Covered smut (barley)

	WikiDoc Resources for Covered smut (barley)
Articles
Most recent articles on Covered smut (barley) Most cited articles on Covered smut (barley) Review articles on Covered smut (barley) Articles on Covered smut (barley) in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
Media
Powerpoint slides on Covered smut (barley) Images of Covered smut (barley) Photos of Covered smut (barley) Podcasts & MP3s on Covered smut (barley) Videos on Covered smut (barley)
Evidence Based Medicine
Cochrane Collaboration on Covered smut (barley) Bandolier on Covered smut (barley) TRIP on Covered smut (barley)
Clinical Trials
Ongoing Trials on Covered smut (barley) at Clinical Trials.gov Trial results on Covered smut (barley) Clinical Trials on Covered smut (barley) at Google
Guidelines / Policies / Govt
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Covered smut (barley) NICE Guidance on Covered smut (barley) NHS PRODIGY Guidance FDA on Covered smut (barley) CDC on Covered smut (barley)
Books
Books on Covered smut (barley)
News
Covered smut (barley) in the news Be alerted to news on Covered smut (barley) News trends on Covered smut (barley)
Commentary
Blogs on Covered smut (barley)
Definitions
Definitions of Covered smut (barley)
Patient Resources / Community
Patient resources on Covered smut (barley) Discussion groups on Covered smut (barley) Patient Handouts on Covered smut (barley) Directions to Hospitals Treating Covered smut (barley) Risk calculators and risk factors for Covered smut (barley)
Healthcare Provider Resources
Symptoms of Covered smut (barley) Causes & Risk Factors for Covered smut (barley) Diagnostic studies for Covered smut (barley) Treatment of Covered smut (barley)
Continuing Medical Education (CME)
CME Programs on Covered smut (barley)
International
Covered smut (barley) en Espanol Covered smut (barley) en Francais
Business
Covered smut (barley) in the Marketplace Patents on Covered smut (barley)
Experimental / Informatics
List of terms related to Covered smut (barley)

Ustilago hordei
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi;
Division:	Basidiomycota;
Class:	Ustilaginomycetes;
Order:	Ustilaginales;
Genus:	Ustilago;
Species:	hordei;

Covered smut of barley is caused by the fungus Ustilago hordei. The disease is found worldwide and it is more extensively distributed than either loose smut or false loose smut.^[1]^[2]

Symptoms[edit | edit source]

Infected plants do not demonstrate symptoms until heading. Kernels of infected plants are replaced by masses of dark brown smut spores. Smutted heads are hard and compact. Infected plants may be stunted. Occasionally smut sori may also develop in leaf blades, where they appear as long streaks.

Disease cycle[edit | edit source]

Infection is seed-borne within the seed, the fungus penetrating the endosperm while the grain is being formed. Infected seeds give rise to systemically infected plants. The mycelium advances through the host tissue and becomes established behind the growing point.

The spores are not readily blown or washed away by wind or rain. At harvest, spore masses are broken up, scattering spores on grain. Frequently, masses of spores remain intact and appear in harvested grain. The fungus overwinters as teliospores on seed or in soil.

Pathotypes[edit | edit source]

At least 13 pathotypes are known; virulence is governed by at least three single recessive and independent gene pairs.

Management[edit | edit source]

Resistant cultivars and seed treatments are used to manage this disease.

Fungicides[edit | edit source]

Seed treatments: carboxin, fenpiclonil, tebuconazole, triadimenol, triticonazole.

External links[edit | edit source]

Extension publications[edit | edit source]

Research articles[edit | edit source]

Christ, B.J. (1988). "Relationship between abnormal germination of Ustilago hordei teliospores and reduction in smut" (PDF). CJPP. 10: 105–109. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)

Nielsen, J. (1993). "Host specificity of Ustilago avenae and U. hordei on eight species of Avena" (PDF). CJPP. 15: 14–16.

Willits, D.A. (1999). "Polymerase chain reaction detection of Ustilago hordei in leaves of susceptible and resistant barley varieties" (PDF). Phytopathology. 89: 212–217. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)

References[edit | edit source]

↑ Mathre, D.E. (1997). Compendium of barley diseases. American Phytopathological Society. pp. 120 pp.
↑ Martens, J.W. (1984). Diseases of field crops in Canada. Canadian Phytopathological Society. pp. 160 pp. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)

Template:WH Template:WS

[BarleyCompendium-1] Mathre, D.E. (1997). Compendium of barley diseases. American Phytopathological Society. pp. 120 pp.

[DiseasesOfFieldCrops-2] Martens, J.W. (1984). Diseases of field crops in Canada. Canadian Phytopathological Society. pp. 160 pp. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)

[1]

[2]