Overview of the events of 1868 in science
The year 1868 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
January 9 – S. P. L. Sørensen (died 1939 ), Danish chemist .
January 31 – Theodore William Richards (died 1928 ), American chemist, recipient of Nobel Prize in Chemistry .
February 7 – Aleen Cust (died 1937 ), Anglo-Irish veterinary surgeon .
March 15 – Grace Chisholm Young (died 1944 ), English mathematician .
March 22 – Robert Andrews Millikan (died 1953 ), American physicist , recipient of Nobel Prize in Physics .[ 19]
April 4
April 5 – Percy Furnivall (died 1938 ), English surgeon .
April 8 – Herbert Spencer Jennings (died 1947 ), American zoologist .
April 14 – Annie S. D. Maunder , née Russell (died 1947 ), Irish astronomer .
April 28 – Georgy Voronoy (died 1908 ), Ukrainian mathematician.
April 30 – J. B. Christopherson (died 1955), English physician .
May 2 – Robert W. Wood (died 1955 ), American optical physicist.
June 6 – Robert Falcon Scott (died 1912 ), English explorer .
June 7 – John Sealy Townsend (died 1957 ), Irish mathematical physicist.[ 21]
June 14 – Karl Landsteiner (died 1943 ), Austrian physiologist .
July 4 – Henrietta Swan Leavitt (died 1921 ), American astronomer.[ 22]
October 23 – Frederick W. Lanchester (died 1946 ), English automotive engineer .
November 8 – Felix Hausdorff (died 1942 ), German mathematician.
November 14 – Karl Landsteiner (died 1943 ), Austrian-born physiologist, recipient of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine .[ 23]
November 15 – Emil Racoviță (died 1947 ), Romanian biologist, speleologist and explorer.
November 17 – Korbinian Brodmann (died 1918 ), German neurologist .
December 5 – Arnold Sommerfeld (died 1951 ), German theoretical physicist.[ 24]
December 9 – Fritz Haber (died 1934 ), German chemist.[ 25]
February 10 – Sir David Brewster , Scottish physicist (born 1781 )[ 26]
February 11 – Léon Foucault (born 1819 ), French physicist.[ 27]
February 24 – John Herapath (born 1790 ), English physicist.
May 22 – Julius Plücker (born 1801 ), German mathematician and physicist.
June 25 – Alexander Mitchell (born 1780 ), Irish engineer and inventor of the screw-pile lighthouse .
June 29 – Sir John Lillie , British army officer, entrepreneur and inventor (born 1790 )
July 15 – William T. G. Morton (born 1819 ), American dentist.
August 29 – Christian Friedrich Schönbein , German chemist and inventor of the fuel cell (born 1799 )[ 28]
September 26 – August Ferdinand Möbius (born 1790 ), German mathematician and astronomer[ 29]
December 25 – Linus Yale, Jr. (born 1821 ), American engineer and inventor.[ 30]
December 31 – James David Forbes (born 1809 ), Scottish-born physicist, glaciologist and seismologist.
^ "The Great French Wine Blight" . Wine Tidings . 96 . July–August 1986. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-01 .
^ Published in Transactions 26 (3) (1870): 497.
^ "Roland Trimen, 1840-1916" . Proceedings of the Royal Society B . 91 (641): xviii–xxvii. 1920. doi :10.1098/rspb.1920.0020 . JSTOR 80995 .
^ Ley, Willy (1959). Exotic Zoology . New York: Viking Press.
^ Martin, Megan (2005). "Smith, Maria Ann (1799–1870)" . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 2012-01-27 .
^ Kochhar, R. K. (1991). "French astronomers in India during the 17th –19th centuries". Journal of the British Astronomical Association . 101 (2): 95–100. Bibcode :1991JBAA..101...95K .
^ Hampel, Clifford A. (1968). The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements . New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 256–268. ISBN 0-442-15598-0 .
^ Coe, Brian (1978). Colour Photography: the first hundred years 1840-1940 . London: Ash & Grant. ISBN 0-904069-24-9 .
^ Enerson, Ole Daniel. "Jean-Martin Charcot" . Whonamedit? . Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-11 .
^ Charcot, J.-M. (1868). "Histologie de la sclerose en plaques". Gazette des Hopitaux . 41 . Paris: 554–55.
^ Killian, Gustvan (1911). "The history of bronchoscopy and esophagoscopy" . The Laryngoscope . 21 (9): 891–7. doi :10.1288/00005537-191109000-00001 . S2CID 73388145 .
^ Modlin, Irvin M.; Kidd, Mark; Lye, Kevin D. (2004). "From the Lumen to the Laparoscope" . Archives of Surgery . 139 (10): 1110–26. doi :10.1001/archsurg.139.10.1110 . PMID 15492154 . Retrieved 2011-10-17 .
^ Elewaut, A.; Cremer, M. (2002). "The History of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy — The European Perspective" . In Classen, Meinhard; Tytgat, Guido N.J.; Lightdale, Charles J. (eds.). Gastroenterological endoscopy . Stuttgart: Thieme. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-58890-013-5 . Retrieved 2010-09-06 .
^ Vilardell, F. (2006). "Rigid gastroscopes" . Digestive endoscopy in the second millennium: from the Lichtleiter to echoendoscopy . Stuttgart: Thieme. pp. 32–5. ISBN 978-3-13-139671-6 . Retrieved 2010-09-06 .
^ US79265 .
^ No 79985.
^ Maxwell, James Clerk (1868). "On Governors". Proceedings of the Royal Society . 16 (100). London: 270–283. doi :10.1098/rspl.1867.0055 . JSTOR 112510 .
^ "Copley Medal | British scientific award" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 23 July 2020 .
^ "Robert A. Millikan - Biographical" . www.nobelprize.org .
^ Lamb, Gregory M. (July 5, 2005). "Before computers, there were these humans..." Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved January 1, 2020 .
^ Von Engel, A. (1957). "John Sealy Edward Townsend. 1868-1957". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society . 3 : 256–272. doi :10.1098/rsbm.1957.0018 .
^ Todd, Deborah; Angelo, Joseph (2003). A to Z of Scientists in Space and Astronomy . New York: Facts of File. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-81604-639-3 .
^ Rous, P. (1947). "Karl Landsteiner. 1868–1943". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society . 5 (15): 294–324. doi :10.1098/rsbm.1947.0002 . JSTOR 769085 . S2CID 161789667 .
^ Born, Max, Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld, 1868–1951 , Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society Volume 8, Number 21, pp. 274–296 (1952)
^ Goran, Morris (1967). The Story of Fritz Haber . University of Oklahoma Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-8061-0756-1 . Retrieved 30 April 2021 .
^ Gordon, Margaret Maria (1881). The home life of sir David Brewster . D. Douglas. pp. 231 –236. Retrieved 18 September 2011 .
^ John Guy Porter; Patrick Moore (1967). Yearbook of Astronomy . W. W. Norton. p. 47.
^ Partington, J. R. (1964). History of Chemistry . London: Macmillan Education, Limited. p. 190. ISBN 9781349005543 .
^ Franceschetti, Donald (1999). Biographical encyclopedia of mathematicians . New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 377. ISBN 9780761470717 .
^ Day, Lance (1996). Biographical dictionary of the history of technology . London New York: Routledge. p. 1345. ISBN 9781134650194 .