Infectious disease classification
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [3]
Overview[edit | edit source]
Among the almost infinite varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals.[1] Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen depends upon the ability of that pathogen to damage the host as well as the ability of the host to resist the pathogen. Infectious microorganisms, or microbes, are therefore classified as either primary pathogens or as opportunistic pathogens according to the status of host defenses.
Classification[edit | edit source]
Infectious disease are caused by pathogenic microorganisms. These disease can be categorized into 4 main categories:
- Bacterial infections
- Viral infecions
- Fungal infections
- Parasitic infections
Bacterial infections[edit | edit source]
Bacterial infections can be classified based on their cellular features and specificities including:
- Cellular wall thickness: Gram staining mathod
- Gram positive bacteria
- Gram negative bacteria
- Microscopic shape
- Bacillus shaped bacteria
- Branchig shaped bacteria
- Coccus shaped bacteria
- Coma shaped bacteria
- Use an O2-dependent system to generate ATP
- Aerobics
- Anaerobics
- Oxidative damage susceptibility=Catalase enzyme
- Catalase positive bacteria
- Catalase negative bacteria
- Oxidase containing method
- Oxidase positive bacteria
- Oxidase negative bacteria
- Lactose fermenting method
- Lactose fermenting bacteria
- Non-lactose fermenting bacteria
- Coagulase containing method
- Coagulase positive bacteria
- Coagulase negative bacteria
Viral classification:
- Genetic material
- DNA virus
- RNA virus
- Number of genetic copies in the virus
- Single stranded genome
- Double stranded genome
RNA viruses themselves can be categorized based on their ability to use host cell polymerizes or need to bring their own polymerizes with themselves into 2 categories:
- Positive stranded viruses
- Negative stranded viruses
Bacterial classification[edit | edit source]
| Bacteria | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gram staining | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gram positive | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Aerobic | Anerobic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bacillus shaped bacteria | Branching shaped bacteria | Bacillus shaped bacteria | Coccus shaped bacteria | Branching shaped bacteria | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Listeria Bacillus Corynebacterium | Nocardia | Clostridium Propionibacterium | Staphylococcus Streptococcus | Actinomyces | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gram negative | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Coccus shaped bacteria | Bacillus shaped bacteria | Comma shaped bacteria | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Campylobacter jejuni Vibrio cholerae Helicobacter pylori | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diplococcus shaped gram negative bacteria | Coccobacillus shaped gram negative bacteria | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Neisseria gonorrhoaea Neisseia meningtidis Moraxella | Haemophilus influenzae Pasteurella Brucella Bordetella pertussis Francisella tularensis | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lactose fermentation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Positive | Negative | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Klebsiella Escherichia coli Enterobacter Citrobacter Serratia | Pseudomonas Shigella Salmonella Yersinia Proteus | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Viral classification[edit | edit source]
| Virus classification | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Viral genome type | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DNA viruses | RNA viruses | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ssDNA | dsDNA | ssRNA | dsRNA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Parvovirus | Reoviridae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Linear genome | Circular genome | Positive strand | Negative strand | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Herpes virus Adenovirus Poxvirus Parvovirus | Papillomavirus Polyomavirus Hepadnavirus | Picornaviruses Hepevirus Caliciviruses Flaviviruses Togaviruses Retroviruses Coronaviruses Arenaviruses | Arenavirus Bunyavirus Paramyxovirus Orthomyxoviruses Filoviruses Rhabdoviruses | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fungal classification[edit | edit source]
| Mycology classification | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Main infectious sites and methods | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Systemic mycoses | Cutaneous mycoses | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Histoplasma Blastomyces Coccidioidomyces Paracoccidioidomyces | Opportunistic fungal infections | Candida albicans Aspergillus fumigatus Cryptococcus neoformans Mucor spp. Rhizopus spp. Pneumocystis jirovecii Sporothrix schenckii | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tinea dermatophytes | Tinea pityriasis versicolor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tinea capitis Tinea corporis Tinea cruris Tinea pedis Tinea unguium | Malassezia spp. (a Pityrosporum spp.) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parasitic classification[edit | edit source]
| Parasites classification | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Main categories | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ectoparasites | Protozoa | Worms | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sarcoptes scabiei Pediculus humanus Phthirus pubis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| gastrointestinal infections | CNS infections | hematologic infections | Visceral infections and Sexual transmitted diseases | Nematodes (roundworms) | Cestodes (tapeworms) | Trematodes (flukes) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Giardia lamblia Entamoeba histolytica Cryptosporidium | Toxoplasma gondii Naegleria fowleri Trypanosoma brucei | Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium malariae Babesia | Trypanosoma cruzi Leishmania donovani Trichomonas vaginalis | Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm) Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm) Ancylostoma duodenale Necator americanus (hookworms) Trichinella spiralis Trichuris trichiura (whipworm) Toxocara canis Onchocerca volvulus Loa loa Wuchereria bancrofti | Taenia solium Diphyllobothrium latum Echinococcus granulosus | Schistosoma Clonorchis sinensis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ This section incorporatespublic domain materials included in the text: Medical Microbiology Fourth Edition: Chapter 8 (1996) . Baron, Samuel MD. The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
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