Congenital heart disease

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, MBBS [2] Assistant Editor(s)-In-Chief: Kristin Feeney, B.S. [3]

Synonyms and keywords: CHD; cardiac malformation

Overview[edit | edit source]

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common type of birth defect, accounting for about 1% of all cases [4]. Although mild cases of CHD are not detected until after discharge, most of the critical CHD cases are identified soon after birth requiring surgery or catheter-based intervention in the first year of life. CHD is broadly classified into three major groups, namely, cyanotic CHD, ductal-dependent CHD and critical CHD. Cyanotic CHD involves defects that lead to mixing of deoxygenated blood into the systemic circulation. Ductal-dependent CHD relies on the patency of the ductus arteriosus for supply of blood to the pulmonary or systemic outflow which allows adequate mixing between the parallel circulations. Lesions requiring surgery or catheter-based intervention in the first year of life are referred to as critical CHD which includes ductal-dependent and cyanotic lesions, as well as forms of CHD that, although not requiring surgery in the neonatal period, do necessitate intervention in the first year of life, such as a big ventricular septal defect or an atrioventricular canal defect (or atrioventricular septal defect).

Anatomy[edit | edit source]

Classification[edit | edit source]

Aortic stenosis | Atrial septal defect (ASD) | Atrial septal defect sinus venosus | Atrioventricular canal | Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) | Bicuspid aortic valve | Brugada syndrome | Cardiomyopathy | Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) | dextro-Transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA) | Dextrocardia | Ebstein's anomaly | Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) | Hypoplastic right heart syndrome | Interrupted aortic arch (IAA) | levo-Transposition of the great arteries (l-TGA) | Lutembacher's syndrome | Mitral stenosis | Ostium primum | Ostium secundum | Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) | Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) | Pulmonary atresia | Pulmonary stenosis | Septum primum | Subaortic stenosis | Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) | Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) | Tricuspid atresia | Truncus arteriosus | Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Pathophysiology[edit | edit source]

Causes[edit | edit source]

Differentiating Congenital heart disease from other Disorders[edit | edit source]

Epidemiology and Demographics[edit | edit source]

Risk Factors[edit | edit source]

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis[edit | edit source]

Diagnosis[edit | edit source]

Diagnostic Criteria | History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Electrocardiogram | Chest X Ray | MRI | CT | Echocardiography | Prenatal Ultrasound | Other Imaging Findings

Treatment[edit | edit source]

Medical Therapy | Surgery | Prevention | Outcomes | Reproduction

Case Studies[edit | edit source]

Case #1

Related Chapters[edit | edit source]

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