Bleeding

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview[edit | edit source]

Classification[edit | edit source]

Bleeding Classified by Severity[edit | edit source]

Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) Scheme | World Health Organization scale | BARC bleeding criteria | Exsanguination | TIMI bleeding criteria | ISTH bleeding scale | GUSTO bleeding criteria | CURE bleeding criteria | ACUITY HORIZONS bleeding criteria | STEEPLE bleeding criteria | PLATO bleeding criteria | GRACE bleeding criteria

Bleeding by Location[edit | edit source]

Bleeding from Body Cavities[edit | edit source]

• Hematemesis - vomiting fresh blood
• Hematochezia - rectal blood
• Hematuria - blood in the urine from urinary bleeding
• Hemoptysis - coughing up blood from the lungs
• Postpartum hemorrhage
• Upper gastrointestinal bleed
• Vaginal bleeding

Internal Bleeding[edit | edit source]

• Aneurysm
• Intracranial hemorrhage - bleeding in the brain caused by the rupture of a blood vessel within the head. See also hemorrhagic stroke.
• Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) implies the presence of blood within the subarachnoid space from some pathologic process. The common medical use of the term SAH refers to the nontraumatic types of hemorrhages, usually from rupture of a berry aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation(AVM). The scope of this article is limited to these nontraumatic hemorrhages.

Causes[edit | edit source]

• Drug such as Aprotinin, Azficel-T, Cabozantinib, Ixabepilone, Oritavancin, Romiplostim, Tiagabine, Trametinib, Valdecoxib, Ziv-aflibercept

Treatment[edit | edit source]

Emergency Bleeding Control[edit | edit source]

Discontinuation, Bridging, and Reversal of Anticoagulation and Antiplatelet Therapy[edit | edit source]

Contraindicated medications[edit | edit source]

Active major bleeding is considered an absolute contraindication to the use of the following medications:

• Bivalirudin
• Reteplase
• Rivaroxaban
• Urokinase
• Cilostazol
• Enoxaparin
• Fondaparinux

Perioperative Bleeding[edit | edit source]

Coagulation Monitoring | Anemia Management | Coagulation Management | Specific Surgeries | Coagulopathies