Categories
  Encyclosphere.org ENCYCLOREADER
  supported by EncyclosphereKSF

10th century in literature

From Wikipedia - Reading time: 25 min

Medieval and Renaissance literature
Early medieval
Medieval

By century

European Renaissance
Literature portal

This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in the 10th century.

Works

[edit]
Title Author Description Date
Book of Fixed Stars Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi Treatise on astronomy including a star catalogue and star charts c. 964[1]
The Pillow Book Sei Shōnagon diary / journal / memoire c. 990s-1000s Japan
Kavijanasrayam Malliya Rechana Telugu poetic prosody book c. 900-950
Paphnutius Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim Play c. 935-1002
Vikramarjuna Vijaya Adikavi Pampa Kannada version of the epic Mahabharata c. 939?
Al-Tasrif Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi Medical encyclopedia Completed in 1000[2]
Josippon Joseph ben Gorion History of the Jews from the destruction of Babylon to the Siege of Jerusalem 940[3]
Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity Brethren of Purity Philosophical-scientific encyclopedia 10th century[4]
Aleppo Codex Shlomo ben Buya'aa Copy of the Bible 920[5]
De Administrando Imperio Constantine VII Political geography of the world c. 950[6]
Three Treatises on Imperial Military Expeditions Associated with Constantine VII Treatises providing information on military campaigns in Asia Minor Based on material compiled in the early 10th century, current form dates to the late 950s[7]
Geoponica Compiled under the patronage of Constantine VII Agricultural manual[8] Compiled in its present form in the 10th century[9]
Þórsdrápa Eilífr Goðrúnarson[10] Skaldic poem with Thor as its protagonist 10th century[11]
Hákonarmál Eyvindr skáldaspillir Poem composed in memory of Haakon I of Norway After 961[12]
"Háleygjatal" Eyvindr skáldaspillir Poem seeking to establish the Hlaðir dynasty as the social equal of the Hárfagri dynasty[13] End of the 10th century[14]
Kitab al-Aghani Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani Collection of songs, biographical information, and information relating to the lives and customs of the early Arabs and of the Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates[15] 10th century[16]
Shahnameh Ferdowsi Epic poem Begun c. 977, finished 1010[17]
Benedictional of St. Æthelwold Godeman (a scribe) for Æthelwold of Winchester Benedictional including pontifical benedictions for use at mass at different points of the liturgical year Written and illuminated between 963 and 984[18]
Tactica of Emperor Leo VI the Wise Leo VI the Wise Handbook dealing with military formations and weapons Early 10th century[19]
Exeter Book Given to Exeter Cathedral by Bishop Leofric Collection of Old English poetry, including "The Wife's Lament" Copied c. 975[20]
"Deor" Given to Exeter Cathedral by Bishop Leofric (part of the Exeter Book)[20] The only surviving Old English poem with a fully developed refrain; possibly of a Norse background[21] Copied c. 975[20]
"The Rhyming Poem" Given to Exeter Cathedral by Bishop Leofric (part of the Exeter Book)[20] Poem in couplets utilising rhyme, which was rarely used in Anglo-Saxon literature[22] Copied c. 975[20]
Extensive Records of the Taiping Era Compiled by Li Fang Collection of anecdotes and stories 977–78[23]
Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era Compiled by Li Fang Encyclopedia 984[24]
Greek Anthology Originally compiled by Meleager, combined by Constantinus Cephalas with works by Philippus of Thessalonica, Diogenianus, Agathias and others; part of a later revision compiled by Maximus Planudes Collection of Greek epigrams, songs, epitaphs and rhetorical exercises Originally compiled in the 1st century BCE, expanded in the 9th century, revised and augmented in the 10th century, expanded again from a manuscript compiled in 1301[25]
Wamyō Ruijushō (倭名類聚抄) Compiled by Minamoto no Shitagō (源 順) Collection of Japanese terms Mid-930s[26]
Gosen Wakashū (後撰和歌集) Ordered by Emperor Murakami Imperial waka anthology c. 951[27]
Yamato Monogatari (大和物語) Unknown Uta monogatari (narrative fiction with waka poetry) c. 951-956
History of the Prophets and Kings Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari Universal history Unfinished at the time of Tabari's death in 956[28]
Praecepta Militaria Attributed to Nikephoros II Phokas Military manual 965[29]
Escorial Taktikon Edited by Nikolaos Oikonomides (1972)[30] Precedence list Drawn up between 975 and 979[31]
Bodhi Vamsa Upatissa of Upatissa Nuwara Prose poem describing the bringing of a branch of the Bodhi tree to Sri Lanka in the 3rd century c. 980[32]
Old History of the Five Dynasties Xue Juzheng Account of China's Five Dynasties 974[33]
Chronicon Salernitanum Anonymous[34] Annals 974[35]
Chronicon Æthelweardi Æthelweard Latin version of Anglo-Saxon Chronicle After 975 and probably before 983[36]
Gesta Berengarii imperatoris Anonymous[37] Epic poem Early 10th century[38]
Kokin Wakashū (古今和歌集) Compiled by a committee of bureaucrats recognised as superior poets Anthology of Japanese poetry Compiled c. 905[39]
Annales Cambriae Diverse sources Chronicle believed to cover a period beginning 447 c. 970[40]
Waltharius Unknown Frankish monk Epic poem about the Germanic Heroic Age First circulated/published c. 850 to c. 950[41]
Leofric Missal Unknown scribes Service book Core written c. 900, with an addition made c. 980[42]
"Eiríksmál" Unknown Poem composed in memory of Eric Bloodaxe Probably 10th century[12]
Khaboris Codex Unknown Oldest known copy of the New Testament 10th century[43]
Suda Unknown[44] Encyclopedia 10th century[45]
Tractatus coislinianus Unknown Manuscript containing a statement of a Greek theory of comedy 10th century[46]
Beowulf Unknown Epic Believed to have been written between the 7th and 10th centuries[47]
Ishinpō Tanba Yasunori Encyclopedia of Chinese medicine Issued in 982[48]
Hudud al-'alam Unknown Concise geography of the world Begun 982–983[49]
Ōjōyōshū Genshin Kanbun Buddhist text 985
Karnataka Kadambari Nagavarma I Romance in champu (mixed prose and verse) Late 10th century
Chhandombudhi Nagavarma I Treatise on prosody in Vijayanagara literature in Kannada c. 990
Completes the first draft of Shahnameh (The Book of Kings) Ferdowsi a long epic poem, the national epic of Greater Iran 999[50]
Tomida femina Anonymous Charm, the oldest known complete Occitan poem 10th century
The Battle of Maldon Anonymous Old English heroic poem (earliest manuscript lost 1731) Between the Battle of Maldon in Spring 991 and 1000?[51]
Passio Sancti Eadmundi Abbo of Fleury Hagiographic account of the death of Edmund the Martyr 10th century

Authors

[edit]
Name Description Dates
Abu Firas al-Hamdani Arab poet 932–968[52]
Abū Kāmil Shujāʿ ibn Aslam Algebraist c. 850 – c. 930[53]
Ælfric of Eynsham Author of homilies in Old English, and three works to assist in learning Latin, the Grammar, the Glossary and the Colloquy (probably with Aelfric Bata. Also a Bible translator c. 955 – c. 1010[54]
Æthelweard Anglo-Saxon historian Before 973 – c. 998[55]
Akazome Emon (赤染衛門) Japanese waka poet fl. 976–1041[56]
Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri Philosopher born in modern Iran Died 992[57]
Al-Maʿarri Arab poet born near Aleppo, Syria 973–1057[58]
Al-Masudi Arab historian and geographer c. 896 – 956[59]
Al-Mutanabbi Arabic poet 915–965[60]
Ibn al-Nadim Author of the Fehrest, an encyclopedia c. 932 – c. 990[61]
Al-Natili Arabic-language author in the medical field fl. c. 985–90[62]
Alchabitius Author of Al-madkhal ilā sināʿat Aḥkām al-nujūm, a treatise on astrology; from Iraq fl. c. 950[63]
Aldred the Scribe Author of the glosses in the Lindisfarne Gospels 10th century[64]
Alhazen Mathematician, died in Cairo c. 965 – c. 1040[65]
Asser Welsh biographer and bishop, died in Sherborne died 1909[66]
Bal'ami Vizier to the Samanids and translator of the Ṭabarī into Persian Died c. 992–7[67]
Abu-Shakur Balkhi Persian writer 915–960s[68]
Abu Zayd al-Balkhi Persian Muslim polymath 849–934[69]
Rabia Balkhi Arabic- and Persian-language poet Died 940[70]
Bard Boinne Described in the Annals of the Four Masters as the "chief poet of Ireland" Died 932[71]
Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī Arab astronomer c. 850 – c. 929[72]
David ben Abraham al-Fasi Karaite lexicographer from Fes 10th century[73]
Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī Scholar and polymath of the late Samanids and early Ghaznavids 973 – after 1050[74]
Abū al-Wafā' Būzjānī Mathematician and astronomer; author of Kitāb fī mā yaḥtaj ilayh al-kuttāb wa'l-ʿummāl min ʾilm al-ḥisāb, an arithmetic textbook; of Persian descent 940 – 997 or 998[75]
Cináed ua hArtacáin Irish poet and author of dinsenchas poems Died 974[76]
Constantine VII Byzantine emperor and author of De Administrando Imperio and De Ceremoniis 905–959[77]
Abu-Mansur Daqiqi Poet, probably born in Ṭūs After 932 – c. 976[78]
Shabbethai Donnolo Italian physician and writer on medicine and astrology 913 – after 982[79]
Egill Skallagrímsson Viking skald and adventurer c. 910 – c. 990[80]
Eilífr Goðrúnarson Icelandic skald c. 1000[81]
Einarr Helgason Skald for Norwegian ruler Haakon Sigurdsson fl. late 10th century[82]
Patriarch Eutychius of Alexandria Author of a history of the world and treatises on medicine and theology 876–940[83]
Eysteinn Valdason Icelandic skald c. 1000[84]
Eyvindr skáldaspillir Icelandic skald Died c. 990[85]
Al-Farabi Muslim philosopher c. 878 – c. 950[86]
Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani Literary scholar and author of an encyclopedic work on Arabic music 897–967[15]
Ferdowsi Persian poet and author of the Shahnameh, the Persian national epic c. 935 – c. 1020–26[87]
Flodoard French historian and chronicler 894–966[88]
Frithegod British poet, author of Breviloquium vitae Wilfridi, a version of Stephen of Ripon's Vita Sancti Wilfrithi written in hexameters fl. c. 950 – c. 958[89]
Fujiwara no Asatada (藤原 公任) One of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals c. 910 – c. 966[90]
Fujiwara no Kintō (藤原 公任) Japanese poet and critic responsible for the initial gathering of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals 966–1041[91]
Fujiwara no Takamitsu (藤原 高光) Japanese poet, one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals Died 994[90]
Fujiwara no Tametoki (藤原 為時) Japanese waka and kanshi poet and father of Murasaki Shikibu[92] Late 10th – early 11th century[93]
Fujiwara no Toshiyuki (藤原 敏行) Japanese poet Died c. 901[94]
Kushyar Gilani Iranian astronomer fl. second half of the 10th/early 11th century[95]
Guthormr sindri Norwegian skald 10th century[96]
Nathan ben Isaac ha-Babli Babylonian historian 10th century[97]
Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld Icelandic skald[98] Died c. 1007[99]
Badi' al-Zaman al-Hamadani Arabic belle-lettrist and inventor of the maqāma genre 968–1008[100]
Abū Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdānī Arabian geographer Died 945[101]
Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi Armenian man of letters c. 840 – c. 930[102]
Hrotsvitha German dramatist and poet c. 935 – c. 1002[103]
Ibn al-Faqih Persian historian and geographer Died 903[104]
Ibn al-Jazzar Physician Died 970/980[105]
Ibn al-Qūṭiyya Historian of Muslim Spain, born in Seville and of Visigothic descent[106] Died 977[107]
Ibn Duraid Arabian poet 837–934[108]
Ibn Hawqal Author of Kitāb al-masālik wa'l-mamālik, a book on geography; born in Nisibis Second half of the 10th century – after 988[109]
Ibn Juljul Author of Tabaqāt al atibbāʾ wa'l-hukamả, a summary of the history of medicine 944 – c. 994[110]
Ibn Khordadbeh Author on subjects including history, genealogy, geography, music, and wines and cookery; of Persian descent c. 820 – c. 912[111]
Ioane-Zosime Georgian religious writer, hymnographer and translator 10th century[112]
Lady Ise (伊勢) Japanese waka poet,[113] mother of Nakatsukasa[114] c. 877 – c. 940[113]
Isaac Israeli ben Solomon Physician and philosopher, born in Egypt 832–932[115]
Israel the Grammarian European scholar, poet and bishop c. 895–c. 965[116]
Izumi Shikibu (和泉式部) Japanese waka poet Born c. 976[117]
Abraham ben Jacob Spanish Jewish geographer fl. second half of the 10th century[118]
Jayadeva Indian mathematician Lived before 1073[119]
Al-Karaji Mathematician, lived in Baghdad 953 – c. 1029[120]
Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin Astronomer and number theorist from Khurasan c. 900 – c. 971[121]
Abu-Mahmud Khojandi Astronomer and mathematician born in Khujand c. 945 – 1000[122]
Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Khwarizmi Author of Mafātih al-'ulũm (Keys of the Sciences) fl. c. 975[123]
Ki no Tokibumi Japanese poet, one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber fl. c. 950[124]
Ki no Tomonori (紀 時文) Japanese waka poet and one of the compilers of the Kokin Wakashū c. 850 – c. 904[125]
Ki no Tsurayuki (紀 貫之) Japanese waka poet, critic and diarist; one of the compilers of the Kokin Wakashū c. 872 – c. 945[126]
Kishi Joō (徽子女王) Japanese poet and one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals 929–985[127]
Kiyohara no Motosuke (清原 元輔) Japanese poet: one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber[124] and the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals, and father of Sei Shōnagon[128] 908–990[124][128]
Leo the Deacon Byzantine historian Born c. 950[129]
Liutprand of Cremona Italian historian and author c. 922 – 972[130]
Luo Yin (羅隱) Japanese poet 833–909[131]
'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi Author of Kāmil al-Ṣinā'ah al-Tibbiyyah, a compendium; born near Shiraz First quarter of the 10th century – 994[132]
Abu Nasr Mansur Astronomer, born in Gīlān c. 950 – c. 1036[133]
Mansur Al-Hallaj Arabic-speaking mystic and author of the Ṭawāsin, a collection of 11 reflective essays; born near Beyza 857–922[134]
Ebn Meskavayh Persian writer on topics including history, theology, philosophy and medicine Died 1030[135]
Symeon the Metaphrast Principal compiler of the legends of saints in the Menologia of the Greek Orthodox Church Second half of the 10th century[136]
Mibu no Tadamine Japanese waka poet[137] and one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals fl. 898–920[90]
Michitsuna no Haha ( 藤原道綱母) Author of Kagerō nikki (The Gossamer Years) Died 995[138]
Minamoto no Kintada (源 公忠) Japanese poet and one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals 889–948[90]
Minamoto no Muneyuki (源 宗于) Japanese poet[139] Died 939[140]
Minamoto no Saneakira (源 信明) Japanese poet 916–970[141]
Minamoto no Shigeyuki (源 重之) Japanese poet Died c. 1000[142]
Minamoto no Shitagō (源 順) Japanese poet: one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber[124] and the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals[90] 911–983[90][124]
Vācaspati Miśra Indian polymath 900–980[143]
Muhammad bin Hani al Andalusi al Azdi Poet born in Seville[144] Died 973[145]
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari Writer on theology, literature and history, born in Tabriz 839–923[146]
Al-Muqaddasi Arabian traveller and author of a Description of the Lands of Islam, an Arabic geography[147] c. 946–7 – 1000[148]
Abdullah ibn al-Mu'tazz Writer and, for one day, caliph of the Abbasid dynasty Died 908[149]
Nagavarma I Author of the Chandōmbudhi, the first treatise on Kannada metrics Late 10th century[150]
Nakatsukasa (中務) One of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals, daughter of Lady Ise c. 912 – after 989[114]
Al-Nayrizi Astronomer and meteorologist probably from Neyriz c. 865 – c. 922[151]
Jacob ben Nissim Philosopher, lived in Kairouan 10th century[152]
Nōin (能因) Japanese poet 988–1050?[153]
Notker Labeo German theologian, philologist, mathematician, astronomer, connoisseur of music, and poet c. 950 – 1022[154]
Odo of Cluny Author of a biography of Gerald of Aurillac, a series of moral essays, some sermons, an epic poem and 12 choral antiphons 878/9–942[155]
Óengus mac Óengusa Described in the Annals of the Four Masters as the "chief poet of Ireland" Died 930[156]
Ōnakatomi no Yorimoto (大中臣 頼基) Japanese poet, one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals Died 958[90]
Ōnakatomi no Yoshinobu (大中臣 能宣) Japanese poet, one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber 922–991[124]
Ono no Komachi (小野 小町) Japanese poet 834–900[157]
Ōshikōchi no Mitsune (凡河内 躬恒) Japanese waka poet fl. 898–922[158]
Adikavi Pampa Kannada-language poet 902–945[159]
Abū Sahl al-Qūhī Astronomer and mathematician from Tabaristan c. 940 – c. 1000[160]
Qusta ibn Luqa Scholar of Greek Christian origin whose work included astronomy, mathematics, medicine and philosophy Probably c. 820 – probably c. 912–913[161]
Ratherius Author of works including a criticism of the social classes of his time and two defences of his right to the Diocese of Liège c. 887 – 974[162]
Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi Physician, scientist, philosopher and author of alchemy and logic; born in Rey, Iran 865–925[163]
Regino of Prüm Chronicler and author of works on ecclesiastical discipline and liturgical singing, born in Altrip Died 915[164]
Richerus Chronicler from Reims Died after 998[165]
Ahmad ibn Rustah Persian author of a geographical compendium Died after 903[166]
Al-Saghani Mathematician and astronomer who flourished in Turkmenistan Died 990[167]
Ibn Sahl Geometer fl. late 10th century[168]
Sakanoue no Mochiki Japanese poet, one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber fl. c. 950[124]
Sei Shōnagon (清少納言) Japanese diarist and poet c. 966 – c. 1025[169]
Abu Sulayman Sijistani Philosopher from Sijistan c. 932 – c. 1000[170]
Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani Islamic philosopher fl. 971[171]
Sijzi Geometer, astrologer and astronomer, born in Sijistan c. 945 – c. 1020[172]
Ibrahim ibn Sinan Geometer from Baghdad 908–946[173]
Farrukhi Sistani Court poet of Mahmud of Ghazni 10th–11th centuries[174]
Somadeva Suri South Indian Jain monk and author of the Upāsakādyayana, a central text of Digambara śrāvakācāra literature 10th century[175]
Sosei (素性) One of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals 859–923[90]
Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi Astronomer in Iran 903–986[176]
Sugawara no Michizane (菅原 道真/菅原 道眞) Japanese statesman, historian and poet 845–903[177]
Symeon the Studite "Spiritual father" of Symeon the New Theologian[178] and author of the "Ascetical Discourse", a narrative intended for monks[179] 917 or 924[180] – c. 986–7[181]
Ukhtanes of Sebastia Chronicler of the history of Armenia c. 935 – 1000[182]
Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi Mathematician, possibly from Damascus c. 920 – c. 980[183]
Vaṭeśvara Indian mathematician Born 802 or 880[184]
Wang Yucheng (王禹偁) Chinese Song dynasty poet and official 954–1001
Widukind of Corvey Saxon historian Died c. 1004[185]
Xue Juzheng (薛居正) Author of the Old History of the Five Dynasties, an account of China's Five Dynasties 912–981[33]
Ibn Yunus Egyptian astronomer and astrologer 950–1009[186]
Ahmad ibn Yusuf Egyptian mathematician fl. c. 900–905, died 912/913[187]
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi Physician and author of Al-Tasrif, from Al-Andalus 936–1013[188]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Hafez, Ihsan; Stephenson, F. Richard; Orchiston, Wayne (31 August 2011). "'Abdul-Rahmān al-Şūfī and his Book of the Fixed Stars: A Journey of Re-discovery". In Orchiston, Wayne; Nakamura, Tsuko; Strom, Richard G. (eds.). Highlighting the History of Astronomy in the Asia-Pacific Region: Proceedings of the ICOA-6 Conference. New York: Springer. p. 121. ISBN 978-1441981608. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  2. ^ Crowe, Felicity; Goddard, Jolyon; Holingum, Ben; MacEachern, Sally; Russell, Henry, eds. (1 September 2010). "Abu al-Qasim, Khalaf az-Zahrawi (936–1013)". Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World. Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish Reference. p. 81. ISBN 978-0761479291. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  3. ^ "Joseph ben Gorion (Josephus Gorionides; referred to also as Yosippon and Pseudo-Josephus)". Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  4. ^ Zonta, Mauro (29 September 2005). "Microcosm/macrocosm". In Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven J.; Wallis, Faith (eds.). Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia. London: Routledge. p. 346. ISBN 0415969301. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
  5. ^ Pfeffer, Anshel (6 November 2007). "Fragment of ancient parchment from Bible given to Jerusalem scholars". Haaretz. Tel Aviv. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  6. ^ Waugh, Daniel C. "Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Administrando Imperio". University of Washington. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
  7. ^ Sullivan, Denis F. (15 February 2009). "Byzantine military manuals: prescriptions, practice and pedagogy". In Stephenson, Paul (ed.). The Byzantine World. Abingdon, Oxon: Taylor & Francis. pp. 155–156. ISBN 978-0415440103. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  8. ^ Kelhoffer, James A. (2005). The Diet of John the Baptist: "Locusts and Wild Honey" in Synoptic and Patristic Interpretation. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. p. 105. ISBN 3161484606. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
  9. ^ Sharples, R. W. (1995). Theophrastus of Eresus: Sources for His Life, Writings, Thought and Influence. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 121. ISBN 9004101748. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  10. ^ McKinnell, John (2009). "The Fantasy Giantess: Brana in Hálfdanar saga Brönufǫstra". In Ney, Agneta; Jakobsson, Ármann; Lassen, Annette (eds.). Fornaldarsagaerne: Myter og virkelighed. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-8763525794. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
  11. ^ Abram, Christopher (5 May 2011). Myths of the Pagan North: The Gods of the Norsemen. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 47. ISBN 978-1847252470. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
  12. ^ a b Thorvaldsen, Bernt Øyvind (1 December 2006). "The generic aspect of the Eddic style". In Andrén, Anders; Jennbert, Kristina; Raudvere, Catharina (eds.). Old Norse Religion in Long-Term Perspectives: Origins, Changes & Interactions. Lund: Nordic Academic Press. p. 277. ISBN 918911681X. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
  13. ^ Steinsland, Gro (21 April 2011). "Origin Myths and Rulership. From the Viking Age Ruler to the Ruler of Medieval Historiography: Continuity, Transformations and Innovations". In Steinsland, Gro; Sigurðsson, Jón Viðar; Rekdal, Jan Erik; Beuermann, Ian (eds.). Ideology and Power in the Viking and Middle Ages: Scandinavia, Iceland, Ireland, Orkney and the Faeroes. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 33. ISBN 978-9004205062. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
  14. ^ Sigurðsson, Jón Viðar (21 April 2011). "Kings, Earls and Chieftains. Rulers in Norway, Orkney and Iceland c. 900–1300". In Steinsland, Gro; Sigurðsson, Jón Viðar; Rekdal, Jan Erik; Beuermann, Ian (eds.). Ideology and Power in the Viking and Middle Ages: Scandinavia, Iceland, Ireland, Orkney and the Faeroes. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 82. ISBN 978-9004205062. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
  15. ^ a b "Abū al-Faraj al-Iṣbahānī". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  16. ^ Kilpatrick, Hilary (25 April 1996). "Modernity in a Classical Arabic Adab Work, the Kitab Al-aghāni". In Smart, J. R. (ed.). Tradition and Modernity in Arabic Language And Literature. London: Routledge. p. 242. ISBN 0700704116. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  17. ^ Khaleghi-Motlagh, Djalal (1999). "Ferdowsi, Abu'l-Qāsem i. Life". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. IX. pp. 514–523. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
  18. ^ "Full description". British Library. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  19. ^ "Tactics". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012. p. 1. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  20. ^ a b c d e Luebering, J. E., ed. (15 August 2010). English Literature from the Old English Period Through the Renaissance. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing. pp. 46–7. ISBN 978-1615302307. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  21. ^ Klinck, Anne L. (10 July 2001). The Old English Elegies: A Critical Edition and Genre Study. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 43. ISBN 0773522417. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  22. ^ Saintsbury, George (1 January 2005). A Short History of English Literature. Vol. 1. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 24. ISBN 8126904453. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  23. ^ Ng, Zhiru (2007). The Making of a Savior Bodhisattva: Dizang in Medieval China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0824830458. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
  24. ^ Lehner, Georg (10 May 2011). China in European Encyclopaedias, 1700–1850. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 289. ISBN 978-9004201507.
  25. ^ "Greek Anthology". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  26. ^ Goodwin, Janet R. (2007). Selling Songs and Smiles: The Sex Trade in Heian and Kamakura Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0824830977. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
  27. ^ Frédéric 2002, p. 120.
  28. ^ Sreedharan, E. (1 January 2004). A Textbook of Historiography, 500 B.C. to A.D. 2000. Andhra Pradesh: Orient Blackswan. p. 66. ISBN 8125026576. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
  29. ^ Sullivan, Denis F. (2000). Siegecraft: Two Tenth-century Instructional Manuals. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks. p. 16. ISBN 0884022706. Retrieved 15 August 2012. praecepta militaria 965.
  30. ^ Nesbitt, John; McGeer, Eric (2000). Talbot, Alice-Mary (ed.). "Nicolas Oikonomides" (PDF). Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 54. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks: ix. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
  31. ^ Stephenson, Paul (2003). "The Balkan frontier in the year 1000". In Magdalino, Paul (ed.). Byzantium in the Year 1000. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 112. ISBN 9004120971. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  32. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bodhi Vamsa" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 109.
  33. ^ a b Ng, On-cho; Wang, Q. Edward (6 September 2005). Mirroring the Past: The Writing and Use of History in Imperial China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 140. ISBN 0824829131. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  34. ^ Nicolle, David (26 July 1984). The Age of Charlemagne. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 24. ISBN 085045042X. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  35. ^ Van der Essen, Léon (1907). "Ecclesiastical Annals" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  36. ^ Miller, Sean (2001). "Æthelweard". In Lapidge, Michael (ed.). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England.
  37. ^ Riché, Pierre (1993). The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe. Trans. Idomir Allen, Michael. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 223. ISBN 0812213424. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  38. ^ Dillon, John B. (2004). "Latin literature". In Kleinhenz, Christopher (ed.). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. London: Routledge. p. 609. ISBN 0415939313. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  39. ^ Craig McCullough, Helen (1985). Brocade by Night: "Kokin Wakashū" and the Court Style in Japanese Classical Poetry. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 0804712468. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  40. ^ "Annales Cambriae". Britannia.com. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  41. ^ Magennis, Hugh (30 April 2003). "Anonymous: Waltharius". The Literary Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  42. ^ "Oxford, Bodleian, Bodley 579 (2675)". University of Leicester. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  43. ^ Easton, Roger L Jr. "Research Highlights". Rochester Institute of Technology. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  44. ^ Merry, Bruce (2004). "Suda (Suidas)". Encyclopedia of Modern Greek Literature. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 409. ISBN 0313308136. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
  45. ^ Deakin, Michael A. B. (14 October 2004). "Hypatia and Her Mathematics". In Anderson, Marlow; Katz, Victor; Wilson, Robin (eds.). Sherlock Holmes in Babylon: And Other Tales of Mathematical History. Washington, D.C.: Mathematical Association of America. p. 53. ISBN 0883855461. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  46. ^ "Tractatus Coislinianus". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  47. ^ Schogol, Marc (14 March 2000). "10th-century Staple An Overnight Hit New Translation Creates A 'Beowulf' Boom. Puzzled Professors Are Rejoicing". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
  48. ^ "Ishinpō". World Digital Library. 26 July 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
  49. ^ Bosworth, C. Edmund (2004). "Ḥodud al-ʿālam". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. XII. pp. 417–418. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  50. ^ 999 Ferdowsi completing the first draft of the Šāh-nāma. iranicaonline.org
  51. ^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. p. 47. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  52. ^ Miquel, André. "Abu Firas Al-Hamdani (932–968)". Encyclopædia Universalis. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
  53. ^ Levey, Martin (2008). "Abū Kāmil ShujāʿIbn Aslam Ibn Muḥammad Ibn Shujāʿ". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  54. ^ Thurston, Herbert (1907). "Aelfric, Abbot of Eynsham" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  55. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Æthelweard" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 291–292.
  56. ^ Miner et al. 1988, p. 141.
  57. ^ Gaskill, Tom (1998). "al-'Amiri, Abu'l Hasan Muhammad ibn Yusuf (d. 992)". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  58. ^ "al-Maʿarrī". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
  59. ^ "al-Masʿūdī". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  60. ^ Nick, Martin (September–October 2003). "Al Mutanabbi: The Greatest Arabic Poet". AlShindagah (54). Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  61. ^ Sellheim, Rudolf; Zakeri, Mohsen; de Blois, François; Sundermann, Werner (15 December 1999). "Fehrest". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. IX. pp. 475–483. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  62. ^ Richter-Bernburg, L. (1992). "Medicine, pharmacology and veterinary science in Islamic eastern Iran and Central Asia". In Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich (eds.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. IV. Paris: UNESCO. p. 305. ISBN 9231036548. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  63. ^ Pingree, David (2008). "Al-Qabīṣī, Abū Al-Ṣaqr 'Abd Al-'Azīz Ibn 'Uthmān Ibn 'Alī". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  64. ^ Thompson, Edward Maunde (1885). "Aldred the Glossator (10th cent.)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 01. pp. 248–249.
  65. ^ Sabra, A. I. (2008). "Ibn Al-Haytham, Abū ʿAlī Al-Ḥasan Ibn Al-Ḥasan". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  66. ^ Patrick Wormald, "Asser (d. 909)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, UK: OUP, 2004) Retrieved 2 June 2016
  67. ^ Khaleghi-Motlagh, Dj. (15 December 1989). "Amīrak Balʿamī". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. I. pp. 971–972. Archived from the original on 17 November 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  68. ^ Afsahzod, A. (2003). "Persian literature". In Bosworth, C. E.; Asimov, M. S. (eds.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Part Two. Vol. IV. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 372. ISBN 8120815963. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
  69. ^ Watt, W. M. (15 December 1983). "Abū Zayd Balḵī". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. I. pp. 399–400. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  70. ^ Emadi, Hafizullah (2005). Culture and Customs of Afghanistan. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 86. ISBN 0313330891. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  71. ^ Anonymous 1856, p. 627–9.
  72. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Albategnius" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 491.
  73. ^ "David ben Abraham (Arabic name, Abu Sulaiman Da'ud al-Fasi)". Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  74. ^ "Bīrūnī, Abū Rayḥān". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. IV. 15 December 1989. p. 274. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  75. ^ Youschkevitch, A. P. (2008). "Abū'l-Wafāʾ Al-Būzjānī, Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad Ibn Yaḥyā Ibn Ismāʿīl Ibn Al-ʿAbbās". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
  76. ^ Muhr, Kay (31 August 2012). "Dindshenchas". In Koch, John Thomas; Minard, Antone (eds.). The Celts: History, Life, and Culture. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 273. ISBN 978-1598849646. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  77. ^ "Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  78. ^ Khaleghi-Motlagh, Djalal (15 December 1993). "Daqīqī, Abū Manṣūr Aḥmad". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. VI. pp. 661–662. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
  79. ^ "Donnolo (Δομνουλος, diminutive of "Dominus"), or Shabbethai b. Abraham b. Joel". Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  80. ^ Von Nolcken, Christina (2001). "Egil Skallagrimsson and the Viking Ideal". University of Chicago Library. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
  81. ^ "Eilífr Goðrúnarson (Eil)". Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages. University of Aberdeen. Archived from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
  82. ^ Clunies Ross, Margaret (18 August 2011). A History of Old Norse Poetry and Poetics. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer. p. 34. ISBN 978-1843842798. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  83. ^ Fortescue, Adrian (1909). "Eutychius, Melchite Patriarch of Alexandria" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  84. ^ "Eysteinn Valdason (EVald)". Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages. University of Aberdeen. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
  85. ^ "Eyvindr skáldaspillir Finnsson (Eyv)". Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages. University of Aberdeen. Archived from the original on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
  86. ^ "al-Fārābī". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  87. ^ Boyle, John Andrew (2012). "Ferdowsī". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  88. ^ Remy, Arthur Frank Joseph (1909). "Flodoard" . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6.
  89. ^ Lapidge, Michael (2004). "Frithegod [Frithegode, Fredegaud] (fl. c.950–c.958), cleric and poet". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10190. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  90. ^ a b c d e f g h Frédéric 2002, p. 818.
  91. ^ Commons, Anne (30 April 2009). Hitomaro: Poet As God. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 40. ISBN 978-9004174610. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  92. ^ Keene, Donald (2004). "The Tale of Genji". In Bloom, Harold (ed.). Murasaki Shikibu's The Tale of Genji. New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 0791075842. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  93. ^ Cranston 2006, p. 1140.
  94. ^ Sorensen, Joseph T. (6 July 2012). Optical Allusions: Screens, Paintings, and Poetry in Classical Japan (ca. 800–1200). Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 103. ISBN 978-9004219311. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  95. ^ Bagheri, Mohammad (2007). "Ibn Labbān, Kūshyār: Kiyā Abū al‐Ḥasan Kūshyār ibn Labbān Bāshahrī al‐Jīlī (Gīlānī)". In Hockey, Thomas (ed.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 560–561. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_807. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  96. ^ "Guthormr sindri (Gsind)". Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages. University of Aberdeen. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  97. ^ "Nathan Ben Isaac Ha-Kohen Hababli". Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
  98. ^ "Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld Óttarsson (Hfr)". Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages. University of Aberdeen. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  99. ^ Fyrsteskjalde, C. "Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld Óttarsson". In Jónsson, Finnur (ed.). Den oldnorske og oldislandske litteraturs historie. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Copenhagen: G. E. C. Gads Forlag. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  100. ^ Malti-Douglas, F. (15 December 1988). "Badīʿ-al-Zamān Hamadānī". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. III. pp. 377–379. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  101. ^ Thatcher, Griffithes Wheeler (1911). "Hamdānī" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 875–876.
  102. ^ Hacikyan et al. 2002, p. 229.
  103. ^ Delmar Evans, Deanna (2001). "Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (c. 935 – c. 975)". In Reichardt, Mary R. (ed.). Catholic Women Writers: A Bio-Bibliographical Sourcebook. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 169. ISBN 0313311471. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  104. ^ Waskey, Andrew J. (1 January 2005). "Arab geographers". In McColl, R. W. (ed.). Encyclopedia of World Geography. Vol. 1. New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 45. ISBN 0816072299. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  105. ^ Russell, G. A. (Winter 1997). "Ibn al-Jazzar on Forgetfulness and Its Treatment: Critical Edition of the Arabic Text and the Hebrew Translations, with Commentary and Translation into English (review)". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 71 (4). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press: 704–706. doi:10.1353/bhm.1997.0184. S2CID 72385358. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  106. ^ Constable, Olivia Remie (1997). "An Uprising Against the Amir Al-Ḥakam (796–822)". In Constable, Olivia Remie (ed.). Medieval Iberia: Readings from Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 45. ISBN 0812215699. Retrieved 6 September 2012. Ibn al-Qūṭiyya.
  107. ^ Monroe, James T. (January–March 1971). "The Historical Arjūza of ibn ʿAbd Rabbihi, a Tenth-Century Hispano-Arabic Epic Poem". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 91 (1). Baltimore: American Oriental Society: 69. doi:10.2307/600444. JSTOR 600444.
  108. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ibn Duraid" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 220.
  109. ^ Calvo, Emilia (31 July 1997). "Ibn Hawqal". In Selin, Helaine (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 419. ISBN 0792340663. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  110. ^ Vernet, J. (2008). "Ibn Juljul, Sulaymān Ibn Ḥasan". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
  111. ^ Ahmad, S. Maqbul (2008). "Ibn Khurradādhbih (or Ibn Khurdādhbih), Abu'l-Qāsim 'Ubayd Allāh 'Abd Allāh". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  112. ^ Koberidze, Givi (2007). "Ioane-Zosime". Dictionary of Georgian National Biography. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  113. ^ a b McAuley, Thomas (2001). "Ise". 2001 Waka for Japan 2001. University of Sheffield. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  114. ^ a b Parker, Joseph (1994). "Nakatsukasa no Naishi (Lady Nakatsukasa, fl. ca. 1250–92)". In Mulhern, Chieko Irie (ed.). Japanese Women Writers: A Bio-Critical Sourcebook. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 267. ISBN 0313254869. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  115. ^ "Israeli, Isaac Ben Solomon (Abu Ya'ḳub Isḥaḳ Ibn Sulaiman Alisra'Ili; generally known as Isaac Israeli and sometimes as Isaac Israeli the Elder)". Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  116. ^ Lapidge, Michael (2001). "Israel the Grammarian". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1.
  117. ^ "Izumi Shikibu". 2001 Waka for Japan 2001. University of Sheffield. 2001. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  118. ^ Levey, Martin (2008). "Ibrāhīm Ibn Ya'qūb Al-Isrā'īlī Al-Turṭushi". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
  119. ^ Sarma, K. V. (31 July 1997). "Jayadeva". In Selin, Helaine (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 472. ISBN 0792340663. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  120. ^ O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (July 1999). "Abu Bekr ibn Muhammad ibn al-Husayn Al-Karaji". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. University of St Andrews. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  121. ^ O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (July 1999). "Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn al-Hasan Al-Khazin". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. University of St Andrews. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  122. ^ Van Brummelen, Glen (2007). "Khujandī: Abū Maḥmūd Ḥāmid ibn al‐Khiḍr al‐Khujandī". In Hockey, Thomas; et al. (eds.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 630–631. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_762. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  123. ^ Vernet, J. (2008). "Al-Khuwārizmī, Abū 'Abd Allāh Muḥammad Ibn Aḥmad Ibn Yūsuf". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  124. ^ a b c d e f g Ramirez-Christensen, Esperanza (16 April 2008). Murmured Conversations: A Treatise on Poetry and Buddhism by the Poet-Monk Shinkei. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-0804748636. Retrieved 26 September 2012.
  125. ^ McAuley, Thomas (2001). "Ki no Tomonori". 2001 Waka for Japan 2001. University of Sheffield. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  126. ^ McAuley, Thomas (2001). "Ki no Tsurayuki". 2001 Waka for Japan 2001. University of Sheffield. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  127. ^ "Portrait of the poetess, Saigu no Nyogo Yoshiko". Smithsonian Institution. 2012. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  128. ^ a b Frédéric 2002, p. 532.
  129. ^ Fortescue, Adrian (1910). "Leo Diaconus" . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9.
  130. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Liudprand" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 800.
  131. ^ Schmidt, J. D. (6 January 2003). Harmony Garden: The Life, Literary Criticism, and Poetry of Yuan Mei (1716–1798). London: Routledge. p. 215. ISBN 0700715258. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
  132. ^ Hamarneh, Sami (2008). "Al-Majūsī, Abu'l-Ḥasan 'Alī Ibn 'Abbās". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  133. ^ Berggren, J. Len (2007). "Ibn ʿIrāq: Abū Naṣr Manṣūr ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿIrāq". In Hockey, Thomas (ed.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 557–558. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_680. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  134. ^ Mojaddedi, Jawid (15 December 2003). "Ḥallāj, Abu'l-Moḡiṯ Ḥosayn". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XI. pp. 589–592. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  135. ^ Bosworth, C. Edmund (2002). "Meskavayh, Abu ʿAli Aḥmad". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
  136. ^ Fortescue, Adrian (1911). "Symeon Metaphrastes" . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10.
  137. ^ McAuley, Thomas (2001). "Mibu no Tadamine". 2001 Waka for Japan 2001. University of Sheffield. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  138. ^ Ōba Minako (1 October 1996). "Special Address: Without Beginning, Without End". In Schalow, Paul; Walker, Janet (eds.). The Woman's Hand: Gender and Theory in Japanese Women's Writing. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. p. 24. ISBN 0804727228. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  139. ^ Frédéric 2002, p. 364.
  140. ^ Cranston 2006, p. 1144.
  141. ^ Fujiwara Teika (1 June 1967). Fujiwara Teika's Superior Poems of Our Time. Trans. Brower, Robert H.; Miner, Earl. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. p. 68. ISBN 0804701717. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
  142. ^ Cranston 2006, p. 1046.
  143. ^ Potter, Karl H. (2001). "172. Vācaspati Miśra". Blackwell Reference Online. doi:10.1111/b.9780631229674.2001.00177.x. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  144. ^ Daftary 2007, p. 159.
  145. ^ Daftary 2007, p. 161.
  146. ^ Jackson, Roy (8 August 2006). Fifty Key Figures in Islam. Abingdon, Oxon: Taylor & Francis. p. 62. ISBN 0415354676. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
  147. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Muḳaddasi" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 958.
  148. ^ Meri, Josef W., ed. (31 October 2005). "Geography". Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. London: Routledge. p. 286. ISBN 0415966906. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  149. ^ Cooperson, Michael (2005). "Probability, Plausibility and "Spiritual Communication" in Classical Arabic Biography". In Kennedy, Philip F. (ed.). On Fiction and Adab in Medieval Arabic Literature. Studies in Arabic Language and Literature. Vol. 6. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 86. ISBN 3447051825. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
  150. ^ Pollock, Sheldon (23 May 2006). The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 368–9. ISBN 0520245008. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  151. ^ O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (November 1999). "Abu'l Abbas al-Fadl ibn Hatim Al-Nayrizi". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  152. ^ "Jacob Ben Nissim Ibn Shahin". Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  153. ^ Carter, Steven D. (15 January 2006). "Travel as Poetic Practice in Medieval and Early Modern Japan". In Fogel, Joshua A. (ed.). Traditions of East Asian Travel. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 23. ISBN 184545152X. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
  154. ^ Kampers, Franz; Löffler, Klemens (1911). "Notker" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  155. ^ Löffler, Klemens (1911). "St. Odo" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  156. ^ Anonymous 1856, p. 625–7.
  157. ^ Okada, Barbra Teri (1982). Netsuke: Masterpieces from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 101. ISBN 0870992732. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
  158. ^ Miner et al. 1988, p. 215.
  159. ^ Hampana, Kamala (October 2003). "Poet Pampa, Jinavallabhaand Andhra: A Retrospection" (PDF). Jain Journal. XXXVIII (2): 75. ISSN 0021-4043. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  160. ^ O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (November 1999). "Abu Sahl Waijan ibn Rustam al-Quhi". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. University of St Andrews. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  161. ^ Kheirandish, Elaheh (2007). "Qusṭā ibn Lūqā al‐Baʿlabakkī". In Hockey, Thomas (ed.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 948–949. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_1138. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  162. ^ Kirsch, Johann Peter (1911). "Ratherius of Verona" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  163. ^ Richter-Bernburg, Lutz (15 December 2003). "Ḥāwi, Al-". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XIII. pp. 64–67. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  164. ^ Kirsch, Johann Peter (1911). "Regino of Prüm" . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12.
  165. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Richerus" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 305.
  166. ^ Bosworth, C. Edmund (15 December 1997). "Ebn Rosta, Abū ʿAlī Aḥmad". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. VIII. pp. 49–50. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  167. ^ Puig, Roser (20 November 2007). "Ṣāghānī: Abū Ḥāmid Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad al-Ṣāghānī [al-Ṣāghānī] al-Asṭurlābī". In Trimble, Virginia; Williams, Thomas; Bracher, Katherine; Jarrell, Richard; Marché, Jordan D.; Ragep, F. Jamil (eds.). Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 1004. ISBN 978-0387310220. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  168. ^ Berggren, Len (2007). "Ibn Sahl: Abū Saʿd al‐ʿAlāʾ ibn Sahl". In Hockey, Thomas (ed.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 567. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_689. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  169. ^ "Sei Shōnagon". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
  170. ^ Atiyeh, George N. (1998). "al-Sijistani, Abu Sulayman Muhammad (c.932-c.1000)". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  171. ^ Walker, Paul E. (14 October 2004). "Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani (fl. 971)". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  172. ^ Van Brummelen, Glen (2007). "Sijzī: Abū Saʿīd Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al‐Jalīl al‐Sijzī". In Hockey, Thomas (ed.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 1059. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_1279. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  173. ^ O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (November 1999). "Ibrahim ibn Sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. University of St Andrews. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  174. ^ Seylon, Raman N. (30 September 2011). "Somanatha Temple". In Kaminsky, Arnold P.; Long, Roger D. (eds.). India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 648. ISBN 978-0313374623. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  175. ^ Lath, Mukund (4 April 1991). "Somadeva Suri and the question of Jain identity". In Carrithers, Michael; Humphrey, Caroline (eds.). The Assembly of Listeners: Jains in Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN 0521365058. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  176. ^ Kunitzsch, Paul (2007). "Ṣūfī: Abū al‐Ḥusayn ʿAbd al‐Raḥmān ibn ʿUmar al‐Ṣūfī". In Hockey, Thomas; et al. (eds.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 1110. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_1346. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  177. ^ Frédéric 2002, p. 908.
  178. ^ Alfeyev 2000, p. 19.
  179. ^ Alfeyev 2000, p. 102.
  180. ^ Alfeyev 2000, p. 20.
  181. ^ Alfeyev 2000, p. 27.
  182. ^ Hacikyan et al. 2002, p. 250.
  183. ^ O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (November 1999). "Abu'l Hasan Ahmad ibn Ibrahim Al-Uqlidisi". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. University of St Andrews. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  184. ^ Plofker, Kim (2009). Mathematics in India. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 326. ISBN 978-0691120676.
  185. ^ Holland, Arthur William (1911). "Widukind" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 620–621.
  186. ^ O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (November 1999). "Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Yunus". MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  187. ^ Schrader, Dorothy V. (2008). "Aḥmad Ibn Yūsuf". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  188. ^ Ramen, Fred (8 February 2006). Albucasis (Abu Al-Qasim Al-Zahrawi): Renowned Muslim Surgeon of the Tenth Century. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 10. ISBN 1404205101. Retrieved 8 September 2012.

References

[edit]
Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 | Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_century_in_literature
20 views | Status: cached on March 08 2025 02:25:36
↧ Download as ZWI file
Encyclosphere.org EncycloReader is supported by the EncyclosphereKSF