14th century BC

The 14th century BC was the century that lasted from the year 1400 BC until 1301 BC.

Events

1350 – 1250 BC: the Bajío phase of the San Lorenzo site in Mexico; large public buildings are constructed.^[1]
Pastoral nomadism develops in the steppes of Central Asia; cattle are watched on horseback.^[2]

Middle East and Africa

1400 – 1250 BC: the heyday of the Phoenician city of Ugarit.^[3] A written alphabet is attested by Ugaritic texts.^[4]
c. 1380 – 1336 BC: the reign of Šuppiluliuma I, who leads the Hittite Empire to its peak.^[5] Šuppiluliuma I conquers the weakened Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni in the second half of the century. Assyria is emancipated under Ashur-uballit I.^[6]
1372 – 1350 BC: Akhetaton (Amarna) is constructed as the ephemeral capital of the pharaoh Akhenaten and dedicated to the sun god Aten. It is abandoned a few years after Akhenaten's death.^[7]
c. 1325 BC: Pharaoh Tutankhamun dies and is buried in a richly furnished tomb in the Valley of the Kings.^[5]
c. 1320 – 1295 BC: the sinking of the Uluburun shipwreck in the Mediterranean Sea south of modern-day Kaş.^[8]
Lycian pirates from southwest Anatolia raid the kingdom of Alashiya in Cyprus. They are employed as mercenaries by the Hittites and take part in the Battle of Kadesh.^[9]
An Ugaritic patera, with its embossed decoration in concentric zones and hunting scenes, reveals an exceptional level in goldsmithing.^[10]

Europe

c. 1400 – 1300 BC:
- A glacial rise is attested by the peat bog of the glacier of Tyrol.^[11]
- Phase III A of the Greek Bronze Age.^[12] Contacts with the Mycenaean civilization are established at Thapsos, Syracuse, Scoglio del Tonno in the Gulf of Taranto, and Ischia on the Tyrrhenian coast.^[13]^[14]
1400 – 1370 BC: phase III A1 of the Late Helladic period in Greece.^[15] Palaces are constructed in Tiryns and Pylos.^[16] Linear B, which transcribes an archaic form of Greek, appears in the palace of Knossos at the end of Phase III A1 of the Late Minoan period.^[17]
1370 – 1340 BC: phase III A2 of the Late Helladic period in Greece.^[15]
1340 – 1190 BC: phase III B of the Late Helladic period in Greece.^[15] Beehive tombs are constructed in Epirus and Thessaly,^[18] and a palace is constructed in Athens.^[19]
1380 – 1120 BC: a Mycenaean sanctuary is built in Phylakopi.^[16]
c. 1370 BC: the Hagia Triada Sarcophagus is created in Crete.^[20]
c. 1350 – 1330 BC: the reconstruction of the palace and Cyclopean enclosure at Mycenae, then at its peak under the reign of the legendary king and queen Perseus and Andromeda.^[21]

References

^ Bricker, Victoria; Sabloff, Jeremy A. (2012). Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians. Vol. 1. University of Texas Press. p. 376. ISBN 978-0-292-74441-7.
^ Beaumont, Hervé (2008). Asie centrale (in French). Editions Marcus. p. 101. ISBN 978-2-7131-0228-8.
^ Papin, Yves Denis (1998). Chronologie de l'histoire ancienne (in French). Éditions Jean-paul Gisserot. p. 12. ISBN 978-2-87747-346-0.
^ Lalou, Frank (2016). Les 22 clés de l'alphabet hébraïque (in French). Desclée De Brouwer. p. 38. ISBN 978-2-220-02025-9.
^ ^a ^b Roux, Georges (1995). La Mésopotamie (in French). Seuil. p. 559. ISBN 978-2-02-008632-5.
^ Freu, Jacques; Mazoyer, Michel (2008). L'apogée du nouvel empire hittite (in French). L'Harmattan. p. 13. ISBN 978-2-296-21119-3.
^ Simpson, William Kelly (1998). The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt. Yale University Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-300-07747-6.
^ Fokkens, Harry; Harding, Anthony (2013). The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age. OUP Oxford. p. 383. ISBN 978-0-19-957286-1.
^ Demand, Nancy H. (2011). The Mediterranean Context of Early Greek History. John Wiley & Sons. p. 206. ISBN 978-1-4443-4234-5.
^ Ottinger, Bénédicte (2002). L'art et la chasse (in French). Renaissance Du Livre. p. 12. ISBN 978-2-8046-0679-4.
^ Vivian, Robert (2005). Les glaciers du Mont-Blanc (in French). La Fontaine de Siloë. p. 20. ISBN 978-2-84206-285-9.
^ Baurain, Claude (1997). Les Grecs et la Méditerranée orientale : des siècles "obscurs" à la fin de l'époque archaïque (in French). Presses universitaires de France. p. 60.
^ Mossé, Claude; Schnapp-Gourbeillon, Annie (2009). Précis d'histoire grecque (in French). Armand Colin. p. 69. ISBN 978-2-200-28392-6.
^ Turfa, Jean MacIntosh (2014). The Etruscan World. Routledge. p. 198. ISBN 978-1-134-05523-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c Feuer, Bryan (2004). Mycenaean Civilization. McFarland. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-7864-2698-0.
^ ^a ^b Poursat, Jean-Claude (2014). La Grèce préclassique (in French). Points. p. 49. ISBN 978-2-7578-4500-4.
^ Viers, Rina (2000). Des signes pictographiques à l'alphabet : la communication écrite en Méditerranée : actes du colloque, 14 et 15 mai 1996, Villa grecque Kérylos, Fondation Théodore Reinach (Beaulieu-sur-mer) (in French). Karthala. p. 219. ISBN 978-2-86537-996-5.
^ Platon, Nicolas; de Tournay, Béatrice (1981). La Civilisation égéenne : Le Bronze récent et la civilisation mycénienne (in French). Vol. 2. Albin Michel. p. 382. ISBN 978-2-226-22522-1.
^ Étienne, Roland (2004). Athènes, espaces urbains et histoire (in French). Hachette Éducation. p. PT22. ISBN 978-2-01-181444-9.
^ Suter, Ann (2008). Lament. Oxford University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-19-971427-8.
^ Faure, Paul; Gaignerot, Marie-Jeanne (1991). Guide grec antique. Hachette Éducation Technique. p. PT65. ISBN 978-2-01-181766-2.

[1] Bricker, Victoria; Sabloff, Jeremy A. (2012). Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians. Vol. 1. University of Texas Press. p. 376. ISBN 978-0-292-74441-7.

[2] Beaumont, Hervé (2008). Asie centrale (in French). Editions Marcus. p. 101. ISBN 978-2-7131-0228-8.

[Papin-3] Papin, Yves Denis (1998). Chronologie de l'histoire ancienne (in French). Éditions Jean-paul Gisserot. p. 12. ISBN 978-2-87747-346-0.

[4] Lalou, Frank (2016). Les 22 clés de l'alphabet hébraïque (in French). Desclée De Brouwer. p. 38. ISBN 978-2-220-02025-9.

[GRoux-5] Roux, Georges (1995). La Mésopotamie (in French). Seuil. p. 559. ISBN 978-2-02-008632-5.

[6] Freu, Jacques; Mazoyer, Michel (2008). L'apogée du nouvel empire hittite (in French). L'Harmattan. p. 13. ISBN 978-2-296-21119-3.

[7] Simpson, William Kelly (1998). The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt. Yale University Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-300-07747-6.

[8] Fokkens, Harry; Harding, Anthony (2013). The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age. OUP Oxford. p. 383. ISBN 978-0-19-957286-1.

[9] Demand, Nancy H. (2011). The Mediterranean Context of Early Greek History. John Wiley & Sons. p. 206. ISBN 978-1-4443-4234-5.

[10] Ottinger, Bénédicte (2002). L'art et la chasse (in French). Renaissance Du Livre. p. 12. ISBN 978-2-8046-0679-4.

[11] Vivian, Robert (2005). Les glaciers du Mont-Blanc (in French). La Fontaine de Siloë. p. 20. ISBN 978-2-84206-285-9.

[12] Baurain, Claude (1997). Les Grecs et la Méditerranée orientale : des siècles "obscurs" à la fin de l'époque archaïque (in French). Presses universitaires de France. p. 60.

[13] Mossé, Claude; Schnapp-Gourbeillon, Annie (2009). Précis d'histoire grecque (in French). Armand Colin. p. 69. ISBN 978-2-200-28392-6.

[14] Turfa, Jean MacIntosh (2014). The Etruscan World. Routledge. p. 198. ISBN 978-1-134-05523-4.

[Feuer-15] Feuer, Bryan (2004). Mycenaean Civilization. McFarland. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-7864-2698-0.

[Poursat-16] Poursat, Jean-Claude (2014). La Grèce préclassique (in French). Points. p. 49. ISBN 978-2-7578-4500-4.

[17] Viers, Rina (2000). Des signes pictographiques à l'alphabet : la communication écrite en Méditerranée : actes du colloque, 14 et 15 mai 1996, Villa grecque Kérylos, Fondation Théodore Reinach (Beaulieu-sur-mer) (in French). Karthala. p. 219. ISBN 978-2-86537-996-5.

[18] Platon, Nicolas; de Tournay, Béatrice (1981). La Civilisation égéenne : Le Bronze récent et la civilisation mycénienne (in French). Vol. 2. Albin Michel. p. 382. ISBN 978-2-226-22522-1.

[19] Étienne, Roland (2004). Athènes, espaces urbains et histoire (in French). Hachette Éducation. p. PT22. ISBN 978-2-01-181444-9.

[20] Suter, Ann (2008). Lament. Oxford University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-19-971427-8.

[21] Faure, Paul; Gaignerot, Marie-Jeanne (1991). Guide grec antique. Hachette Éducation Technique. p. PT65. ISBN 978-2-01-181766-2.

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