Respiratory failure causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: M. Khurram Afzal, MD [2]

Overview[edit | edit source]

Common causes of respiratory failure include pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, acute respiratory distress syndrome, atelectasis, asthma, COPD, neuromuscular and chest wall disorders, inadequate post-operative analgesia, smoking, obesity and shock. Life-threatening causes of respiratory failure include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute on chronic respiratory failure, pulmonary infection, pulmonary embolism, heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia and lung cancer.

Causes[edit | edit source]

Life-threatening causes[edit | edit source]

Life-threatening causes of respiratory failure include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute on chronic respiratory failure, pulmonary infection, pulmonary embolism, heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia and lung cancer.^[1]

Causes of respiratory failure based on classification of disease[edit | edit source]

Causes of respiratory failure based on classification of disease include:^[2]

Type I respiratory failure:
- Pneumonia
- Cardiogenic pulmonary edema
  - Caused by increased hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary capillaries
- Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema
  - Caused by increased permeability in the pulmonary capillaries
  - Acute lung injury
  - Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
- Pulmonary embolism
- Atelectasis
- Pulmonary fibrosis

Type II respiratory failure:
- Central hypoventilation
- Asthma
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  - Hypoxemia and hypercapnia often coexist
- Neuromuscular and chest wall disorders
- Obesity hypoventilation syndrome

Type III respiratory failure:
- Inadequate post-operative analgesia
  - Upper abdominal incision
- Obesity
- Ascites
- Pre-operative tobacco smoking
- Excessive airway secretions

Type IV respiratory failure:

Drugs that can cause respiratory failure[edit | edit source]

Common drugs that can cause respiratory failure include:^[4]^[5]

Causes by Organ System[edit | edit source]

Cardiovascular	Atrial septal defect (ostium primum), Ebstein anomaly, Eisenmenger syndrome, Fallot tetralogy, Pulmonary valve stenosis, Transposition of great arteries, Tricuspid valve stenosis, Ventricular septal defect, Heart failure, Cardiac arrhythmia, Shock
Chemical / poisoning	3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate, Abrin, Aldicarb, Alpha-amanitin, Barium nitrate, Bungarotoxin, Carbon monoxide poisoning, Ceritinib Cocaine, Cone snail, Furfural, Snakebites (Patient information)
Congenital	Atrial septal defect (ostium primum), Bland-White-Garland Syndrome, Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome, Congenital diaphragmatic hernia, Fallot tetralogy, Fetal circulation, persistent, Respiratory distress syndrome (neonatal)
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Codeine, Clozapine, Crizotinib, Cyclophosphamide, Desmopressin, Dornase Alfa, Fentanyl, Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid, galsulfase, Heroin, Idursulfase, interferon alfacon-1, Ixabepilone, Ketamine, Lidocaine, Labetalol, Lorazepam, Morphine, Nitrazepam, Opiate, Oxymorphone, Pegylated interferon alfa-2b, Pramipexole, Procainamide (patient information), Rasburicase, Sodium thiopental, Tretinoin, Triazolam, Vincristine sulfate liposome, Zopiclone
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	Asbestosis, Coal worker pneumoconiosis, Smoke inhalation, Sulfur dioxide
Gastroenterologic	Hepatic failure, Hepatopulmonary syndrome
Genetic	Achondrogenesis, Acute Porphyria, Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, Atelosteogenesis, type II, Becker's muscular dystrophy, Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency, Cystic fibrosis, Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy, Familial dysautonomia, Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia, Osteogenesis imperfecta, Thanatophoric dysplasia
Hematologic	Acute Porphyria, Cholesterol Emboli Syndrome, Fat embolism, Sepsis
Iatrogenic	Blood transfusion, EVAR
Infectious Disease	Babesiosis, Botulism, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Heartworm, Post-polio syndrome, Rabies, Tetanus
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Kyphoscoliosis
Neurologic	Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Meningitis, Polyrediculitis, Zellweger syndrome
Nutritional / Metabolic	Metabolic Acidosis
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Malignant Mesothelioma
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	Acetylsalicylic acid, Alcohol, Bufotenin, Clitocybe dealbata, Colchicine, Cytisine, Dicofol, Saxitoxin, Tetrodotoxin, Tick paralysis, Vinyl chloride
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Acute lung syndrome, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, Atelectasis, Bronchial asthma, Bronchiectasis, Bronchiolitis, Bronchiolitis obliterans, Bronchogenic carcinoma, Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Cystic adenomatoid malformation of lung, Emphysema, Eosinophilic pneumonia, Fibrosing alveolitis, Flail chest, Interstitial fibrosis, Laryngo-/Bronchospasm, Legionella pneumophila, Pleural effusion, Pneumonia, Pneumothorax, Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, Pulmonary arterio-venous malformation, Pulmonary edema, Pulmonary embolism, Pulmonary hypertension, Pulmonary oedema, Restrictive Lung Disease, Status asthmaticus, Lung cancer
Renal / Electrolyte	Electrolyte abnormalities
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Acute motor axonal neuropathy, Anaphylaxis, Angioedema, Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome, Devic's disease, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Hamman-Rich Syndrome, Myasthenia Gravis, Satoyoshi syndrome
Trauma	Ebstein anomaly, Flail chest
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Aspiration, Foreign body, Malignant hyperpyrexia, Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, Near-drowning, Reye's syndrome

Causes in Alphabetical Order[edit | edit source]

3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate
Acute lung syndrome
Acute on chronic respiratory failure
Abrin
Acetylsalicylic acid
Achondrogenesis
Acute lung injury
Acute motor axonal neuropathy
Acute Porphyria
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Alcohol
Aldicarb
Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
Alpha-amanitin
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Anaphylaxis
Angioedema
Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome
Asbestosis
Ascites
Aspiration
Asthma
Atelectasis
Atelosteogenesis, type II
Atrial septal defect (ostium primum)
Azacitidine
Babesiosis
Barium nitrate
Becker's muscular dystrophy
Bland-White-Garland Syndrome
Blood transfusion
Botulism
Bronchial asthma
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiolitis obliterans
Bronchiolitis
Bronchogenic carcinoma
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Bufotenin
Bungarotoxin
Central hypoventilation
Coal worker pneumoconiosis
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Cardiac arrhythmia
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema
Cardiogenic shock
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency
Ceritinib
Cholesterol Emboli Syndrome
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Clitocybe dealbata
Clozapine
Cocaine
Codeine
Colchicine
Cone snail
Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
Crizotinib
Cyclophosphamide
Cystic adenomatoid malformation of lung
Cystic fibrosis
Cytisine
Desmopressin
Devic's disease
Dicofol
Dornase Alfa
Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
Excessive airway secretions
Ebstein anomaly
Eisenmenger syndrome
Emphysema
Eosinophilic pneumonia
EVAR
Fallot tetralogy
Familial dysautonomia
Fat embolism
Fentanyl
Fetal circulation, persistent
Fibrosing alveolitis
Flail chest
Foreign body
Furfural
galsulfase
Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Hamman-Rich Syndrome
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
Heart failure
Heartworm
Hepatic failure
Hepatopulmonary syndrome
Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia
Heroin
Hypovolemic shock
Inadequate post-operative analgesia
Idursulfase
interferon alfacon-1
Interstitial fibrosis
Ixabepilone
Ketamine
Kyphoscoliosis
Labetalol
Laryngo-/Bronchospasm
Legionella pneumophila
Lidocaine
Lorazepam
Lung cancer
Malignant hyperpyrexia
Malignant Mesothelioma
Meningitis
Metabolic Acidosis
Morphine
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
Myasthenia Gravis
Myopathies
Near-drowning
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema
Neuropathies
Nitrazepam
Obesity
Opiate
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Oxymorphone
Pegylated interferon alfa-2b
Pleural effusion
Pneumonia
Pneumothorax
Polyrediculitis
Post-polio syndrome
Pramipexole
Procainamide
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
Pulmonary arterio-venous malformation
Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary fibrosis
Pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary valve stenosis
Pulmonary infection
Pre-operative tobacco smoking
Rabies
Rasburicase
Respiratory distress syndrome (neonatal)
Restrictive Lung Disease
Reye's syndrome
Sulfur dioxide
Satoyoshi syndrome
Saxitoxin
Sepsis
Septic shock
Shock
Smoke inhalation
Snakebites
Sodium thiopental
Status asthmaticus
Tetanus
Tetrodotoxin
Thanatophoric dysplasia
Tick paralysis
Transposition of great arteries
Tretinoin
Triazolam
Tricuspid valve stenosis
Upper abdominal incision
Ventricular septal defect
Vincristine *sulfate liposome
Vinyl chloride
Zellweger syndrome
Zopiclone

References[edit | edit source]

↑ Zielinski J, MacNee W, Wedzicha J, Ambrosino N, Braghiroli A, Dolensky J, Howard P, Gorzelak K, Lahdensuo A, Strom K, Tobiasz M, Weitzenblum E (February 1997). "Causes of death in patients with COPD and chronic respiratory failure". Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 52 (1): 43–7. PMID 9151520.
↑ "Respiratory Failure | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)".
↑ Roy TM, Walker JF, Farrow JR (April 1991). "Respiratory failure associated with myasthenia gravis". J Ky Med Assoc. 89 (4): 169–73. PMID 2040830.
↑ Caruso AL, Bouillon TW, Schumacher PM, Luginbuhl M, Morari M (2007). "Drug-induced respiratory depression: an integrated model of drug effects on the hypercapnic and hypoxic drive". Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2007: 4259–63. doi:10.1109/IEMBS.2007.4353277. PMID 18002943.
↑ Wilson KC, Saukkonen JJ (2004). "Acute respiratory failure from abused substances". J Intensive Care Med. 19 (4): 183–93. doi:10.1177/0885066604263918. PMID 15296619.

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[pmid9151520-1] Zielinski J, MacNee W, Wedzicha J, Ambrosino N, Braghiroli A, Dolensky J, Howard P, Gorzelak K, Lahdensuo A, Strom K, Tobiasz M, Weitzenblum E (February 1997). "Causes of death in patients with COPD and chronic respiratory failure". Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 52 (1): 43–7. PMID 9151520.

[Source:_National_Heart,_Lung,_and_Blood_Institute;_National_Institutes_of_Health;_U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services.urlRespiratory_Failure_|_National_Heart,_Lung,_and_Blood_Institute_(NHLBI)-2] "Respiratory Failure | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)".

[pmid2040830-3] Roy TM, Walker JF, Farrow JR (April 1991). "Respiratory failure associated with myasthenia gravis". J Ky Med Assoc. 89 (4): 169–73. PMID 2040830.

[pmid18002943-4] Caruso AL, Bouillon TW, Schumacher PM, Luginbuhl M, Morari M (2007). "Drug-induced respiratory depression: an integrated model of drug effects on the hypercapnic and hypoxic drive". Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2007: 4259–63. doi:10.1109/IEMBS.2007.4353277. PMID 18002943.

[pmid15296619-5] Wilson KC, Saukkonen JJ (2004). "Acute respiratory failure from abused substances". J Intensive Care Med. 19 (4): 183–93. doi:10.1177/0885066604263918. PMID 15296619.

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