Nausea and vomiting risk factors

• Risk factors for nausea and vomiting vary with underlying cause.

• Well established risk factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting include: ^[1]
  • female gender post puberty
  • nonsmoking status
  • history of postoperative nausea and vomiting
  • history of motion sickness
  • childhood after infancy and younger adulthood
  • increasing duration of surgery
  • use of volatile anesthetics, nitrous oxide, large-dose neostigmine, or intraoperative or postoperative opioids
• Possible risk factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting include: ^[1]
  • history of migraine
  • history of postoperative nausea and vomiting or motion sickness in a child's parent or sibling
  • intense preoperative anxiety
  • certain ethnicities or surgery types
  • decreased perioperative fluids
  • crystalloid versus colloid administration
  • increasing duration of anesthesia
  • general versus regional anesthesia or sedation
  • balanced versus total IV anesthesia
  • use of longer-acting versus shorter-acting opioids

• Risk factors for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy include: ^[2]
  • increased number of prior miscarriages
  • increased gravidity
  • risk decreased with increasing age
  • twin births
  • Increased risk of nausea and vomiting after first trimester is seen in women who are less well educated, have lower incomes, and more likely in black women.

• Risk factors for chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting: ^{[3] [4]}
  • age less than 50 years
  • female gender
  • history of nausea and vomiting or motion sickness
  • type of antineoplastic agent and how it is used

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