John Kelly marries (Mary) Hine-tuhawaiki and settles at Ruapuke Island.[2][7] Hine may have been a relative of Tūhawaiki 'Bloody Jack', later paramount chief of Ngāi Tahu, whose stronghold was on Ruapuke.[8]
James Spencer sets up a trading post for whalers visiting Foveaux Strait at Bluff which is claimed to be the earliest permanent European settlement which will later grow into a town.[9][10][11]
^Carleton, Hugh (1874). "Vol. I". The Life of Henry Williams. Early New Zealand Books (ENZB), University of Auckland Library. pp. 43–53.
^McLean, Gavin (20 July 2015). "Launching the Herald". 'Shipbuilding - The wooden era', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
^Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p.185.
^According to Family of John KellyArchived 26 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine they were married on 29 January 1844 at Ruapuke Island by Bishop Selwyn. They had a son in 1828 (later baptised), so the 1824 date is probably correct for marriage according to Māori custom and the later date that of the Christian confirmation.
^Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p. 386.
^Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p. 38.
^This claim can be argued on at least two grounds. The mission at Kerikeri was undoubtedly earlier and is now considerably larger than Bluff. There is also no indication that there is more than one European at Bluff at this time which might not be sufficient to qualify as a settlement.
^Foster, B.J. (1966). "Waterhouse, Hon. George Marsden". An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock. Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.