Non-Hodgkin lymphoma overview

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Preeti Singh, M.B.B.S.[2]

Overview[edit | edit source]

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs), are diverse group of blood cancers that include any kind of lymphoma except Hodgkin's lymphomas. Lymphomas are types of cancer derived from lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma may be classified into subtypes according to updated WHO classification and rate of growth. There are no established causes for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma must be differentiated from Hodgkin's disease, viral infections, metastatic carcinoma, and autoimmune diseases. In 2015, the incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma was estimated to be 24 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States. In the United States, the age-adjusted prevalence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma is 131.1 per 100,000 individuals in 2011. The known risk factors in the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are weakened immune system, autoimmune disorders, certain infections and previous cancer treatment. Other possible risk factors include positive family history of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, exposure to pesticides, exposure to trichloroethylene, diet, obesity, hair dyes, and occupational exposures. Common complications of non-Hodgkin lymphoma include autoimmune hemolytic anemia and infection. The indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma types are associated with a relatively good prognosis. According to the Ann Arbor staging system, there are four stages of non-Hodgkin lymphoma based on the number of nodes and extra nodal involvement. The most common symptom of non-Hodgkin lymphoma is painless swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck, underarm (axilla), or groin. Other symptoms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma may include fever, weight loss, poor appetite, night sweats, constant fatigue, itchy skin, reddened patches on the skin, cough, shortness of breath, abdominal pain or swelling, constipation, nausea, vomiting, headache, concentration problems, personality changes, and seizures. Common physical examination findings of non-Hodgkin lymphoma include fever, pruritus, petechiae, chest tenderness, abdominal tenderness, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, peripheral lymphadenopathy, seizures, and central lymphadenopathy. Laboratory tests for non-Hodgkin lymphoma include complete blood count (CBC), blood chemistry studies, HIV blood test, and hepatitis B blood test. On chest x ray, non-Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by nodules and pleural effusion. CT and MRI scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. On ultrasound, non-Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. Lymph node or extra nodal tissue biopsy is diagnostic of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. PET and bone scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Other diagnostic studies for the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma include bone marrow aspiration, bone marrow biopsy, and lumbar puncture. The predominant therapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma is chemotherapy. Adjunctive radiation, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplantation may be required. Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Classification[edit | edit source]

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma may be classified into subtypes according to updated WHO classification and rate of growth.

Causes[edit | edit source]

There are no established causes for non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Differential Diagnosis[edit | edit source]

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma must be differentiated from Hodgkin's disease, viral infections, metastatic carcinoma, and autoimmune diseases.

Epidemiology and Demographics[edit | edit source]

In 2015, the incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma was estimated to be 24 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States. In the United States, the age-adjusted prevalence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma is 131.1 per 100,000 individuals in 2011.

Risk Factors[edit | edit source]

The known risk factors in the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are weakened immune system, autoimmune disorders, certain infections and previous cancer treatment. Other possible risk factors include positive family history of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, exposure to pesticides, exposure to trichloroethylene, diet, obesity, hair dyes, and occupational exposures.

Complications and Prognosis[edit | edit source]

Common complications of non-Hodgkin lymphoma include autoimmune hemolytic anemia and infection. The indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma types are associated with a relatively good prognosis.

Diagnosis[edit | edit source]

Staging[edit | edit source]

According to the Ann Arbor staging system, there are four stages of non-Hodgkin lymphoma based on the number of nodes and extra nodal involvement.

Symptoms[edit | edit source]

The most common symptom of non-Hodgkin lymphoma is painless swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck, underarm (axilla), or groin. Other symptoms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma may include fever, weight loss, poor appetite, night sweats, constant fatigue, itchy skin, reddened patches on the skin, cough, shortness of breath, abdominal pain or swelling, constipation, nausea, vomiting, headache, concentration problems, personality changes, and seizures.

Physical Examination[edit | edit source]

Common physical examination findings of non-Hodgkin lymphoma include fever, pruritus, petechiae, chest tenderness, abdominal tenderness, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, peripheral lymphadenopathy, seizures, and central lymphadenopathy.

Laboratory Tests[edit | edit source]

Laboratory tests for non-Hodgkin lymphoma include complete blood count (CBC), blood chemistry studies, HIV blood test, and hepatitis B blood test.

Chest X Ray[edit | edit source]

On chest x ray, non-Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by nodules and pleural effusion.

CT[edit | edit source]

Chest, abdomen, and pelvis CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

MRI[edit | edit source]

MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Ultrasound[edit | edit source]

On ultrasound, non-Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by hepatomegaly and splenomegaly.

Biopsy[edit | edit source]

Lymph node or extra nodal tissue biopsy is diagnostic of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Other Imaging Findings[edit | edit source]

PET and bone scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Other Diagnostic Studies[edit | edit source]

Other diagnostic studies for the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma include bone marrow aspiration, bone marrow biopsy, and lumbar puncture.

Treatment[edit | edit source]

Medical Therapy[edit | edit source]

The predominant therapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma is chemotherapy. Adjunctive radiation, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplantation may be required.

Surgery[edit | edit source]

Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

References[edit | edit source]

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