1975年艾里亞斯·詹姆斯·科里用手8-苯基薄荷醇(維基數據所列:Q82156370)(chiral 8-phenylmenthol)为例首次向人们介紹何謂手性助劑,而後1980年巴里·特羅斯特也以手性扁桃酸來介紹之。由于薄荷醇製備困難,所以在1985年J. K. Whitesell以反-2-苯基環己醇为例来介绍手性助剂。
非對稱合成
[编辑]
為了控制化合物立體中心的絕對構型,手性助劑會在合成路线中引入。在眾多使用手性助劑的合成实例中。大衛·A·伊凡斯(英语:David A. Evans)发明的大环内酯类抗生素胞变菌素的不对称合成被認為是一个經典例子。当中采用了噁唑烷酮手性輔助劑参与了1个不对称烷基化反应和4个不对称羟醛缩合反应,得到了含有9个手性中心的绝对构型胞变菌素[5]。
噁唑烷酮类手性助剂由大衛·A·伊凡斯(英语:David A. Evans)推广,现如今已被應用到許多立體選擇性合成上,包括羥醛縮合反應[19]、烷基化反應,[20]和狄爾斯 - 阿爾德反應[21][22]等。这类助剂中,噁唑烷酮的4和5号位被取代基取代,并透過空間位阻引導了各種基團取代的方向。而噁唑烷酮助劑可透過水解等方式进行脱除。
^ 4.04.1Evans, D. A.; Helmchen, G.; Rüping, M. Chiral Auxiliaries in Asymmetric Synthesis. Christmann, M (编). Asymmetric Synthesis — The Essentials. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. 2007: 3–9. ISBN 978-3-527-31399-0.
^Nicolau, K. C. Classics in Total Synthesis 5th. New York, New York: Wiley-VCH. 2008: 485–508. ISBN 978-3-527-29231-8.
^Miller, J. P. ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Asymmetric Diels-Alder Reactions. ChemInform. 2013, 44 (48). doi:10.1002/chin.201348243.
^Corey, E. J.; Ensley, H. E. Preparation of an Optically Active Prostaglandin Intermediate via Asymmetric Induction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975, 97 (23): 6908–6909. doi:10.1021/ja00856a074.
^Corey, E. J.; Ensley, H. E.; Parnell, C. A. Convenient Synthesis of a Highly Efficient and Recyclable Chiral Director for Asymmetric Induction. J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43 (8): 1610–1611. doi:10.1021/jo00402a037.引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
^Whitesell, J. K.; Chen, H. H.; Lawrence, R. M. trans-2-Phenylcyclohexanol. A powerful and readily available chiral auxiliary. J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50 (23): 4663–4664. doi:10.1021/jo00223a055.引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
^Comins, D. L; Salvador, J. D. Efficient Synthesis and Resolution of trans-2-( 1-Aryl-1-methylethyl)cyclohexanols: Practical Alternatives to 8-P henylmenthol. J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58 (17): 4656–4661. doi:10.1021/jo00069a031.
^ 12.012.1Sakane, Soichi; Fujiwara, Junya; Maruoka, Keiji; Yamamoto, Hisashi. Chiral leaving group. Biogenetic-type asymmetric synthesis of limonene and bisabolenes. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1983, 105 (19): 6154–6155. doi:10.1021/ja00357a033.
^Maglioli, Paola; De Lucchi, Ottorino; Delogu, Giovanna; Valle, Giovanni. Highly diastereoselective reduction and addition of nucleophiles to binaphthol-protected arylglyoxals. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry. 1992-01-01, 3 (3): 365–366. doi:10.1016/S0957-4166(00)80276-1.
^Mondal, Anirban; Thiel, Niklas O.; Dorel, Ruth; Feringa, Ben L. P-chirogenic phosphorus compounds by stereoselective Pd-catalysed arylation of phosphoramidites. Nature Catalysis. January 2022, 5 (1): 10–19. S2CID 245426891. doi:10.1038/s41929-021-00697-9.
^Buchi, George; Vogel, Dennis E. A new method for the preparation of γ,δ-unsaturated ketones via Claisen rearrangement. The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 1985, 50 (23): 4664–4665. doi:10.1021/jo00223a056.
^Miller, Aubry K.; Hughes, Chambers C.; Kennedy-Smith, Joshua J.; Gradl, Stefan N.; Dirk Trauner. Total Synthesis of (−)-Heptemerone B and (−)-Guanacastepene E. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2006, 128 (51): 17057–17062. PMID 17177458. doi:10.1021/ja0660507.
^Al Hazmi, Ali M.; Sheikh, Nadeem S.; Bataille, Carole J. R.; Al-Hadedi, Azzam A. M.; Watkin, Sam V.; Luker, Tim J.; Camp, Nicholas P.; Brown, Richard C. D. trans-2-Tritylcyclohexanol as a Chiral Auxiliary in Permanganate-Mediated Oxidative Cyclization of 2-Methylenehept-5-enoates: Application to the Synthesis of trans-(+)-Linalool Oxide. Organic Letters. 2014, 16 (19): 5104–5107. PMID 25225741. doi:10.1021/ol502454r.
^Evans, D. A.; Bartroli, J.; Shih, T. L. Enantioselective aldol condensations. 2. Erythro-selective chiral aldol condensations via boron enolates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103 (8): 2127–2129. doi:10.1021/ja00398a058.引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
^Evans, D. A.; Ennis, M D.; Mathre, D. J. Asymmetric Alkylation Reactions of Chiral Imide Enolates. A Practical Approach to the Enantioselective Synthesis of a-Substituted Carboxylic Acid Derivatives. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104 (7): 1737–1739. doi:10.1021/ja00370a050.引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
^Evans, D. A.; Chapman, K. T.; Bisaha, J. New Asymmetric Diels-Alder Cycloaddition Reactions. Chiral α,β-Unsaturated Carboximides as Practical Chiral Acrylate and Crotonate Dienophile Synthons. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106 (15): 4261–4263. doi:10.1021/ja00327a031.引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
^Evans, D. A.; Chapman, K. T.; Hung, D. T.; Kawaguchi, A. T. Transition State π-Solvation by Aromatic Rings: An Electronic Contribution to Diels-Alder Reaction Diastereoselectivity. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1987, 26 (11): 1184–1186. doi:10.1002/anie.198711841.引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
^Shinada, Tetsuro; Oe, Kentaro; Ohfune, Yasufumi. Efficient total synthesis of manzacidin B. Tetrahedron Letters. 2012-06-27, 53 (26): 3250–3253. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.04.042.
^Myers, A. G., et al., Pseudoephedrine as a Practical Chiral Auxiliary for the Synthesis of Highly Enantiomerically Enriched Carboxylic Acids, Alcohols, Aldehydes, and Ketones, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 6496-6511.doi:10.1021/ja970402f
^Myers, A. G.; Morales, M. R.; Mellem, K. T. Pseudoephenamine: A Practical Chiral Auxiliary for Asymmetric Synthesis. Angew. Chem. 2012, 124: 4646–4649. doi:10.1002/ange.201200370.引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
^Myers, A. G.; Yang, B. H.; McKinstry, L.; Kopecky, D. J.; Gleason, J. L. Pseudoephedrine as a Practical Chiral Auxiliary for the Synthesis of Highly Enantiomerically Enriched Carboxylic Acids, Alcohols, Aldehydes, and Ketones. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119: 6496–6511. doi:10.1021/ja970402f.引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
^Kummer, D. A.; Chain, W. J.; Morales, M. R.; Quiroga, O.; Myers, A. G. Stereocontrolled Alkylative Construction of Quaternary Carbon Centers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130: 13231–13233. doi:10.1021/ja806021y.引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
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^Caron, Stéphane. Chapter 15: Synthetic Route Development of Selected Contemporary Pharmaceutical Drugs. Caron, Stéphane (编). Practical Synthetic Organic Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2011: 666–670. ISBN 978-0-470-03733-1.
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^Jie Jack Li, Douglas S. Johnson, Drago R. Sliskovic, Bruce D. Roth. Chapter 9. Atorvastatin Calcium (Lipitor). Contemporary Drug Synthesis. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2004: 113–125. ISBN 0-471-21480-9.
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论
编
不对称合成
手性类型
手性
立体中心
平面手性(英语:Planar chirality)
手性配体
轴手性
超分子手性(英语:Supramolecular chirality)
手性分子
立体异构
对映异构
非对映异构
内消旋化合物
外消旋體
對映體過剩率(ee)
非對映體過剩率(de)
分析
旋光
手性拆分试剂
立体异构体的核磁共振谱(英语:Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of stereoisomers)
立体异构体的紫外-可见光谱(英语:Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy of stereoisomers)