1945 in Norway
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Events in the year 1945 in Norway.
Incumbents
[edit]- Government in Exile (in London) until 9 May
- Monarch – Haakon VII
- Prime Minister – Johan Nygaardsvold (Labour Party) until 25 June, Einar Gerhardsen (Labour Party)
- German Military Governor
- Reichskommissar in Norway – Josef Terboven until 7 May, Franz Böhme until 8 May
- German Puppet Government in Oslo
- Minister-President – Vidkun Quisling (National Unification) until 8 May
Events
[edit]- 8 February – Karl Marthinsen was assassinated.
- 9 February – 29 Norwegians were executed by the Nazi regime in Norway as reprisal of Marthinsen's death, among others Jon Vislie, Kaare Sundby and Haakon Sæthre. The extent and severity of the reprisals shocked the Norwegian population and government-in-exile, resulting in a general moratorium against targeted killings of high-ranking Nazi officials.
- 9 February – Black Friday: a large air battle between German and British aircraft over Sunnfjord. It was the largest aerial clash over Norway during World War II.[1][2]
- 7 May – Knut Hamsun released his obituary of Adolf Hitler.
- 8 May – The occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany ended as German forces agreed to an unconditional surrender.
- 8 May – Grini concentration camp was liberated, only to be used later for treason suspects under the name Ilebu.
- 8 May – Josef Terboven and Wilhelm Rediess committed suicide.
- 9 May – Vidkun Quisling was arrested.
- 11 May – Sverre Riisnæs gave up his entrenchment at Skallum farm. Jonas Lie died during the entrenchment.
- 11 May – Akershus Fortress surrendered by the Germans to Terje Rollem acting on behalf of the resistance.
- 13 May – Heinrich Fehlis was arrested and committed suicide.
- 14 May – Henry Rinnan was arrested.
- 31 May – Government returned from exile in London.
- 6 June – King Haakon VII of Norway returned to Norway.
- 14 June – Knut Hamsun was apprehended.
- 20 June – Paal Berg gave up plans to form a broad, non-partisan coalition government.
- 23 June – The newspaper Verdens Gang was founded.
- 25 June – Prime Minister Johan Nygaardsvold resigned as Haakon VII appointed Einar Gerhardsen to head an interim government composed of all political parties.
- 6 July – Norway declares war on Japan.
- 25 July – Gerhardsen's First Cabinet was appointed.
- 17 August – Reidar Haaland was executed.
- 4 September – The Third Reich's last active troops surrender after seal hunters discover them on Bear Island.[3]
- 8 October – The 1945 Parliamentary election takes place.
- 24 October – Vidkun Quisling was executed by firing squad at Akershus Fortress.[4]
- 5 November – Gerhardsen's Second Cabinet was appointed.
- 19 November – Municipal and county elections are held throughout the country.
- 27 November – Norway joins the United Nations.[5]
- December – The periodical Kvinnen og Tiden is founded.[6]
- 24 December – Henry Rinnan escaped from prison, only to be apprehended later.
- Date unknown – IG Farben was the largest stock-holder in Norsk Hydro. The two companies first formed a business partnership in 1927.
- Date unknown – The Norwegian Mining Museum opened.[7]
-
The German surrender of Akershus Fortress on 11 May 1945. -
German troops leave Oslo on bicycles, 19 May 1945 -
The Norwegian underground army of the Second World War on parade in front of the Royal Palace in 1945. -
The Royal Family of Norway waving to the welcoming crowds from HMS Norfolk at Oslo, June 1945
_on_parade_in_1945.jpg)
Popular culture
[edit]![[icon]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2010) |
Sports
[edit]Music
[edit]Film
[edit]Literature
[edit]Notable births
[edit]January
[edit]
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- 1 January
- Jan Mehlum, crime fiction writer and sociologist.[8]
- Martin Schanche, racing driver.[9]
- 2 January
- Terje Bjørklund, jazz pianist and composer.[10]
- Øyvind Myhre, author of science fiction and fantasy literature.[11]
- 5 January
- Trond Martiniussen, Olympic wrestler.[12]
- Peter Johan Schei, biologist and civil servant.[13]
- 6 January – Morten Lund, politician.[14]
- 9 January – Liv Gjølstad, judge.[15]
- 10 January – Steinar Stjernø, academic.[16]
- 11 January – Inger Prebensen, jurist and banker.[17]
- 14 January
- Liv Køltzow, novelist, playwright, biographer and essayist.[18]
- Britt Langlie, stage actress and singer.[19]
- 17 January – Geir Lundestad, historian.[20]
- 18 January – Bjørn Rime, footballer.[21]
- 20 January – Bjørn Tore Godal, politician and Minister.[22]
- 22 January
- Vibeke Løkkeberg, film director and actress.[23]
- Christopher Stensaker, politician (died 2018).[24]
- 24 January – Hans Mehren, Olympic sailor.[25]
- 28 January
- Hallgrim Berg, folk musician and politician.[26]
- Berit Nesheim, film director.[27]
- 30 January – Britt Schultz, politician.[28]
February
[edit]
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- 8 February
- Gerd Inger De Groot, long track speed skater.[29]
- Bjørg Mikalsen, politician.[30]
- 10 February – Espen Haavardsholm, novelist, poet, biographer and essayist.[31]
- 14 February – Thorleif Andresen, Olympic cyclist.[32] (died 2022)
- 17 February – Sølve Skagen, film director.[33]
- 18 February – Hans Einar Krokan, physician and cancer researcher.[34]
- 19 February – Jan Økseter, handball player.[35]
- 22 February – Rune Slagstad, historian, philosopher, legal theorist, and journal editor.[36]
- 23 February – Øystein Rian, historian.[37]
- 26 February – Marta Kristen, actress
- 27 February – Odd Fossengen, motorcycle speedway rider (died 2017)
March
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- 2 March – Einar Strøm, politician.[38]
- 5 March – Rune Johan Andersson, cartoonist, illustrator and children's writer.[39]
- 7 March – Audun Tron, politician.[40]
- 11 March – Sylfest Lomheim, philologist and director of the Norwegian Language Council, Språkrådet
- 12 March – Sven Ole Fagernæs, jurist and civil servant.[41]
- 14 March
- Rolf Trolle Andersen, diplomat.[42]
- Sigvald Tveit, composer and musicologist (died 2019).[43]
- 16 March – Ingebjørg Støfring, diplomat.[44]
- 18 March – Terje Ottar, politician.[45]
- 19 March
- Hilde Mæhlum, sculptor.[46]
- Bjørn Moe, orchestra conductor and associate professor at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology
- 20 March – Erling Brandsnes, politician
- 26 March – Steinar Bastesen, politician.[47]
- 27 March – Rolf M. Aagaard, photographer.[48]
- 29 March – Ann-Kristin Olsen, jurist and civil servant.[49]
April
[edit]
- 1 April
- Bjørnar Andresen, jazz musician (died 2004).[50]
- Per Kværne, tibetologist and historian of religion.[51]
- Nils-Per Skarseth, Olympic ski jumper.[52]
- 3 April – Ernst Oddvar Baasland, bishop.[53]
- 4 April – Sissel Benneche Osvold, journalist.[54]
- 6 April – Sverre Lodgaard, political scientist and politician
- 6 April – Per Terje Vold, civil servant and businessperson.[55]
- 9 April – Per Ludvig Magnus, diplomat (died 2015).[56]
- 10 April – Bernt Øksendal, mathematician.[57]
- 16 April – Britt Karin Larsen, poet and author.[58]
- 18 April – Edvard Moseid, animal expert and zoo- and amusement park director.[59]
- 25 April
- Ranja Hauglid, politician
- Halvard Kausland, jazz guitarist (died 2017)
- Arne Kvalheim, long-distance runner.[60]
- 26 April – Paal-Helge Haugen, poet, novelist, dramatist and children's writer.[61]
- 27 April – Kirsti Strøm Bull, professor of law
- 30 April – Kim Torkildsen, Olympic sailor.[62]
May
[edit]
- 2 May – Tore Linné Eriksen, historian.[63]
- 3 May – Jan O. Henriksen, illustrator and editorial cartoonist (died 2018).[64]
- 5 May – Tore Skau, sports shooter.[65]
- 12 May –
- Tormod Haugen, author (died 2008)
- Leonard Rickhard, painter (died 2024).[66]
- 13 May – Marius Haas, German diplomat
- 14 May – Truls Fyhn, police chief (died 2011).[67]
- 16 May – Ingeborg Sorensen, model
- 19 May – Wera Sæther, psychologist and writer.[68]
- 22 May – Jørgen Randers, economist and academic.[69]
- 24 May – Eva Bugge, diplomat
- 26 May – Ågot Valle, politician.[70]
June
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- 2 June
- Kolbjørn Almlid, businessperson and politician.[71]
- Signe Øye, politician.[72]
- 3 June – Bjørn Alterhaug, jazz bassist, composer and professor of music.[73]
- 10 June – Pål Sæthrang, footballer (died 2004).[74]
- 12 June – Arne Myhrvold, sports official.[75]
- 13 June – Tor Lian, sports official (died 2016).[76][77]
- 16 June – Kari Garmann, politician.[78]
- 17 June
- Ragnar Fjoran, Olympic sailor.[79]
- Inge Thun, footballer (died 2008)[80]
- 18 June – Jostein Helge Bernhardsen, diplomat
- 19 June – Geir Berdahl, publisher.[81]
- 23 June – Kim Småge, crime fiction writer.[82]
- 28 June – Magni Wentzel, jazz singer and guitarist
July
[edit]
- 4 July – Steinar Amundsen, sprint canoer, Olympic gold medallist and World Champion (died 2022)
- 5 July – Stein Ringen, sociologist and political scientist.[83]
- 6 July – Velle Espeland, folklorist (died 2024).[84]
- 18 July
- Are Holen, psychiatrist and psychologist.[85]
- Magnar Lussand, politician (died 2019).[86]
- 20 July – Åse Wisløff Nilssen, politician.[87]
- 23 July – Knut Brustad, middle-distance runner
- 24 July – Gunnar Halvorsen, politician (died 2006)
- 29 July – Nils Dag Strømme, Olympic boxer.[88]
August
[edit]
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- 3 August – Roar Løken, Olympic diver.[89]
- 4 August – Frank Hansen, Olympic rower.[90]
- 10 August – Tone Dahle, cross-country skier.[91]
- 13 August – Georg Fredrik Rieber-Mohn, jurist, Director of Public Prosecution.[92]
- 17 August – Arild Hiim, politician.[93]
- 20 August
- Gretha Kant, politician.[94]
- Richard Simonsen, sprinter.[95]
- Hans H. Skei, literary scolar.[96]
- 23 August – Stein Ingebrigtsen, singer.[97]
- 29 August – Dag Klaveness, limnologist.[98] (died 2020)
September
[edit]
- 2 September – Svein Finnerud, jazz pianist, painter and graphic artist (died 2000)
- 3 September
- Finn Bergesen, civil servant and businessperson (died 2012).[99]
- Gro Hagemann, historian.[100]
- 6 September – Jan-Axel Strøm, Olympic luger.[101]
- 8 September – Frode Kyvåg, team handball coach and sports administrator.[102]
- 11 September – Hallvard Skauge, illustrator.[103]
- 13 September – Marit Røgeberg, politician (died 2020).[104]
- 15 September
- Ole Bøhn, violinist.[105]
- Ranveig Frøiland, politician (died 2020).[106]
- 16 September – Dag Frøland, comedian and revue artist (died 2010)
- 19 September – Kristian Eidesvik, businessperson and politician (died 2024).[107][108]
- 20 September
- Torkild Brakstad, international soccer player and coach (died 2021)
- Ragnhild Hilt, actress (died 2014).[109]
- 23 September – Bjørgulv Froyn, politician
- 26 September – Jan von Koss, Olympic fencer.[110]
October
[edit]
- 1 October
- Britt Fredriksen, model
- Jan Fuglset, soccer player
- 2 October – Robert Meyer, photographer and photo historian.[111]
- 3 October – Trond Berg Eriksen, historian of ideas, non-fiction writer and magazine editor.[112]
- 5 October – Inga Juuso, Sami singer and actress (died 2014)
- 6 Oktober – Sigbjørn Slinning, footballer.[113]
- 7 October – Arne Herjuaune, speed skater (died 2017).[114]
- 8 October
- Kjersti Graver, jurist and Norwegian Consumer Ombudsman (died 2009)
- Turid Karlsen Seim, theologian (died 2016).[115]
- 18 October – Tore Bernt Ramton, sports official (died 2010).[116]
- 20 October – Trond Kverno, composer.[117]
- 23 October – Jon Lilletun, politician (died 2006).[118]
- 25 October – Arne Aasheim, civil servant and diplomat.[119]
- 27 October
- Arild Andersen, bass player.[120]
- Ellen Bergli, politician
- Kjell Hovda, biathlete.[121]
- 31 October – Tove Bull, linguist.[122]
November
[edit]
- 1 November
- Svein Fjellheim, trade unionist and politician.[123]
- Grethe G. Fossum, politician (died 2019).[124]
- 3 November
- Tore Lie, Olympic gymnast.[125]
- Hilde Vogt, politician.[126]
- 4 November – Torstein Moland, economist.[127]
- 6 November
- Odd Iversen, international soccer player (died 2014).[128]
- Knut Ødegård, poet.[129]
- 8 November – Oscar Hillgaar, politician.[130]
- 11 November – Anton Eliassen, meteorologist.[131]
- 13 November
- Lars Mjøen, comedian, actor and screenwriter.[132]
- Knut Riisnæs, jazz saxophonist.[133]
- 15 November – Anni-Frid Lyngstad, singer, former ABBA member
- 20 November – Andreas Diesen, journalist and revue writer.[134][135]
- 27 November – Magnhild Folkvord, journalist and biographer.[136]
- 29 November – Fatma Jynge, Tanzania-born Norwegian architect and politician (died 2019).[137]
December
[edit]
- 3 December
- 6 December – Ole Tinghaug, politician.[141]
- 7 December – Liv Lindeland, model and actress
- 11 December – Ann-Marit Sæbønes, politician.[142]
- 12 December – Trond Reinertsen, economist and business leader.[143]
- 17 December – Odd Karsten Tveit, journalist and non-fiction writer
- 18 December – Jon Peter Rolie, novelist (died 2020).[144]
- 24 December – Christian Hallén-Paulsen, Olympic luger (died 2012).[145]
- 27 December
- Tor Berger Jørgensen, bishop.[146]
- Finn Martin Vallersnes, politician.[147]
- 31 December – Kirsten Huser Leschbrandt, politician.[148]
Full date unknown
[edit]- Inge Fænn, journalist and writer.[149]
- Elisabeth Haarr, artist
- Turid Hundstad, civil servant.[150]
- Odd F. Lindberg, freelance journalist, Arctic explorer and film maker
- Jostein Rise, social psychologist
- Jan Erik Skog, electrician, trade unionist and whistleblower
- Gro Steinsland, scholar of medieval studies and history of religion
Notable deaths
[edit]
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- 9 January – Jan Østervold, sailor and Olympic gold medallist (born 1876)
- 11 January – Nils Uhlin Hansen, long jumper and resistance member (born 1919)
- 17 January – Harald Pedersen, metallurgist (born 1888).[151]
- 5 February – Ludvik Buland, trade unionist (born 1893)
- 7 February – Halfdan Jønsson, trade unionist (born 1891).[152]
- 8 February – Karl Marthinsen, commander of Statspolitiet and Sikkerhetspolitiet in Norway during the Nazi occupation (born 1896)
- 9 February
- Kaare Sundby, engineer, resistance member, executed (born 1905)
- Jon Vislie, lawyer, executed as a reprisal (born 1896)
- 13 February
- Adolf Bogstad, resistance member, executed (born 1920)
- Arvid Hansen, resistance member, executed (born 1916)
- 19 February – Frederik Prytz, politician (born 1878)
- 5 March – Per Lie, labour activist (born 1907)
- 11 March
- Gunnar Syverstad, resistance member (born 1910).[153]
- Leif Tronstad, scientist, intelligence officer and military organizer (born 1903)
- 17 March
- Henry Gundersen, resistance member, executed (born 1920)
- Kåre Olafsen, resistance member, executed (born 1920)
- Frank Olsen, resistance member, executed (born 1922)
- 4 April – Roy Nielsen, resistance member (born 1916).[154]
- 17 April – Gerdt Henrik Meyer Bruun, politician and Minister (born 1873)
- 30 April – Worm Hirsch Darre-Jenssen, engineer, politician and Minister (born 1870)
- 7 May – Christian Albrecht Jakhelln, businessperson and politician (born 1863)
- 8 May – Josef Terboven, Reichskommissar during the German military occupation of Norway, suicide (born 1898)
- 10 May – Henrik Rogstad, politician and police leader, collaborator, suicide (born 1916)
- 11 May – Jonas Lie, politician, minister and police leader, collaborator (born 1899)
- 27 June – Kai Holst, resistance fighter (born 1913)
- 3 July – Fredrik Barbe Wallem, art historian (born 1877).[155]
- 12 July – Bjørn Talén, opera singer (born 1890)
- 17 August – Reidar Haaland, police officer and collaborator, executed (born 1919)
- 20 August – Katti Anker Møller, feminist, children's rights advocate and pioneer of reproductive rights (born 1868).[156]
- 24 October – Vidkun Quisling, army officer, politician and Minister-President of Norway, executed (born 1887)
- 16 September – Oluf Wesmann-Kjær, rifle shooter (born 1874)
- 2 October – Leif Grung, architect (born 1894)
- 1 November – Olaf Sæther, rifle shooter and Olympic gold medallist (born 1872)
- 10 November – Clara Tschudi, writer (born 1856).[157]
- 20 November – Jacob Thorkelson, elected official, naval officer and medical doctor in America (born 1876)
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ "white1foundation.org". www.white1foundation.org.
- ^ "Luftkampmuseet Naustdal". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
- ^ Dege, Wilhelm (2004). War North of 80: The Last German Arctic Weather Station of World War II. Translated by Barr, W. Boulder, Colorado: University Press of Colorado. ISBN 0-87081-768-X.
- ^ "Justice—I". Time Magazine. 5 November 1945. Archived from the original on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
- ^ "United Nations member States". United Nations Member States. 3 July 2006. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
- ^ Godal, Anne Marit (ed.). "Kvinnen og Tiden". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
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- ^ Slotnæs, Marit K. (2008). "Stjernø, Steinar". In Åmås, Knut Olav (ed.). Hvem er hvem? (in Norwegian). Oslo: Aschehoug. pp. 553–554. ISBN 978-82-03-23561-0.
- ^ Brekke, Stian (4 January 2021). "Inger Prebensen". In Bolstad, Erik (ed.). Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
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- ^ "Bjørn Rime". eu-football.info. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
- ^ "Godal, Bjørn Tore (1945-)". stortinget.no (in Norwegian). 9 March 2008. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
- ^ Svendsen, Trond Olav; Bikset, Lillian. "Vibeke Løkkeberg". In Bolstad, Erik (ed.). Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
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- ^ "Hans Mehren". olympedia.org. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
- ^ Bolstad, Erik, ed. (4 December 2020). "Hallgrim Berg". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
- ^ Svendsen, Trond Olav; Bikset, Lillian (24 March 2020). "Berit Nesheim". In Bolstad, Erik (ed.). Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
- ^ "Schultz, Britt (1945-)". stortinget.no (in Norwegian). 9 March 2008. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
- ^ "Gerd Inger de Groot fyller 70!". aktivsk.no (in Norwegian). 8 February 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
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- ^ Bolstad, Erik (ed.). "Espen Haavardsholm". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
- ^ "Thorleif Andresen". olympedia.org. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
- ^ Svendsen, Trond Olav. "Sølve Skagen". In Bolstad, Erik (ed.). Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
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- ^ Bolstad, Erik, ed. (21 October 2020). "Rune Slagstad". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
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- ^ "Strøm, Einar (1945-)". stortinget.no (in Norwegian). 9 March 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
- ^ Kalleklev, Katrine (18 June 2020). "Rune Johan Andersson". In Bolstad, Erik (ed.). Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
- ^ Bolstad, Erik, ed. (4 December 2020). "Audun Tron". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
- ^ Falkanger, Thor. "Sven Ole Fagernæs". In Bolstad, Erik (ed.). Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
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- ^ Bolstad, Erik, ed. (26 February 2020). "Sigvald Tveit". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
- ^ Lundbo, Sten. "Ingebjørg Støfring". In Bolstad, Erik (ed.). Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
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- ^ Thue, Sigrid Rømcke. "Hilde Mæhlum". Norsk kunstnerleksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 20 April 2021.
- ^ Bolstad, Erik (ed.). "Steinar Bastesen". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
- ^ Bolstad, Erik, ed. (7 March 2018). "Rolf M. Aagaard". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
- ^ Lundbo, Sten (21 August 2020). "Ann-Kristin Olsen". In Bolstad, Erik (ed.). Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
- ^ Hammerø, Tor. "Bjørnar Andresen". In Bolstad, Erik (ed.). Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
- ^ Bolstad, Erik (ed.). "Per Kværne". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
- ^ "Nils-Per Skarseth". olympedia.org. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
- ^ Bolstad, Erik, ed. (15 June 2020). "Ernst Baasland". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
- ^ Bolstad, Erik (ed.). "Sissel Benneche Osvold". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
- ^ Arntzen, Jon Gunnar, ed. (1994). "Vold, Per Terje". Hvem er hvem? (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget; Aschehoug; Gyldendal. p. 593. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
- ^ Lundbo, Sten (26 February 2020). "Per Ludvig Magnus". In Bolstad, Erik (ed.). Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
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- ^ Lauritzen, Per Roger (9 January 2021). "Edvard Moseid". In Bolstad, Erik (ed.). Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
- ^ Bolstad, Erik (ed.). "Arne Kvalheim". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
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