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https://https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ypYI_lmLD7g%7C350}} |
Resident Survival Guide |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Saleh El Dassouki, M.D [3]; Atif Mohammad, MD
Heart failure is a complex syndrome whereby there is inadequate output of the heart to meet the metabolic demands of the body. Heart failure is caused by abnormal function of different anatomic parts of the heart including the pericardium, the myocardium, the endocardium, the heart valves and the great vessels. Heart failure is characterized by decreased cardiac output but not necessarily decreased ejection fraction. Symptoms of heart failure are due to a lack of both forward blood flow to the body, and backward flow into the lungs. The body tries to compensate for the low cardiac output by mechanisms that increase the preload and afterload. These mechanisms lead to exacerbation of the cardiac malfunction and symptoms associated with heart failure.
Heart failure may result from an abnormality or dysfunction of any one of the anatomical structures of the heart:
The reduction in forward cardiac output leads to hypoperfusion at rest which manifests as:
As the heart works harder to meet normal metabolic demands, the amount cardiac output can increase in times of increased oxygen demand (e.g. exercise) is reduced. This contributes to the exercise intolerance commonly seen in heart failure. This translates to the loss of one's cardiac reserve. The cardiac reserve refers to the ability of the heart to work harder during exercise or strenuous activity. Since the heart has to work harder to meet the normal metabolic demands, it is incapable of meeting the metabolic demands of the body during exercise.
HEART: Congestive heart failure, hydropic change
HEART: Congestive heart failure, hydropic change
HEART: Congestive heart failure, hydropic change
HEART: Congestive heart failure, hydropic change
HEART: Congestive heart failure, hydropic change
HEART: Congestive heart failure, hydropic change
Lung, congestion, heart failure cells (hemosiderin laden macrophages)
Lung, Congestive Heart Failure, bone marrow embolus
Lung, pulmonary edema in patient with congestive heart failure due to heart transplant rejection
HEART: Congestive heart failure, hydropic change
HEART Congestive heart failure, hydropic change
Spleen, congestion, congestive heart failure
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