
    • 1923 – Teatro Monumental (theatre) built.
    • 1924
      • Line 2 (Madrid Metro) begins operating.
      • Hotel Florida opens.
      • National Museum of Romanticism inaugurated.
    • 1925 – Teatro Pavón (theatre) opens.
    • 1928 – Catholic Opus Dei founded.
    • 1929
      • Gran Vía constructed.
      • Cine Avenida [es] opens.[21]
    • 1930
      • Teatro Munoz Seca (theatre) opens.
      • Cine Barceló [es] built.[21]
    • 1931
      • City designated capital of Spanish Republic.
      • Madrid-Barajas Airport begins operating.[22]
      • Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation (Spain) headquartered in Madrid.[citation needed]
    • 1932 – Museo Sorolla and Cine Proyecciones (cinema)[21] inaugurated.
    • 1934 – Museum of the Spanish Village formed.
    • 1935 – House-Museum of Lope de Vega and Cine Madrid-Paris (cinema)[21] open.
    • 1936
      • November: Siege of Madrid begins.[23]
      • Line 3 (Madrid Metro) begins operating.
    • 1939
      • March: Siege of Madrid ends; Nationalists in power.[3]
      • Capital of Spanish State relocated to Madrid from Burgos.
    • 1940
      • Spanish National Orchestra founded.
      • Population: 1,088,647.[20]
    • 1941 – Museum of the Americas founded.
    • 1944
      • Carabanchel Prison built.
      • Museum Cerralbo opens.
      • Line 4 (Madrid Metro) begins operating.
    • 1946 – Estadio Santiago Bernabéu opens.
    • 1949 – Cine Pompeya (cinema) opens.[21]
    • 1950 – Lope de Vega Theater opens.
    • 1951 – Museum of Lázaro Galdiano opens.
    • 1954 – Cine Benlliure (cinema) opens.[21]
    • 1956 – Real Madrid wins first European Cup.[19]
    • 1960 – Population: 2,259,931.[20]
    • 1965 – RTVE Symphony Orchestra formed.
    • 1966 – Estadio Vicente Calderón opens.
    • 1967 – City flag design adopted.
    • 1968
      • Autonomous University of Madrid established.
      • Line 5 (Madrid Metro) begins operating.
    • 1969 – Comillas Pontifical University relocates to Madrid.
    • 1970 – Population: 3,146,071.[20]
    • 1971 – Technical University of Madrid formed.
    • 1972
      • Zoo Aquarium built.
      • Temple of Debod installed.
    • 1973 – Operación Ogro.
    • 1974 – Line 7 (Madrid Metro) begins operating.
    • 1975 – Dictator Francisco Franco dies in Madrid. Spanish transition to democracy begins.
    • 1976 – Torres de Colón built.
    • 1977 – Massacre of Atocha.
    • 1978
      • Sabatini Gardens open.
      • Centro Dramático Nacional created.
    • 1979
      • Enrique Tierno Galván becomes the first mayor of Madrid elected after the restoration of democracy in Spain.
      • Line 6 (Madrid Metro) begins operating.
      • Windsor Tower built.
    • 1980
      • La Movida Madrileña begins.[24]
      • Line 9 (Madrid Metro) begins operating.
    • 1981
      • An attempted coup d'état takes place in the Congress of Deputies on 23 February.
      • Museo de Aeronáutica y Astronáutica founded.
    • 1982 – City hosts part of the matches of the 1982 FIFA World Cup, including the final, won by Italy.[19]
    • 1983
      • November: Avianca Flight 011 accident.
      • December: Alcalá 20 nightclub fire.
    • 1984 – Queen Sofía Chamber Orchestra formed.
    • 1987 – Community of Madrid Orchestra founded.
    • 1988 – National Auditorium of Music inaugurated.
    • 1989 – El Mundo begins publication.
    • 1990 – Editorial Verbum [es] in business.
    • 1991
      • City hosts Israeli–Palestinian peace conference.
      • Population: 2,984,576.[20]
    • 1992
      • Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line and Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum open.
      • Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía and Juan Carlos I Park established.
    • 1993 – Almudena Cathedral consecrated.[25]
    • 1994 – Festimad music festival begins.
    • 1996 – Gate of Europe and Islamic Cultural Center of Madrid built.[26]
    • 1997 – Teatro Real reopens.
    • 1998 – Line 8 (Madrid Metro) and Line 11 (Madrid Metro) begin operating.


    21st century

    [edit]
    Plaque in memory of the victims of the 2004 Madrid train bombings
    • 2001 – City named World Book Capital by UNESCO.
    • 2002 – Madrid Arena opens.
    • 2003
      • Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón becomes the new mayor, succeeding José María Álvarez del Manzano.
      • Manzanares Park inaugurated.
      • Line 12 (Madrid Metro) begins operating.
    • 2004
      • March: Train bombings.[27]
      • Museo del Traje established.[28]
    • 2005
      • Windsor Tower suffers a major fire and becomes demolished afterwards.
      • June: Demonstration against ETA.[29]
      • Madrid–Toledo high-speed rail line begins operating.
      • Forest of Remembrance dedicated.
      • Madrid Ballet established.
    • 2006
      • Art Madrid contemporary art fair begins.
      • Teatro Valle-Inclán opens.
      • December: Madrid-Barajas Airport bombing.[27]
    • 2007 – Metro Ligero begins operating.
    • 2008
      • Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line begins operating.
      • Spanair Flight 5022 crash.
      • Caixa Forum opens.
      • Torre PwC, Torre Caja Madrid, Torre de Cristal, and Torre Espacio built.
      • Saturday Night Fiber music festival held.
    • 2009 – Population: 3,264,497.[30]
    • 2011
      • 15-M Movement protests.
      • Parque Madrid Río [es] inaugurated.[31][32]
      • Ana Botella becomes the new City Mayor after Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón resigns.[33]
    • 2012
      • May: Economic protest.[34]
      • November: Anti-austerity protests.[35]
    • 2013 – September: 4th bid for the Summer Olympic Games fails.
    • 2014 – After the death of former prime minister Adolfo Suárez, Madrid–Barajas Airport is renamed to Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas.[22]
    • 2015
      • March: Parque Felipe VI [es] inaugurated.[36]
      • May: City Council election held; Manuela Carmena elected mayor.
    • 2019
      • June: José Luis Martínez-Almeida elected mayor.[37]
    • 2021
      • January: Storm Filomena covers Madrid with snow, in a historic snowfall.
      • January: an explosion in a building kills 4 people and wounds 10 other.
    • 2024
      • November: Madrid hosts the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2024, won by Andria Putkaradze from Georgia with the song To My Mom.

    Evolution of the Madrid map

    [edit]

    17th century

    [edit]
    • ~1622-1635
      ~1622-1635
    • 1656
      1656

    18th century

    [edit]
    • 1705-1706
      1705-1706
    • 1730
      1730
    • 1762
      1762
    • 1769
      1769
    • 1785
      1785

    19th century

    [edit]
    • ~1813
      ~1813
    • 1831
      1831
    • 1848
      1848
    • 1859
      1859
    • 1866
      1866
    • 1879
      1879
    • 1879
      1879
    • 1888
      1888
    • 1900
      1900

    20th century

    [edit]
    • 1929
      1929
    • 1975
      1975
    • 1982
      1982
    • 1992
      1992
    • 2000
      2000

    21st century

    [edit]
    • 2012 (includes metropolitan area)
      2012 (includes metropolitan area)
    • 2015
      2015

    See also

    [edit]
    • List of mayors of Madrid
    • History of Madrid
    • Madrid capital

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ a b c d e f g h Britannica 1910.
    2. ^ Henri Bouchot (1890). "Topographical index of the principal towns where early printing presses were established". In H. Grevel (ed.). The book: its printers, illustrators, and binders, from Gutenberg to the present time. H. Grevel & Co.
    3. ^ a b Webster's Geographical Dictionary, USA: G. & C. Merriam Co., 1960, OL 5812502M
    4. ^ Exequies and Funeral of Isabel de Borbon, Queen of Spain, at the Real Convento de San Geronimo, Madrid. British Library. Retrieved 30 November 2014. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
    5. ^ a b Baedeker 1908.
    6. ^ Stephen Rose (2005). "Chronology". In Tim Carter and John Butt (ed.). Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Music. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79273-8.
    7. ^ a b c d e David H. Stam, ed. (2001). International Dictionary of Library Histories. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 1579582443.
    8. ^ Mark Kurlansky (1999), The Basque History of the World, Walker & Company, ISBN 9780802713490
    9. ^ "Garden Search: Spain". London: Botanic Gardens Conservation International. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
    10. ^ Gordon Campbell, ed. (2006). Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518948-3.
    11. ^ "Kingdom of Spain". International Encyclopedia of the Stock Market. Fitzroy Dearborn. 1999. ISBN 978-1-884964-35-0.
    12. ^ a b James Trager (1995), The Food Chronology, New York: Henry Holt, OL 1275146M
    13. ^ "Naval Museum: Historia". Armada Española. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
    14. ^ Calvert 1909.
    15. ^ Vernon N. Kisling, ed. (2000). "Zoos and Aquariums of the World (chronological list)". Zoo and Aquarium History. USA: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-3924-5.
    16. ^ "Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: Spain". Norway: Oslo katolske bispedømme (Oslo Catholic Diocese). Retrieved 30 June 2015.
    17. ^ United States. Commission to the Madrid exposition, 1892 (1895), Report of the United States commission to the Columbian historical exposition at Madrid, 1892-93, Washington, D.C.: Govt. Print. Office, OL 23368503M{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
    18. ^ "Spain". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1910. hdl:2027/njp.32101072368408.
    19. ^ a b c Tom Dunmore (2011). Historical Dictionary of Soccer. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7188-5.
    20. ^ a b c d e "Alterations to the municipalities in the Population Censuses since 1842: Madrid". Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain). Retrieved 30 November 2014.
    21. ^ a b c d e f "Movie Theaters in Madrid". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
    22. ^ a b "Historia | Aeropuerto Adolfo Suárez Madrid-Barajas | Aena". www.aena.es. Retrieved 2025-07-25.
    23. ^ Francisco J. Romero Salvadó (2013). "Chronology". Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5784-1.
    24. ^ Phelan, Stephen (2020-02-11). "'Bless the chaos': La Movida Madrileña, Spain's seedy, wild post-Franco underground". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-11-17.
    25. ^ The Deseret News. The Deseret News.
    26. ^ "Madrid". ArchNet. Archived from the original on 2007-12-24.
    27. ^ a b BBC News. "Timeline". Spain Profile. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
    28. ^ Museo del Traje. Centro de Investigación del Patrimonio Etnológico. "Historia" (in Spanish). Madrid: Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
    29. ^ Angel Smith (2009). "Chronology". Historical Dictionary of Spain (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6267-8.
    30. ^ "Population of Capital Cities and Cities of 100,000 or More Inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 2011. United Nations Statistics Division. 2012.
    31. ^ M. Kimmelman (December 26, 2011). "In Madrid's Heart, Park Blooms Where a Freeway Once Blighted". New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
    32. ^ "Madrid Rio: Highway Tunnel Project". Walking Bostonian. 29 December 2011 – via Blogspot.
    33. ^ "Spanish mayors". City Mayors.com. London: City Mayors Foundation. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
    34. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Book of the Year. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2013. ISBN 978-1-62513-103-4.
    35. ^ "Anti-austerity strikes sweep southern Europe". Reuters. November 14, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2012.
    36. ^ "Un parque con horario nórdico en Valdebebas", El Mundo (in Spanish), Madrid, 2015-03-27
    37. ^ Rodríguez-Pina, Gloria; Mateo, Juan José (2019-06-15). "El PP recupera Madrid y promete acabar con la herencia de Carmena". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2023-03-14.

    Bibliography

    [edit]

    in English

    [edit]
    Published in the 18th-19th century
    • Thomas Nugent (1749), "Madrid", The Grand Tour, vol. 4, London: S. Birt, hdl:2027/mdp.39015030762580
    • Jedidiah Morse; Richard C. Morse (1823), "Madrid", New Universal Gazetteer (4th ed.), New Haven, Connecticut: S. Converse
    • David Brewster, ed. (1830). "Madrid". Edinburgh Encyclopædia. Edinburgh: William Blackwood.
    • "Madrid", Cabinet Cyclopædia, vol. VII: Cities and Principal Towns of the World, London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, & Green, 1830, OCLC 2665202
    • Arthur de Capell Brooke (1831), "Madrid", Sketches in Spain and Morocco, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, OCLC 13783280
    • Richard Ford (1855), "Madrid", A Handbook for Travellers in Spain (3rd ed.), London: John Murray, OCLC 2145740
    • Samuel Sullivan Cox (1870), "Madrid", Search for Winter Sunbeams in the Riviera, Corsica, Algiers and Spain, New York: D. Appleton & Company, OCLC 1022285
    • John Lomas, ed. (1889), "Madrid", O'Shea's Guide to Spain and Portugal (8th ed.), Edinburgh: Adam & Charles Black
    Published in the 20th century
    • "Madrid", Spain and Portugal: Handbook for Travellers (3rd ed.), Leipsic: Karl Baedeker, 1908, OCLC 1581249
    • Albert Frederick Calvert (1909), Madrid, London: J. Lane, OCLC 1598573, OL 7014970M
    • Herbermann, Charles George (1910). "Madrid-Alcala". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    • "Madrid (city)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). 1910. pp. 292–295.
    • Nathaniel Newnham Davis (1911), "Madrid", Gourmet's Guide to Europe (3rd ed.), London: Grant Richards
    • Francis Whiting Halsey, ed. (1914). "Madrid". Spain and Portugal. Seeing Europe with Famous Authors. Vol. 9. Funk & Wagnalls Company. hdl:2027/nyp.33433006214559 – via Hathi Trust.
    • Beatrice Erskine (1922), Madrid: Past and Present, London: John Lane, OL 7028442M
    • Trudy Ring, ed. (1996). "Madrid". Southern Europe. International Dictionary of Historic Places. Vol. 3. Fitzroy Dearborn. OCLC 31045650.
    • Michael Ugarte (1996), Madrid 1900, USA: Pennsylvania State University Press, ISBN 0271015594
    Published in the 21st century
    • J. Maldonado (2005). "Madrid". In Anton Kreukels; et al. (eds.). Metropolitan Governance and Spatial Planning: Comparative Case Studies of European City-Regions. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-49606-8.
    • David Gilmour (2012). "Madrid". Cities of Spain. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4481-3833-3.

    in other languages

    [edit]
    • "Madrid". Castilla la Nueva. Recuerdos y bellezas de España [es] (in Spanish). Vol. 1. 1853. hdl:2027/ucm.5325879622.
    • Eusebio Blasco (1873), Madrid por dentro y por fuera: Guia de forasteros incautos [Madrid inside and out: stranger's guide] (in Spanish), Julian Peña, OCLC 34689580, OL 23446308M
    • Madame d'Aulnoy (1874), Mme B. Carey (ed.), La cour et la ville de Madrid vers la fin du XVIIe siècle [The court and the city of Madrid in the late seventeenth century] (in French), Paris: E. Plon et cie, OL 24403114M
    • Timoteo Domingo Palacio, ed. (1888), Documentos del Archivo General de la villa de Madrid [Documents from the Archives of the City of Madrid] (in Spanish), Madrid: Impr. y Lit. Municipal v.4
    • "Madrid". Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon (in German) (14th ed.). Leipzig: Brockhaus. 1908.
    [edit]
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    Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline of Madrid
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