Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [2] , Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [3],
Lung cancer must be differentiated from other conditions that cause hemoptysis, cough, dyspnea, wheezing, chest pain, dysphonia, dysphagia, unexplained weight loss, unexplained loss of appetite, and fatigue. These conditions include pneumonia, bronchitis, metastatic cancer from a non-thoracic primary site, infectious granuloma, pulmonary tuberculosis, tracheal tumors, and a thyroid mass.
Abrevations:
HPV: human papillomavirus; CEA: Carcino embryogenic antigen; TTF1: Thyroid transcription factor-1; EMA: Epithelial membrane antigen; CK: Cyto keratin; CD: Cluster differentiation; NCAM: Neural Cell Differentiation Molecule; MMP's: Mettaloprotineases matrix ; GFAP: Glial fibrocilliary acid protein | ||||||||||
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Benign Lung Tumors[2] | ||||||||||
Benign lung tumor | Risk/Epidemiology | Pleuripotent cells | Topography | Gross | Histology | Immunohistochemistry | Imaging | Metastasis | ||
Papilloma[3] | Squamous cell papilloma |
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Glandular papilloma |
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Adenoma[4] | Alveolar adenoma |
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Papillary adenoma[5] |
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Mucinous cystadenoma |
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Malignant Lung Tumors[6] | ||||||||||
Variants of lung carcinoma | Risk Factors/Epidemiology | Pleuripotent cell | Topography | Gross | Histology | Immunohistochemistry | Imaging | Metastasis | ||
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)[7] | Papillary |
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Clear cell |
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Basaloid |
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Small cell carcinoma[8] |
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Adenocarcinoma[9][10][11] | Acinar adenocarcinoma |
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Aerogenous spread is characteristic
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Papillary adenocarcinoma |
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Bronchio-alveolar carcinoma | Non-mucinous | |||||||||
Mucinous |
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Mixed non-mucinous and mucinous or indeterminate |
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Solid adenocarcinoma with mucin production | Fetal adenocarcinoma |
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Mucinous (“colloid”) carcinoma |
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Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma |
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Signet ring adenocarcinoma |
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Clear cell adenocarcinoma |
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Variants of lung carcinoma | Risk Factors/Epidemiology | Pleuripotent cell | Topography | Gross | Histology | Immunohistochemistry | Imaging | Metastasis | ||
Large cell carcinoma[12] | Basaloid large cell carcinoma of the lung |
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Clear cell carcinoma of the lung | ||||||||||
Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the lung |
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Large-cell lung carcinoma with rhabdoid phenotype |
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Mixed type |
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Variants of lung carcinoma | Risk Factors/Epidemiology | Pleuripotent cell | Topography | Gross | Histology | Immunohistochemistry | Imaging | Metastasis | ||
Sarcomatoid carcinoma[13] | Carcinosarcoma |
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Spindle cell carcinoma |
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Giant cell carcinoma |
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Pleomorphic carcinoma |
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Pulmonary blastoma |
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Variants of lung carcinoma | Risk Factors/Epidemiology | Pleuripotent cell | Topography | Gross | Histology | Immunohistochemistry | Imaging | Metastasis | ||
Carcinoid tumor[14] | Typical carcinoid
Atypical carcinoid |
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Salivary gland tumors[15] | Mucoepidermoid carcinoma |
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Adenoid cystic carcinoma |
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Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma |
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Variants of lung carcinoma | Risk Factors/Epidemiology | Pleuripotent cell | Topography | Gross | Histology | Immunohistochemistry | Imaging | Metastasis | ||
Preinvasive lesions[16] | Squamous carcinoma in situ |
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Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia |
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Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia |
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Variants of lung carcinoma | Risk Factors/Epidemiology | Pleuripotent cell | Topography | Gross | Histology | Immunohistochemistry | Imaging | Metastasis | ||
Mesenchymal tumors[17] | Epithelioid haemangioendothelioma / Angiosarcoma |
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Pleuropulmonary blastoma |
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Chondroma |
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Congenital peribronchial myofibroblastic tumor |
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Diffuse pulmonary lymphangiomatosis |
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Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor |
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Pulmonary artery sarcoma |
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Pulmonary vein sarcoma |
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Disease | Clinical features
Signs & symptoms |
Radiological Findings | Characterstic feature | ||||||||
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Fever | Cough | Hemoptysis | Dyspnea | Chest pain | Weight loss | Night sweats | |||||
High-grade | Low grade | Productive | Dry | ||||||||
Acute Lung abscess | + | - | + | - | - | - | + | - | - |
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Malignancy | - | + | - | + | + | - | - | + | + |
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis | + | - | + | - | + | - | - | - | + |
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Necrotizing Pneumonia | + | - | + | + | - | + | - | - |
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Empyema | + | - | + | - | + | + | + | - | - |
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Bronchiectasis | - | - | + | - | + | - | - | - | - |
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Wegners granulomatosis | - | - | + | + | + | - | - | - |
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Sarcoidosis | + | - | + | - | + | - | - | + | + |
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Rheumatoid nodule | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | + | - |
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Langerhans cell Histiocytosis | - | - | - | - | - | + | + | + | - |
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Bronchiolitis obliterans | - | - | + | - | + | + | + | - | - |
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