Overview of the events of 1913 in film
1913 was a particularly fruitful year for film as an art form, and is often cited one of the years in the decade which contributed to the medium the most, along with 1917 .
The year was one where filmmakers of several countries made great artistic advancements, producing notable pioneering masterpieces such as The Student of Prague (Stellan Rye), Suspense (Phillips Smalley and Lois Weber), Atlantis (August Blom), Raja Harischandra (D. G. Phalke), Juve contre Fantomas (Louis Feuillade), Quo Vadis? (Enrico Guazzoni), Ingeborg Holm (Victor Sjöström), The Mothering Heart (D. W. Griffith), Ma l’amor mio non muore! (Mario Caserini), L’enfant de Paris (Léonce Perret) and Twilight of a Woman's Soul (Yevgenii Bauer).
[ edit ] Films released in 1913 [ edit ] Addio giovinezza! The Adventures of Kathlyn serial ), starring Kathlyn Williams The Adventures of Three Nights (Eiko Films) [ 4] After Death (Italy/ Kleine & Cines) aka Dopo la Morte [ 5] After the Welsh Rarebit , produced by Edison Films, directed by C. J. Williams, starring William Wadsworth and Ida Williams.[ 6] The Airman's Enemy (French/ Film de Paris)[ 7] The Alchemist (British/ Kimenatograph) produced by Charles Urban, shot in color[ 8] Almost an Actress [ 9] American Born Antony and Cleopatra Enrico Guazzoni Arizona Article 47, L' At Midnight Atlantis Ole Olsen , directed by August Blom , written by Gerhardt Hauptmann , starring Olaf Fons, Ida Orloff and Ebba Thomsen; Michael Curtiz was assistant director; the first Danish full-length feature film.[ 10] Babes in the Woods (French/ Pathe Freres) based on the fairy tale[ 11] Back to Life [ 12] Balaoo the Demon Baboon aka Balaoo (French/Eclair), directed by Victorin-Hyppolite Jasset, starring Lucien Bataille and Camille Bardou, based on the novel by Gaston Leroux ; this film was remade as The Wizard (1927 film) Dr. Renault's Secret [ 13] The Bangville Police Mabel Normand and The Keystone Cops Barney Oldfield's Race for a Life Mabel Normand , Mack Sennett , Ford Sterling , The Keystone Cops , and American race car driver Barney Oldfield .The Bartered Bride The Battle at Elderbush Gulch D. W. Griffith , starring Mae Marsh and Lillian Gish The Battle of Gettysburg Beautiful Bismark Beauty and the Beast (Universal) directed by H. C. Matthews, based on the Brothers Grimm fairy tale.[ 14] The Bells , directed by Oscar Apfel , starring Edward P. Sullivan and Sue Balfour, based on the play The Polish Jew by Erckmann-Chatrian which was later adapted to English by Leopold Lewis retitled The Bells .[ 15] The Bells , directed by George Lessey , produced by Thomas Edison , starring May Abbey and Robert Brower; based on the Edgar Allan Poe poem of the same name[ 16] The Bewitched Matches (French/ Eclair) directed by Emile Cohl [ 17] The Black Opal , (Ramo Films) based on the novel The Moonstone by Wilkie Collins [ 18] Bloodhounds of the North [ 19] The Blood Red Tape of Charity Lon Chaney [ 20] Brand of Evil (Essanay Films) directed by Harry McRae Webster, written by Edward T. Lowe , starring Thomas Commerford and Ruth Stonehouse, based on the novel The Moonstone by Wilkie Collins [ 21] Breaking into the Big League The Caged Bird Calamity Anne's Beauty Calamity Anne's Dream Calamity Anne's Inheritance Calamity Anne's Vanity Calamity Anne, Heroine Caprice The Cave Dwellers' Romance (Bison Films)[ 22] The Clown Hero (Imp/ Universal) written by Richard Goodall[ 23] The Cub Reporter's Temptation Dante's Purgatorio (Cinema Prods.)[ 24] David Copperfield David Garrick The Dead Man Who Killed (French/ Apex Films)[ 25] The Dead Secret (Monopol Films) directed by Stanner E. V. Taylor, starring Marion Leonard, based on the 1857 short story of the same name by Wilkie Collins [ 26] The Death Stone of India (Bison) directed by Milton J. Fahrney , starring William Clifford , Belle Bennett and Paul Machette, based on the 1868 Wilkie Collins novel The Moonstone .[ 27] Death's Marathon D. W. Griffith , starring Blanche Sweet and Lionel Barrymore A Desperate Chance The Devil and Tom Walker (Selig) directed by Hardee Kirkland, written by Edward McWade, starring Harry Lonsdale and William Stowell (as Satan); based on the story by Washington Irving .[ 28] Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Carl Laemmle , written and directed by Herbert Brenon , starring King Baggott , Matt Snyder and Jane Gail.[ 29] Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (British/ Kineto-Kimemacolor) produced by Charles Urban , filmed in color; this film was very sparsely distributed; one of the earliest horror films ever made in Great Britain.[ 30] Dr. Trimball's Verdict (British/ Hepworth Films) directed by Frank Wilson, produced by Cecil M. Hepworth , starring Alec Worcester[ 31] Don Juan's Compact (Milano Films)[ 32] The Egyptian Mummy (Kalem Films) horror-comedy starring Ruth Roland [ 33] Eighty Million Women Want -? An Elephant on his Hands [ 34] L'Enfant de Paris Evidence of the Film The Evil Power (Rex Films) directed by Otis Turner , starring Margarita Fischer[ 35] Eyes of Satan (Solax Films) [ 36] The Face at the Window Fantômas À l'ombre de la guillotine Juve contre Fantômas Le Mort qui tue Faust and the Lily (Biograph) a satirical take on Goethe's "Faust"[ 37] Feathertop (British/ Kinemacolor) produced by Charles Urban , filmed in Color; based on the novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne (remade in 1916)[ 38] The Fire Coward The Flirt and the Bandit For Her Boy's Sake For the Crown For the Flag For the Peace of Bear Valley The Foreman's Treachery (Edison Prods.) directed by Charles Brabin , starring Miriam Nesbitt and Marc MacDermott[ 39] A Forest Romance From the Beyond (French/ U.S. co-production, Eclair Films/ American Standard) directed by Oscar A. C. Lund , starring Alec B. Francis and Barbara Tennant[ 40] Funnicus and the Ghost (Eclair Films)[ 41] The Game Warden The Ghost (Victor Films) directed by (and starring) James Kirkwood [ 42] The Ghost of Seaview Manor (Dragon Prods.) [ 43] The Ghost of the Hacienda , a horror-western hybrid directed by Thomas Ricketts, starring Edward Coxen and Jean Durrell [ 44] The Ghost of the White Lady , aka The White Ghost (Denmark/ Great Northern & Nordisk) starring Rita Sacchetto [ 45] The Ghosts: or, Who's Afraid? (Vitagraph) directed by William J. Bauman , starring Myrtle Gonzalez and George Cooper [ 46] The Girl and the Greaser The Grasshopper and the Ant The Greater Love The Great Ganton Mystery (Rex Films) [ 47] The Great Physician (Edison Prods.) directed by Richard Ridgely, starring Charles Ogle[ 48] The Green Eye of the Yellow God (Edison Prods.) directed by Richard Ridgely, starring Charles Ogle , based on the 1911 poem by J. Milton Hayes [ 49] The Gusher , directed by Mack Sennett , starring Mabel Normand , Ford Sterling , Charles Inslee , and The Keystone Cops Hamlet The Haunted Bedroom (Edison) starring Harry Beaumont , Jack Strong and Mabel Trunelle[ 50] [ 51] The Haunted Chamber (Anderson Films) thought to be based on the 1873 poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow [ 52] The Haunted Cottage , aka Le cottage hantee (French/ Pathe) written and directed by Segundo de Chomon [ 53] The Haunted House [ 54] The Haunted House (Kalem Films) thought to be directed by Edmund Lawrence [it ] , starring Edgar L. Davenport, Adelaide Lawrence and Olive Temple[ 55] The Haunted House (Patheplay) starring Charles E. Bunnell, Crane Wilbur and Julia Walcott[ 56] The Heart of a Fool Her Big Story Her Gallant Knights Hinemoa His Neighbor's Wife His Wife's Child The House in the Tree The House of Darkness D. W. Griffith , starring Lillian Gish and Lionel Barrymore The Idol of Bonanza Camp In the Bishop's Carriage In the Firelight In the Grip of a Charlatan (Kalem Film) starring Alice Joyce and Tom Moore[ 57] In the Grip of the Vampire (French/ Gaumont) directed by Leonce Perret; does not feature a supernatural vampire[ 58] In the Long Ago (Selig Polyscope) directed by Colin Campbell, starring Wheeler Oakman and Tom Santschi[ 59] In the Mountains of Virginia In the Power of a Hypnotist (Warner) directed by Sidney Olcott and T. Hayes Hunter, starring Sydney Olcott and Gene Gauntier[ 60] In the Toils of the Devil (Italy/ Milano Film) story was based on Faust [ 61] The Influence of a Child Ingeborg Holm The Island of Bliss (German/ Brandon Films) directed by Arthur Kahane; based on a Max Reinhardt play[ 62] The Island of Terror (French/ Eclipse) directed by Joe Hamman (who also starred in it); an unauthorized film version of the 1896 H. G. Wells novel The Island of Dr. Moreau , made without Wells' permission.[ 63] Isle of the Dead (Denmark/ Gluckstadt Films) directed by Wilhelm Gluckstadt [ 64] It Is Never Too Late to Mend (Thomas Edison) directed by Charles M. Seay , starring Walter Edwin, Mary Fuller , Wyatt Burns and Charles Ogle , based on the 1856 Charles Reade novel of the same name[ 65] Ivanhoe Justice of the Wild A Lady of Quality The Lady Killer The Last Days of Pompeii Mario Caserini and Eleuterio Rodolfi (One of the early blockbusters in cinema. One of the earliest feature films.)Love From Out of the Grave (French/ Film d'Art) a lost film.[ 66] Mabel's Awful Mistakes Mabel Normand and Mack Sennett Mabel's Dramatic Career Mack Sennett , Ford Sterling , and The Keystone Cops ; contains early usage of film-within-a-filmMabel's New Hero Mack Sennett , starring Mabel Normand , Fatty Arbuckle , and The Keystone Cops The Magic Skin (Victor Films) starring J. Warren Kerrigan, based on the story The Wild Ass's Skin by Balzac .[ 67] The Man in the White Cloak (Denmark/ Nordisk)[ 68] The Man of the Wax Figures (French), directed by Maurice Tourneur , aka L'Homme aux Figures de Cire [ 69] Maria Marten: or, The Murder in the Red Barn (British/ Motograph Films) written and directed by Maurice Elvey , starring Elizabeth Risdon, Nessie Blackford and Fred Groves; script incorporated ideas from several different stage play versions of the story; remade in 1928 and again in 1935.[ 70] The Medium's Nemesis (Thanhauser Films) starring Mrs. Lawrence Marston, Sidney Bracey and Marie Eline[ 71] The Mirror A Mix-Up in Pedigrees Moondyne The Mothering Heart D. W. Griffith , starring Lillian Gish Mrs. Carter's Campaign The Mysterious Stranger (Essanay Films) starring Bryant Washburn and E. H. Calvert.[ 72] Mystery of the Haunted Hotel (Thanhouser)[ 73] The Mystic Moonstone (British/ Lion's Head Films) directed by David Aylott[ 74] The New Conductor The Newsboy's Christmas Dream (British/ C&M Films) [ 75] The Night Before Christmas Notre Dame (Patheplay), based on the novel Notre Dame de Paris by Victor Hugo [ 76] Nursery Favorites The Oath of Pierre The Occult , directed by Allan Dwan , starring Sydney Ayres , Jacques Jaccard and Violet Knights.[ 77] The Other (Der Andere) Der Andere (German/ Vitascope), written and directed by Max Mack, starring Albert Basserman , Hanni Weisse and Emmerich Hanus; based on a stage play by Paul Lindau which in turn was inspired by the novel Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde [ 78] The Oath of Tsuru San Our Wives Owana, the Devil Woman (Nestor Films) produced by David Horseley[ 79] Personal Magnetism The Phantom Signal (Thomas Edison Prods.) directed by George Lessey , starring Charles Ogle, Mary Abbey and Bessie Learn.[ 80] The Picture of Dorian Gray (1913 film) Lois Weber , directed by Phillips Smalley ; starring Wallace Reid and Lois Weber; based on the famous novel by Oscar Wilde .[ 81] The Pied Piper of Hamlin (Edison Prods.) directed by George Lessey, starring Herbert Prior and Robert Brower.[ 82] The Pit and the Pendulum , aka Rivals (Solax Films) directed by Alice Guy-Blache, starring Darwin Karr; based on the short story by Edgar Allan Poe .[ 83] Poisoned Waters (Nestor Films/ Universal) directed by Milton J. Fahrney, produced by David Horsley , starring Valleria Alison and Louis Fitzroy[ 84] Poor Jake's Demise Lon Chaney (his first credited film appearance).[ 85] The Proof of the Man The Pursuit of the Smugglers The Queen of Spades (Italy/ Cines, Aquila) directed by Baldassare Negroni, starring Leda Gys, Hesperia and Ignazio Lupi; based on the story by Alexander Pushkin and its 1890 opera adaptation by Tchaikovsky.[ 86] The Queen of Spades (Fidelity Films) based on the story by Alexander Pushkin; a lost film.[ 87] Quicksands Quo Vadis? Enrico Guazzoni (One of the earliest feature films.)Raja Harishchandra Red Margaret, Moonshiner The Reformers, or the Lost Art of Minding One's Own Business , directed by D. W. Griffith The Reincarnation of a Soul (Universal) starring Edwin August[ 88] The Restless Spirit [ 89] Rick's Redemption The Roadside Inn (French/ Star Film)[ 90] The Rose of San Juan Sapho Satan's Castle (Italy/ Ambrosio) plot similar to "Faust"[ 91] A Sawmill Hazard Scrooge Charles Dickens novel A Christmas Carol .[ 92] The Sea Urchin (1913 film)Lon Chaney and Jeanie MacPherson[ 93] The Sea Wolf Jack London The Scimitar of the Prophet The Sheriff of Stone Gulch (Kalem) directed by Pat Hartigan, who appears in a starring role alongside Ruth Roland , Marshall Neilan and Vincente Howard.Sherlock Holmes Solves the Sign of the FourThe Sign of Four The Shoemaker and the Doll Shon the Piper [ 94] The Shriner's Daughter Simple Simon and the Haunted House , aka Onesime et la maison hante (French/ Gaumont) directed by Jean Durand, starring Ernest Bourbon and Gaston Modot; one in a series of more than 60 French silent films featuring the character Onesime (which means Simple Simon in English).[ 95] Simple Simon and the Suicide Club (French/ Gaumont) directed by Jean Durand, starring Ernest Bourbon and Gaston Modot; a comic satire on Robert Louis Stevenson 's 1878 novel, The Suicide Club .[ 96] Il sire di Vincigliata Sleeping Beauty (Venus/ Warners) based on the Perrault fairy tale.[ 97] Snow White (Powers Films) based on the Brothers Grimm fairy tale.[ 98] Some Fools There Were The Spectre of Jago (Italy/ Savoia Films) directed by Alberto Carlo Lolli, starring Ubaldo Maria Del Colle; based on the novel by Charles Darlington.[ 99] The Speed Kings Mabel Normand , Fatty Arbuckle , Ford Sterling and American race car drivers Teddy Tetzlaff , Earl Cooper and Barney Oldfield .The Speed Queen , starring Mabel Normand The Spell (Power Picture Plays) plot was similar to "Svengali".[ 100] The Spender The Star of India (Blache Films) directed by Herbert Blache and Alice Guy-Blache, starring Frannie Fraunholz and Claire Whitney ; based on the 1868 novel The Moonstone by Wilkie Collins[ 101] Strangers from Nowhere , aka Two Strangers from Nowhere (Blache Films) produced by Herbert Blache; plot was similar to "Faust".[ 102] The Student of Prague Hanns Heinz Ewers , starring Paul Wegener , John Gottowt, Grete Berger and Lyda Salmonova ; adapting the 1839 Edgar Allan Poe story William Wilson , the film explored the concept of the "doppelganger"; only inferior prints exist, edited down from 85 minutes to 41 minutes; the film was remade in 1926 and again in 1935.[ 103] The Suicide Club (German/ Eichberg Films) directed by Joseph Delmont, starring Fred Sauer and Ilse Bois; based on the 1878 Robert Louis Stevenson short story of the same name.[ 104] Suspense Lois Weber ; contains early usage of split-screen The Tale of the Ticker The Tempter (British) filmed in Color; directed by F. Martin Thornton and R. H. Callum, produced by Charles Urban , starring Harry Agar Lyons and Alfred de Manby; an early anthology fantasy film that predated Dead of Night [ 105] The Tenderfoot's Ghost (produced by Frontier Films / St. Louis Motion Picture Co.)[ 106] The Thief and the Porter's Head (Italy/ Milano Film) [ 107] Through the Neighbor's Window Through the Sluice Gates Traffic in Souls George Loane Tucker (One of the earliest American feature film.)Transported The Trap [ 108] Trapped in a Forest Fire The Treasure of Buddha (Gerrard Studios) lost film based on the 1868 Wilkie Collins novel, The Moonstone .[ 109] Trilby (Vitascope) yet another film based on the 1894 novel by George du Maurier .[ 110] Truth in the Wilderness Twilight of a Woman's Soul Unto the Third Generation The Unwelcome Guest The Vampire (British/ Searchlight Films) remade in 1915 as Heba, the Snake Woman .[ 111] The Vampire (U.S./ Kalem Films) directed by Robert G. Vignola, starring Harry Millarde, Marguerite Cortot, Alice Eis and Bert French; print exists in a museum.[ 112] [ 113] The Vampire of the Desert (Vitagraph) directed by Charles Gaskill, starring Helen Gardner and Teffi Johnson; a non-supernatural film based on a poem called The Vampire by Rudyard Kipling [ 114] Voodoo Fires (Tampa Films) directed by Frank Whitman, written by Joe Brandt; one of the earliest films to depict voodoo rituals, quite possibly an influence on the later Bela Lugosi film, White Zombie (1932).Wamba, a Child of the Jungle The Werewolf Henry McRae , written by Ruth Ann Baldwin, starring Clarence Barton, Marie Walcamp and Phyllis Gordon; based on an 1898 story called "The Werewolves" by Honore Beaugrand; the last known print was destroyed in a fire in 1924.[ 115] What the Gods Decree (French/ Eclair) directed by Victorin-Hippolyte Jasset, starring Charles Krauss and Josette Andriot (a statue of Kali comes to life).[ 116] When Lincoln Paid When Spirits Walk (Frontier/ St. Louis) starring Lloyd Hamilton , Joseph Franz and Eva Thatcher[ 117] While John Bolt Slept (Edison Films) starring Charles Ogle[ 118] While There's Life The Witch of Salem , directed by Raymond B. West, produced by Thomas H. Ince , starring Charles Ray and Clara Williams; plot is similar to D. W. Griffith 's Rose O'Salem Town (1910).[ 119] Woman's Honor Yoshiwara Kaidan: Kozakura Choji (Nikkatsu Kyoto Studios) Japanese ghost movie directed by Shozo Makino, starring Matsunosuke Onoe[ 120] Zhuangzi Tests His Wife Hong Kong cinema January 2 – Anna Lee , actress (died 2004 )
January 6 – Loretta Young , actress (died 2000 )
January 15
January 28 - Maurice Gosfield , American stage, film, radio and television actor (died 1964 )
January 29 – Victor Mature , actor (died 1999 )
February 8 – Betty Field , actress (died 1973 )
February 10 – Douglas Slocombe , cinematographer (died 2016 )
February 25
March 2 – Marjorie Weaver , actress (died 1994 )
March 3 - Harold J. Stone , actor died (died 2005 )
March 4 – John Garfield , actor (died 1952 )
March 15 – Macdonald Carey , actor (died 1994 )
March 18 – René Clément , director (died 1996 )
April 16 – Les Tremayne , English-American actor (died 2003 )
May 6 – Stewart Granger , actor (died 1993 )
May 8
May 10 – Maria Dominiani , actress (died 1993 )
May 18 – Mary Howard de Liagre , actress (died 2009 )
May 25 - Benjamin Melniker , American producer (died 2018 )
May 26 – Peter Cushing , actor (died 1994)
May 27
July 4 – Barbara Weeks , actress (died 2003)
July 10 – Joan Marsh , actress (died 2000)
July 18
July 29 – Gale Page , actress (died 1983 )
August 10 – Noah Beery Jr. , actor (died 1994)
August 11 – Paul Dupuis , actor (died 1976 )
August 13
August 24 – Dorothy Comingore , actress (died 1971 )
September 3 – Alan Ladd , actor (died 1964 )
September 5 - Kathleen Burke , actress (died 1980
September 6 – Julie Gibson , actress (died 2019)
September 7 – Anthony Quayle , actor (died 1989)
September 12 – Gerardo de Leon , Filipino director, actor, screenwriter, producer (died 1981 )
September 19 – Frances Farmer , actress (died 1970 )
September 27 - Margery Mason , British actress (died 2014)
September 29
September 30 – Bill Walsh , producer, writer (died 1975 )
October 7 – Evelyn Venable , actress (died 1993 )
October 10 – Janis Carter , actress (died 1994 )
October 17 – Robert Lowery , actor (died 1971 )
October 30 - Don Lusk , American animator (died 2018)
November 2 – Burt Lancaster , American actor (died 1994)
November 4 – Gig Young , actor (died 1978 )
November 5
November 13 – Alexander Scourby , American actor (died 1985)
November 16 - Ellen Albertini Dow , American character actress (died 2015)
November 20 – Judy Canova , actress (died 1983)
November 24
December 1 – Mary Martin , actress (died 1990)
December 25 – Tony Martin , singer, actor (died 2012 )
^ List of Marathi films of 1910-1919 .^ Overview . The New York Times ^ Finler, Joel W. (April 2, 1992), The Hollywood Story 263 , ISBN 0-7493-0637-8 ^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 52. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 52. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 52. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Blake, Michael F. (1998). "The Films of Lon Chaney". Vestal Press Inc. Page 6. ISBN 1-879511-26-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 52. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 52. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Blake, Michael F. (1998). "The Films of Lon Chaney". Vestal Press Inc. Page 7. ISBN 1-879511-26-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 53. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Blake, Michael F. (1998). "The Films of Lon Chaney". Vestal Press Inc. Page 8. ISBN 1-879511-26-6 .
^ Blake, Michael F. (1998). "The Films of Lon Chaney". Vestal Press Inc. Page 7. ISBN 1-879511-26-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 53. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 53. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 53. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 54. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 54. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Blake, Michael F. (1998). "The Films of Lon Chaney". Vestal Press Inc. Page 5. ISBN 1-879511-26-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 54. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 54. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 55. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 53. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 55. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 55. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 55. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 56. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 56. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 56. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 57. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 57. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 57. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 57. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 57. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 57. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Blake, Michael F. (1998). "The Films of Lon Chaney". Vestal Press Inc. Page 1. ISBN 1-879511-26-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 58. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Blake, Michael F. (1998). "The Films of Lon Chaney". Vestal Press Inc. Page 4. ISBN 1-879511-26-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 58. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 58. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 58. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Blake, Michael F. (1998). "The Films of Lon Chaney". Vestal Press Inc. Page 2. ISBN 1-879511-26-6 .
^ Blake, Michael F. (1998). "The Films of Lon Chaney". Vestal Press Inc. Page 3. ISBN 1-879511-26-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 58. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 58. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Blake, Michael F. (1998). "The Films of Lon Chaney". Vestal Press Inc. Page 4. ISBN 1-879511-26-6 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 59. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6 .
^ "Silent Era : Progressive Silent Film List" .^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 .
^ Lamarre, Hazel L. (May 28, 1953). "All the World's a Stage: Artist of the Week" . Los Angeles Sentinel . p. B-2. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
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