W. W.摩根和P. C.肯南在1943年發表了改進的恆星分類[10]。摩根-肯南分類(MK系統)選定每顆恆星的光譜-以哈佛分類系統為基礎-和光度分類。哈佛分類系統是在知道光譜和溫度之間的關係之前,以每顆恆星光譜的氫線強度給與不同的字母標示。在依照溫度排序和篩除重複的分類之後,恆星的光譜類型遵循溫度由高至低和溫度由藍至紅的順序排列,序列成為O、B、A、F、G、K、M、L和T(通俗的用來記憶這個恆星分類序列的記憶術是"Oh Be A Fine Girl/Guy, Kiss Me Long Time")。亮度分類是依據亮度的減弱從Ⅰ到Ⅴ,主序帶的恆星被歸類為Ⅴ[11]。
Massey, Philip and Michael R. Meyer. "Stellar Masses." The Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics. Ed. Paul Murdin. London: Institute of Physics Publishing Ltd and Nature Publishing Group, 2001. 3103-09. ISBN 978-1-56159-268-5
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