Cardiac veins

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

The cardiac veins return deoxygenated blood from the myocardium to the right atrium and run parallel to coronary arteries.

Anatomy

The components of the cardiac venous system are the following:

Coronary sinus

It is present in the coronary sulcus.
It receives most venous return of the heart.
It empties in the right atrium.

Great cardiac vein

It runs parallel to the LAD in the anterior interventricular groove.
It drains in the coronary sinus.

Middle cardiac vein

It runs parallel to the PDA in the posterior interventricular groove.
It drains in the coronary sinus.

Small cardiac vein

It runs parallel to the marginal artery.
It drains in the coronary sinus.

Anterior Cardiac Veins

Drains the anterior right ventricle.
Empties directly in the right atrium an not in the coronary sinus.^[1]

References

↑ Morton DA, Foreman KB, Albertine KH. Chapter 4. Heart. In: Morton DA, Foreman KB, Albertine KH, eds. The Big Picture: Gross Anatomy. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2011.

[1] Morton DA, Foreman KB, Albertine KH. Chapter 4. Heart. In: Morton DA, Foreman KB, Albertine KH, eds. The Big Picture: Gross Anatomy. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2011.

[1]

v t e Coronary Angiography
Coronary Anatomy	Normal coronary anatomy • Anomalous origins of coronary arteries (Left coronary artery • Right coronary artery) • Congenital abnormalities of coronary arteries • Coronary artery segments • Cinefilm frame speed • Coronary artery dominance (Left dominance • Right dominance • Co-dominance)
TIMI Flow Grade	TIMI flow grade 0 • TIMI flow grade 1 • TIMI flow grade 2 • TIMI flow grade 3
TIMI Frame Count	TFC for SVG • TIMI Myocardial Frame Count • Washout TIMI Frame Count
TIMI Myocardial Perfusion Grade	TIMI MPG 0 • TIMI MPG 1 • TIMI MPG 2 • TIMI MPG 3
Thrombus Grading	Thrombus Grade 0 • Thrombus Grade 1 • Thrombus Grade 2 • Thrombus Grade 3 • Thrombus Grade 4 • Thrombus Grade 5 • Thrombus Grade 6
Lesion Complexity	Type A • Type B₁ • Type B₂ • Type C
Dissection Classification	Type A • Type B • Type C • Type D • Type E • Type F
Coronary Collaterals	Grade 0 • Grade 1 • Grade 2 • Grade 3 • Rentrop and Cohen’s Collateral Classification
Lesion Morphology	Myocardial bridge •Definitions of Preprocedural Lesion Morphology • Luminal irregularities • Disease extent • Arterial foreshortening • Infarct related artery (Culprit lesion) • Reocclusion • Restenosis • Degenerated saphenous vein graft • Coronary artery fistula
Angiographic complications	Distal embolization • Coronary spasm • Abrupt closure • Side branch loss • Slow flow • No-reflow • Pulsatile flow • Flow deceleration • Ectasia • Intimal flap • Staining •
Performing Coronary Angiography	Patient preparation • Catheter selection • Standard angiographic views • High risk groups • Patients with special need • Access site closure (Manual compression • Assisted compression • Closure devices) •
Quantitative Coronary Angiography (QCA)	Minimal lumen diameter • Percent stenosis • Reference diameter • Lesion length • Residual stenosis • Average reference segment diameter • Plaque area • Plaque volume •
Contrast Media	High-osmolar contrast media • Iso-osmolar contrast media • Low-osmolar contrast media
Left Ventriculography & Aortography	Ejection fraction • Aortography • Quantitative Left Ventricular Analysis (LAO projection • RAO projection • LVA) • Left Ventricular Wall Motion Analysis (Normokinesia • Hypokinesia • Akinesia • Dyskinesia • Aneurysm) • Evaluation of mitral regurgitation • Evaluation of aortic regurgitation
Right Heart Catheterization	Pressure waveforms (Right atrial pressure • Rirght ventricular pressure • Pulmonary artery pressure • Pulmonary artery wedge-pressure) • Endomyocardial biopsy
Complications	Access site complications • Dumping • Contrast hypersensitivity • Contrast induced nephropathy • Hypotension • Hypertension • Dissection • Vessel perforation • Acute myocardial infarction • Ventricular fibrillation • Cardiac arrest • Stroke • ASD • VSD • Pulmonary emboli • Myocardial rupture • Peripheral arterial emboli • Radiation injury