Acromegaly differential diagnosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Elsaiey, MBBCH [2]

Overview

Acromegaly must be differentiated from other diseases that cause acral features like skin thickening and linear bone growth. These diseases such as Marfan syndrome, precocious puberty, prolactinoma, and pachydermoperiostosis.

Differentiating acromegaly from other Diseases

Acromegaly must be differentiated from other diseases that cause acral features like skin thickening and linear bone growth. These diseases such as Marfan syndrome, precocious puberty, prolactinoma, and pachydermoperiostosis.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]


Differential Diagnosis	Similar Features	Differentiating Features

Prolactinoma	On physical examination, prolactinoma demonstrates visual field defects and diplopia as acromegaly. On symptoms, prolactinoma patients complain of a headache as the acromegaly.	On physical examination, prolactinoma demonstrates hydrocephalus that distinguishes it from acromegaly. On symptoms, patients with prolactinoma may show cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. On laboratory tests, prolactinoma has a high level of prolactin that distinguishes it from acromegaly.
Marfan syndrome	On physical examination, Marfan syndrome has demonstrated cardiac manifestations as the acromegaly. On physical examination, Marfan syndrome demonstrates excess linear bone growth like acromegaly.	On physical examination, Marfan syndrome patients have small jaws that distinguish it from acromegaly. Patients with Marfan syndrome have arachnodactyly with positive thumb and wrist signs.
Precocious puberty	On physical examination, excess linear bone growth is noticed like the acromegaly.	On laboratory diagnosis, precocious puberty has demonstrated high levels of FSH, LH, and testosterone that distinguish it from acromegaly.
Pachydermoperiostosis (Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy)	On physical examination, pachydermoperiostosis demonstrates thickening of skin and scalp, clubbing and arthritis like acromegaly.	On laboratory findings, pachydermoperiostosis has low level of the serum IGF1 which distinguishes it from acromegaly.

Less common differentials

Acromegaly should also be differentiated from other causes of hyperprolactinemia that may present as galactorrhea, amenorrhea, (in females) and infertility (in both males and females) including:

Physiological:
- Normal pregnancy^[5]
Pathological:
- Pituitary tumors (other than prolactinoma):^[6]
  - Somatotroph adenoma: Acromegaly
  - Corticotroph adenoma: Cushing's syndrome
- Suprasellar tumors (tumors present in the region of the pituitary stalk)
- Hypothyroidism^[7]
- Chronic renal failure^[8]
- Liver disease^[9]
  - Cirrhosis (with or without encephalopathy)
  - Viral hepatitis (with encephalopathy)
- Seizure disorder^[10]^[11]
Medication-induced:
- Antipsychotic medications:^[12]
  - Haloperidol
  - Risperidone
- Antiemetic medications:
  - Metoclopramide^[13]
  - Domperidone^[14]
- Antihypertensive medications:
  - Methyldopa^[15]
  - Verapamil^[16]

Disease	Clinical Findings	Laboratory findings	Management
Somatotroph adenoma: Acromegaly	Clinical features of acromegaly are due to high level of human growth hormone (hGH): Soft tissue swelling of the hands and feet Brow and lower jaw protrusion Enlarged hands Enlarged feet Arthritis and carpal tunnel syndrome Increase in teeth spacing Macroglossia (enlarged tongue) Heart failure Kidney failure Compression of the optic chiasm leading to loss of vision in the outer visual fields (typically bitemporal hemianopia) Headache Diabetes mellitus Hypertension Cardiomegaly	Elevated insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels Elevated growth hormone levels	Medical management: Octreotide Bromocriptine Surgical management: Endonasal transsphenoidal surgery Radiation therapy
Corticotroph adenoma: Cushing's syndrome	Clinical features of Cushing's syndrome are due to increased levels of cortisol: Rapid weight gain, particularly of the trunk and face with sparing of the limbs (central obesity) Proximal muscle weakness A round face often referred to as a "moon face" Excess sweating Headache The excess cortisol may also affect other endocrine systems and cause, for example: Insomnia Reduced libido Impotence Amenorrhea Infertility Patients frequently suffer various psychological disturbances, ranging from euphoria to psychosis. Depression and anxiety are also common.	Dexamethasone suppression test 24 hour urinary measurement of cortisol	Medical management: Pasireotide Cabergoline Ketoconazole Metyrapone Mitotane Mifepristone Surgical management: Transsphenoidal pituitary resection
Hypothyroidism	Clinical features of hypothyroidism are due to deficiency of thyroxine: Fatigue Cold intolerance Decreased sweating Hypothermia Coarse skin Weight gain Hoarseness Goiter Fullness in the throat and neck Depression Emotional lability Attention deficit	Elevated TSH Low T4 Low T3 Elevated anti-thyroid antibodies(anti-TPO)	Levothyroxine
Chronic renal failure	There are no pathognomonic symptoms associated with chronic renal failure. Common non-specific symptoms of chronic renal failure include: Malaise Nausea Unintentional weight loss Pruritus Lower extremity edema Sleep disorders	Urinalysis: Albuminuria Hematuria Pyuria Red cell or white cell casts and crystals Fluid and electrolyte disturbances: Hyponatremia Hyperkalemia Hyperphosphatemia Hyperchloremia Metabolic acidosis Hypocalcemia Endocrine and metabolic disturbances: Hyperuricemia Hypertriglyceridemia Decreased HDL levels Vitamin D deficiency Increased Parathyroid hormone levels Hematologic abnormalities: Normocytic normochromic anemia Lymphocytopenia Leukopenia Thrombocytopenia	Medical management: Blood pressure management Control of blood glucose Protein restriction Management of anemia Management of electrolyte disturbance Dialysis Surgical management Kidney transplant
Liver disease: Cirrhosis	The clinical features of liver cirrhosis are very nonspecific. These include: Right upper quadrant abdominal pain Fever Fatigue and weakness Loss of appetite Diarrhea Nausea and vomiting Weight loss Abdominal pain and bloating when fluid accumulates in the abdomen Itching Menstrual irregularities	Elevated aminotransferases (AST & ALT) Elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) Elevated gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase Elevated bilirubin Low albumin Elevated prothrombin time Elevated globulin Hyponatremia Anemia Leukopenia and neutropenia Thrombocytopenia	Medical management: Treatment is usually directed towards the treatment of complications like ascites, esophageal varices, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome, and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Some chronic constitutional symptoms that should be treated include: Pruritis: Cholestyramine is the drug of choice Hypogonadism: Topical testosterone preparations Osteoporosis: Calcium and vitamin D Pain management: NSAIDS, celecoxib, opioids Nutrition: Adequate caloric and protein intake, and multivitamin supplementation Surgical management: Liver transplantation
Seizure disorder	The clinical features of seizure disorder may include: Change in alertness, orientation and time perception Mood changes, such as unexplainable fear, panic, joy, or laughter Changes in sensation of the skin, usually spreading over the arm, leg, or trunk Vision changes, including seeing flashing lights Rarely, hallucinations (seeing things that aren't there) Falling, loss of muscle control, occurs very suddenly Muscle twitching that may spread up or down an arm or leg Muscle tension or tightening that causes twisting of the body, head, arms, or legs Shaking of the entire body Tasting a bitter or metallic flavor	Electroencephalogram	Medical management: Antiepileptic medications
Medication-induced	Clinical features of hyperprolactinemia after a specific period of regular medication ingestion	Discontinuation of the medication for 3 days and remeasurement of prolactin levels^[17]	Change to alternate medication

Differentiating Acromegaly from Other Diseases


Disease	Gene	Chromosome	Differentiating Features	Components of MEN			Diagnosis
Disease	Gene	Chromosome	Differentiating Features	Parathyroid	Pitutary	Pancreas	Diagnosis
von Hippel-Lindau syndrome	Von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor	3p25.3	Angiomatosis, Hemangioblastomas, Pheochromocytoma, Renal cell carcinoma, Pancreatic cysts (pancreatic serous cystadenoma) Endolymphatic sac tumor, Bilateral papillary cystadenomas of the epididymis (men) or broad ligament of the uterus (women)	-	-	+	Clinical diagnosis In hereditary VHL, disease techniques such as Southern blotting and gene sequencing can be used to analyse DNA and identify mutations.
Carney complex	PRKAR1A	17q23-q24	Myxomas of the heart Hyperpigmentation of the skin (lentiginosis) Endocrine (ACTH-independent Cushing's syndrome due to primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease)	-	-	-	Clinical diagnosis
Neurofibromatosis type 1	RAS	17	Scoliosis Learning disabilities Vision disorders Cutaneous lesions Epilepsy.	-	-	-	Prenatal Chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis can be used to detect NF-1 in the fetus. Postnatal Cardinal Clinical Features" are required for positive diagnosis. Six or more café-au-lait spots over 5 mm in greatest diameter in pre-pubertal individuals and over 15 mm in greatest diameter in post-pubertal individuals. Two or more neurofibromas of any type or 1 plexiform neurofibroma Freckling in the axillary (Crowe sign) or inguinal regions Optic glioma Two or more Lisch nodules (pigmented iris hamartomas) A distinctive osseous lesion such as sphenoid dysplasia, or thinning of the long bone cortex with or without pseudarthrosis.
Li-Fraumeni syndrome	TP53	17	Early onset of diverse amount of cancers such as Sarcoma Cancers of Breast Brain Adrenal glands	-	-	-	Criteria Sarcoma at a young age (below 45) A first-degree relative diagnosed with any cancer at a young age (below 45) A first or second degree relative with any cancer diagnosed before age 60.
Gardner's syndrome	APC	5q21	Multiple polyps in the colon Osteomas of the skull Thyroid cancer, Epidermoid cysts, Fibromas Desmoid tumors	-	-	-	Clinical diagnosis Colonoscopy
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2	RET	-	Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) Pheochromocytoma Primary hyperparathyroidism	+	-	-	Hypercalcemia Hypophosphatemia, Elevated parathyroid hormone, Elevated norepinephrine Criteria Two or more specific endocrine tumors Medullary thyroid carcinoma Pheochromocytoma Parathyroid hyperplasia
Cowden syndrome	PTEN	-	Hamartomas	-	-	-	PTEN mutation probability risk calculator
Acromegaly/gigantism	-	-	Enlargement of the hands, feet, nose, lips and ears, and a general thickening of the skin Hypertrichosis Hyperpigmentation Hyperhidrosis Carpal tunnel syndrome.	-	+	-	An elevated concentration of serum growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1) levels is diagnostic of acromegaly.
Pituitary adenoma	-	-	Visual field defects classically bitemporal hemianopsia Increased intracranial pressure Migraine Lateral rectus palsy	-	+	-	Elevated serum level of prolactin Elevated or decreased serum level of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Elevated or decreased serum level of growth hormone (GH) Elevated or decreased serum level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Elevated or decreased serum level of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Elevated or decreased serum level of luteinizing hormone (LH)
Hyperparathyroidism	-	-	- Kidney stones Hypercalcemia, Constipation Peptic ulcers Depression	+	-	-	An elevated concentration of serum calcium with elevated parathyroid hormone level is diagnostic of primary hyperparathyroidism. Most consistent laboratory findings associated with the diagnosis of secondary hyperparathyroidism include elevated serum parathyroid hormone level and low to normal serum calcium. An elevated concentration of serum calcium with elevated parathyroid hormone level in post renal transplant patients is diagnostic of tertiary hyperparathyoidism.
Pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma	VHL RET NF1 SDHB SDHD	-	Characterized by Episodic hypertension Palpitations Anxiety Diaphoresis Weight loss	-	-	-	Increased catecholamines and metanephrines in plasma (blood) or through a 24-hour urine collection.
Adrenocortical carcinoma	p53 Retinoblastoma h19 Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) p57^kip2	17p, 13q	Cushing syndrome (cortisol hypersecretion) Conn syndrome (aldosterone hypersecretion) virilization (testosterone hypersecretion)	-	-	-	Increased serum glucose Increased urine cortisol Serum androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone Low serum potassium Low plasma renin activity High serum aldosterone. Excess serum estrogen.
Adapted from Toledo SP, Lourenço DM, Toledo RA. A differential diagnosis of inherited endocrine tumors and their tumor counterparts, journal=Clinics (Sao Paulo), volume= 68, issue= 7, 07/24/2013^[18]

References

↑ Abdullah NRA, Jason WLC, Nasruddin AB (2017). "Pachydermoperiostosis: a rare mimicker of acromegaly". Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep. 2017. doi:10.1530/EDM-17-0029. PMC 5445428. PMID 28567291.
↑ Loeys BL, Dietz HC, Braverman AC, Callewaert BL, De Backer J, Devereux RB; et al. (2010). "The revised Ghent nosology for the Marfan syndrome". J Med Genet. 47 (7): 476–85. doi:10.1136/jmg.2009.072785. PMID 20591885.
↑ Liu JK, Couldwell WT (2004). "Contemporary management of prolactinomas". Neurosurg Focus. 16 (4): E2. PMID 15191331.
↑ Papadimitriou A, Beri D, Tsialla A, Fretzayas A, Psychou F, Nicolaidou P (2006). "Early growth acceleration in girls with idiopathic precocious puberty". J Pediatr. 149 (1): 43–6. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.02.005. PMID 16860125.
↑ Rigg LA, Lein A, Yen SS (1977). "Pattern of increase in circulating prolactin levels during human gestation". Am J Obstet Gynecol. 129 (4): 454–6. PMID 910825.
↑ Levy A (2004). "Pituitary disease: presentation, diagnosis, and management". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 75 Suppl 3: iii47–52. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.045740. PMC 1765669. PMID 15316045.
↑ Snyder PJ, Jacobs LS, Utiger RD, Daughaday WH (1973). "Thyroid hormone inhibition of the prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone". J Clin Invest. 52 (9): 2324–9. doi:10.1172/JCI107421. PMC 333037. PMID 4199418.
↑ Sievertsen GD, Lim VS, Nakawatase C, Frohman LA (1980). "Metabolic clearance and secretion rates of human prolactin in normal subjects and in patients with chronic renal failure". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 50 (5): 846–52. doi:10.1210/jcem-50-5-846. PMID 7372775.
↑ Jha SK, Kannan S (2016). "Serum prolactin in patients with liver disease in comparison with healthy adults: A preliminary cross-sectional study". Int J Appl Basic Med Res. 6 (1): 8–10. doi:10.4103/2229-516X.173984. PMC 4765284. PMID 26958514.
↑ Ben-Menachem, Elinor (2006). "Is Prolactin a Clinically Useful Measure of Epilepsy?". Epilepsy Currents. 6 (3): 78–79. doi:10.1111/j.1535-7511.2006.00104.x. ISSN 1535-7597.
↑ Trimble MR (1978). "Serum prolactin in epilepsy and hysteria". Br Med J. 2 (6153): 1682. PMC 1608938. PMID 737437.
↑ David SR, Taylor CC, Kinon BJ, Breier A (2000). "The effects of olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol on plasma prolactin levels in patients with schizophrenia". Clin Ther. 22 (9): 1085–96. doi:10.1016/S0149-2918(00)80086-7. PMID 11048906.
↑ McCallum RW, Sowers JR, Hershman JM, Sturdevant RA (1976). "Metoclopramide stimulates prolactin secretion in man". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 42 (6): 1148–52. doi:10.1210/jcem-42-6-1148. PMID 777023.
↑ Sowers JR, Sharp B, McCallum RW (1982). "Effect of domperidone, an extracerebral inhibitor of dopamine receptors, on thyrotropin, prolactin, renin, aldosterone, and 18-hydroxycorticosterone secretion in man". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 54 (4): 869–71. doi:10.1210/jcem-54-4-869. PMID 7037817.
↑ Steiner J, Cassar J, Mashiter K, Dawes I, Fraser TR, Breckenridge A (1976). "Effects of methyldopa on prolactin and growth hormone". Br Med J. 1 (6019): 1186–8. PMC 1639736. PMID 1268617.
↑ Fearrington EL, Rand CH, Rose JD (1983). "Hyperprolactinemia-galactorrhea induced by verapamil". Am J Cardiol. 51 (8): 1466–7. PMID 6682619.
↑ Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, Kleinberg DL, Montori VM, Schlechte JA; et al. (2011). "Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 96 (2): 273–88. doi:10.1210/jc.2010-1692. PMID 21296991.
↑ Toledo SP, Lourenço DM, Toledo RA (2013). "A differential diagnosis of inherited endocrine tumors and their tumor counterparts". Clinics (Sao Paulo). 68 (7): 1039–56. doi:10.6061/clinics/2013(07)24. PMC 3715026. PMID 23917672.

Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid28567291-1] Abdullah NRA, Jason WLC, Nasruddin AB (2017). "Pachydermoperiostosis: a rare mimicker of acromegaly". Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep. 2017. doi:10.1530/EDM-17-0029. PMC 5445428. PMID 28567291.

[pmid20591885-2] Loeys BL, Dietz HC, Braverman AC, Callewaert BL, De Backer J, Devereux RB; et al. (2010). "The revised Ghent nosology for the Marfan syndrome". J Med Genet. 47 (7): 476–85. doi:10.1136/jmg.2009.072785. PMID 20591885.

[pmid15191331-3] Liu JK, Couldwell WT (2004). "Contemporary management of prolactinomas". Neurosurg Focus. 16 (4): E2. PMID 15191331.

[pmid16860125-4] Papadimitriou A, Beri D, Tsialla A, Fretzayas A, Psychou F, Nicolaidou P (2006). "Early growth acceleration in girls with idiopathic precocious puberty". J Pediatr. 149 (1): 43–6. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.02.005. PMID 16860125.

[pmid910825-5] Rigg LA, Lein A, Yen SS (1977). "Pattern of increase in circulating prolactin levels during human gestation". Am J Obstet Gynecol. 129 (4): 454–6. PMID 910825.

[pmid15316045-6] Levy A (2004). "Pituitary disease: presentation, diagnosis, and management". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 75 Suppl 3: iii47–52. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.045740. PMC 1765669. PMID 15316045.

[pmid4199418-7] Snyder PJ, Jacobs LS, Utiger RD, Daughaday WH (1973). "Thyroid hormone inhibition of the prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone". J Clin Invest. 52 (9): 2324–9. doi:10.1172/JCI107421. PMC 333037. PMID 4199418.

[pmid7372775-8] Sievertsen GD, Lim VS, Nakawatase C, Frohman LA (1980). "Metabolic clearance and secretion rates of human prolactin in normal subjects and in patients with chronic renal failure". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 50 (5): 846–52. doi:10.1210/jcem-50-5-846. PMID 7372775.

[pmid26958514-9] Jha SK, Kannan S (2016). "Serum prolactin in patients with liver disease in comparison with healthy adults: A preliminary cross-sectional study". Int J Appl Basic Med Res. 6 (1): 8–10. doi:10.4103/2229-516X.173984. PMC 4765284. PMID 26958514.

[Ben-Menachem2006-10] Ben-Menachem, Elinor (2006). "Is Prolactin a Clinically Useful Measure of Epilepsy?". Epilepsy Currents. 6 (3): 78–79. doi:10.1111/j.1535-7511.2006.00104.x. ISSN 1535-7597.

[pmid737437-11] Trimble MR (1978). "Serum prolactin in epilepsy and hysteria". Br Med J. 2 (6153): 1682. PMC 1608938. PMID 737437.

[pmid11048906-12] David SR, Taylor CC, Kinon BJ, Breier A (2000). "The effects of olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol on plasma prolactin levels in patients with schizophrenia". Clin Ther. 22 (9): 1085–96. doi:10.1016/S0149-2918(00)80086-7. PMID 11048906.

[pmid777023-13] McCallum RW, Sowers JR, Hershman JM, Sturdevant RA (1976). "Metoclopramide stimulates prolactin secretion in man". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 42 (6): 1148–52. doi:10.1210/jcem-42-6-1148. PMID 777023.

[pmid7037817-14] Sowers JR, Sharp B, McCallum RW (1982). "Effect of domperidone, an extracerebral inhibitor of dopamine receptors, on thyrotropin, prolactin, renin, aldosterone, and 18-hydroxycorticosterone secretion in man". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 54 (4): 869–71. doi:10.1210/jcem-54-4-869. PMID 7037817.

[pmid1268617-15] Steiner J, Cassar J, Mashiter K, Dawes I, Fraser TR, Breckenridge A (1976). "Effects of methyldopa on prolactin and growth hormone". Br Med J. 1 (6019): 1186–8. PMC 1639736. PMID 1268617.

[pmid6682619-16] Fearrington EL, Rand CH, Rose JD (1983). "Hyperprolactinemia-galactorrhea induced by verapamil". Am J Cardiol. 51 (8): 1466–7. PMID 6682619.

[pmid21296991-17] Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, Kleinberg DL, Montori VM, Schlechte JA; et al. (2011). "Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 96 (2): 273–88. doi:10.1210/jc.2010-1692. PMID 21296991.

[pmid23917672-18] Toledo SP, Lourenço DM, Toledo RA (2013). "A differential diagnosis of inherited endocrine tumors and their tumor counterparts". Clinics (Sao Paulo). 68 (7): 1039–56. doi:10.6061/clinics/2013(07)24. PMC 3715026. PMID 23917672.

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