Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2]
Writing is quite different from speaking. During speaking you can add expressions to what you say. Expressions mean what you do with your voice, or with your hands and face, while you are talking. You can make your voice go up or down; you can make it loud or soft, you can pause, hesitate or repeat things. But in writing, there are no voices or faces or hands to give expressions.
Written words are just flat on the page. To bring them to life, you need punctuation marks:
Full stop . Question mark ? Exclamation mark ! Comma , Colon : Semicolon ; Dash - Brackets ( )
Whether a sentence is short or long, it needs a full stop at the end. Full stops come at the end of complete sentences. You can put as much information into one long sentence as you can put into several short ones. Good writing is a mixture of short, medium, and long sentences.
There are sentences which ask you something. Questions, as you would expect, end with a question mark, and like all sentences they begin with a capital letter.
Exclamation mark is used for sentences which have expressions, such as anger, surprise, urgency, amusement or annoyance in them. An urgent or angry command can have an exclamation mark. Commands can be very short, sometimes as short as one word.
The job of the comma is to make sentences-particularly longer sentences-easier to read. When you are reading aloud, commas usually mark a slight pause, or change of voice.
Often when you name someone, or something, you need a description as well. Do not forget to put space after comma.
A comma is useful between the name and the description.
Commas are also useful to show the joints in a sentence: for example, where a phrase or clause has been added, or two sentences made into one.
Commas are particularly important when the sentence has an extra part stuck in the middle. When this happens there should be a comma before and after the extra part.
A semicolon marks a bigger break than a comma but does not replace a full stop. Unlike a comma, a semicolon can go between two sentences. Use a semicolon if the sentences are alike, or belong together. Unlike full stops, semicolons can come in the middle of sentences. Use them only when you want a strong break between two parts of your sentence.
Use a colon when you have a list of things coming after a heading. A colon is used before giving an example – or examples – of something. You also use a colon between two sentences, when the first one says something, and the second one says what you mean by it. Colons are often found before instructions even if they are pictures.
Brackets come in pairs, with words, phrases, or sentences inside them. Inside brackets, you put things that may be helpful, but not really necessary. Sometimes just a part of a sentence is in brackets.
Dashes are sometimes used to mark a big break, or interruption, in a sentence. A dash can be used like a colon. Sometimes dashes are used instead of brackets. Dashes are very useful in writing speech and they are also very useful for showing where someone is interrupted, and doesn’t finish what they’re saying.
When you start a new sentence, you should use a capital letter. Proper nouns-the words which name people, places or things – also begin with a capital letter, wherever they come in a sentence.
For singular words you always show belonging by ‘s. Even if a singular word already ends in –s, you still add ‘s. If the word ends in –s because it’s plural, the apostrophe goes after it. If the word is plural but it doesn’t end in –s, then stick to ‘s. Don’t make the common mistake of putting an apostrophe wherever you see an s. Most words that end in –s are just plain plurals. The –s on the in is not for belonging, so there is NO apostrophe! There is an odd-one-out you have to remember: its. When its means there’s something belonging to it, there’s no apostrophe. When it’s short for it is, there is an apostrophe.
Bullet points help to make what you’re saying more clear. They break up blocks of text into tidy chunks so the reader can take in what you’re saying. They present lists in a clear format so people can see, it’s a list.
When using bullets, be consistent throughout the document with the formatting (e.g. capital letters and punctuation at the start and end of each bullet). Most often, bullets should be indented by at least an inch from the left margin. Also, most lists included in academic papers must be double spaced and properly referenced. The text introducing the list of bullet points should end with a colon. The first word in each entry is normally capitalized. When the entries look like titles, they may use title capitalization.
i.e. is Latin for id est and means that is or in other words. Use i.e. before clarifying or adding to the previous statement.
e.g. is Latin for exempli gratia and means for example. Use e.g. before listing examples of the previous statement.
Users of American English frequently put a comma after i.e. and e.g. Note that it is not necessary to set these abbreviations in italics in normal use
It is more professional to use such as instead of like. Also, use as well as instead of and.
Code for reference should be inserted at the end of sentence, after period.
Coagulation necrosis, characterized by Hypereosinophilia and nuclear pyknosis followed by karyorrhexis, karyolysis, total loss of nuclei and loss of cytoplasmic cross-striations is generally first visible in the period from 4,12 hours following infarction. necrotic myocytes may retain their striations for a long time
Neutrophilic infiltration (Acute inflammation) edema and hemorrhage are also first visible at 4-12 hours but generally closer to 12 hours. the interstitium at the margin of the Infarcted area is initially infiltrated with Neutrophils, then with Lymphocytes and Macrophages, who phagocytose or eat the myocyte debris; The necrotic area is surrounded and progressively invaded by granulation tissue: which will replace the infarct with a fibrous or collagenous scar (which are typical steps in wound healing). the interstitial space or the space between cells outside of blood vessels may be infiltrated with red blood cells.
Infiltration by macrophages, lymphocytes, eosinophils, fibroblasts and capillaries begins around the periphery at 3-10 days. contraction band necrosis, characterized by hypereosinophilic transverse bands of precipitated Myofibrils in dead myocytes is usually seen at the edge of an Infarct or with reperfusion for example with Thrombolytic therapy.
Acute Bronchitis may be caused by either Viral bacterial or environmental factor.
Influenza virus is the most common overall cause
other causes's of Acute bronchitis are mostly viruses including;