415th Flight Test Flight

415th Flight Test Flight
A maintenance contractor performs final checks to a 415th Flight Test Flight T-38 Talon prior to taking off from Joint Base San Antonio-Randolph.[a]
Active	1942–1945; 1958–1962; 1989–1994; 2001–present
Country	United States
Branch	United States Air Force
Role	Flight Test
Part of	Air Force Reserve Command
Garrison/HQ	Joint Base San Antonio-Randolph, Texas
Engagements	Mediterranean Theater of Operations
Decorations	Distinguished Unit Citation Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
Insignia
415th Flight Test Flight emblem [b][1]
Unofficial World War II 415th Bombardment Squadron emblem[2]
Aircraft flown
Trainer	Northrop T-38 Talon

The 415th Flight Test Flight is a United States Air Force reserve unit. It is assigned to the 413th Flight Test Group of Air Force Reserve Command, stationed at Joint Base San Antonio-Randolph, Texas.

The squadron was first activated during World War II as the 25th Reconnaissance Squadron. After redesignation as the 415th Bombardment Squadron, it saw combat in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, participating in the low level attack on oil refineries near Ploiești, Romania. It earned two Distinguished Unit Citations for its combat operations. After VE Day the squadron returned to the United States and trained with Boeing B-29 Superfortresses until inactivating in Spring 1946.

The squadron was reactivated in 1958 when Strategic Air Command (SAC) reorganized its Boeing B-47 Stratojet wings and placed one third of its bombers on ground alert. It was inactivated in 1962, when SAC's alert status was altered.

In 1994, the squadron was consolidated with the 6515th Test Squadron, which had been performing flight tests on McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle aircraft at Edwards Air Force Base, California, since 1989. It was inactivated in 1994, but in 2001 was activated in the reserve to perform flight tests on trainer aircraft.

The 415th is a small unit, consisting of a handful of test pilots and a cadre of noncommissioned officers.^[3] The unit performs flight testing for Northrop T-38 Talon jet trainers at Randolph Air Force Base. The unit performs functional check flights, making sure the aircraft are ready to fly after undergoing modifications and repairs.^[3]

The flight tests planes repaired or modified by the 571st Aircraft Maintenance Squadron of the 309th Maintenance Wing, which performs T-38 overhauls at Randolph and handles depot maintenance of all T-38s in the Air Force, as well as some Navy T-38s. Planes are given functional check flights before delivery to the field. Flights last about an hour and certify the aircraft for flight. The tests are performed before the planes are returned to operational service. The flight also ferries T-38s between their bases and the repair depot.^[3]

The squadron was first activated as the 25th Reconnaissance Squadron at MacDill Field, Florida as one of the four original squadrons of the 98th Bombardment Group. Since a reorganization of General Headquarters Air Force in September 1936, each bombardment group of the Army Air Forces (AAF) had an assigned or attached reconnaissance squadron, which operated the same aircraft as that group's assigned bombardment squadrons.^[4] The 25th soon moved to Barksdale Field, Louisiana, where it began to train as a Consolidated B-24 Liberator squadron under Third Air Force. In April, it was converted to a heavy bomber unit and redesignated the 415th Bombardment Squadron and was assigned, rather than attached to the 98th Bombardment Group.^[1][5]

The squadron's training was short and it deployed to Egypt in July 1942^[1] over the South Atlantic Ferrying Route transiting from Morrison Field, Florida, though the Caribbean Sea to Brazil. It made the Atlantic crossing from Brazil to Liberia, then transited east across central Africa to Sudan. The air echelon of the group reformed with the ground echelon which traveled by the SS Pasteur around the Cape of Good Hope, joining with the air echelon of the squadron and the 345th Bombardment Squadron at RAF Ramat David, in Palestine.^[6]

Upon arrival in the Near East, the squadron became part of United States Army Middle East Air Force, which was replaced by Ninth Air Force in November. It entered combat in August, attacking shipping and harbor installations to cut Axis supply lines to North Africa. It also bombed airfields and rail transit lines in Sicily and mainland Italy. The squadron moved forward with Ninth Air Force to airfields in Egypt; Libya and Tunisia supporting the British Eighth Army^{[citation needed]} in the Western Desert Campaign. Its support of this campaign earned the squadron the Distinguished Unit Citation.^[1]

On 1 August 1943, the squadron participated in Operation Tidal Wave, the low-level raid on oil refineries near Ploiești, Romania. Alerted to the vulnerability of the Ploiești refineries by a June 1942 raid by the HALPRO project, the area around Ploiești had become one of the most heavily defended targets in Europe.^[7] The squadron pressed its attack on the Asta Romana Refinery through smoke and fire from bombing by another group's earlier attack and heavy flak defenses. The squadron's actions in this engagement earned it a second Distinguished Unit Citation.^[1]

When the forces driving East from Egypt and Libya met up with those moving westward from Algeria and Morocco in Tunisia in September 1943, Ninth Air Force was transferred to England to become the tactical air force for the invasion of the European Continent.^[8] The squadron, along with all Army Air Forces units in North Africa became part of Twelfth Air Force. In November 1943, the squadron moved to Brindisi Airport, Italy, where it became part of Fifteenth Air Force, which assumed control of strategic operations in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, while Twelfth became a tactical air force.^[5][9]

The squadron continued strategic bombardment raids on targets in Occupied France, southern Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Austria and targets in the Balkans. These included industrial sites, airfields, harbors and lines of communication. Although focusing on strategic bombing, the squadron was sometimes diverted to tactical operations, supporting Operation Shingle, the landings at Anzio and the Battle of Monte Cassino. In the summer of 1944, the squadron supported Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France.^[5][10] The unit also assisted the Soviet advance into the Balkans,^[5] and supported Yugoslav Partisans and guerillas in neighboring countries.^{[citation needed]}

The squadron returned to the United States in May 1945. Upon arrival it was redesignated as a very heavy Boeing B-29 Superfortress squadron and began training for deployment to the Pacific to join the strategic bombing campaign against Japan. However, very heavy bomber groups were organized with three squadrons, rather than the four of the 98th Group, so in July 1945, the squadron was inactivated and its personnel and equipment were transferred to the other squadrons of the 98th Group.^[1][11]

From 1958, the Boeing B-47 Stratojet wings of Strategic Air Command (SAC) began to assume an alert posture at their home bases, reducing the amount of time spent on alert at overseas bases. The SAC alert cycle divided itself into four parts: planning, flying, alert and rest to meet General Thomas S. Power's initial goal of maintaining one third of SAC’s planes on fifteen minute ground alert, fully fueled and ready for combat to reduce vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike.^[12] To implement this new system B-47 wings reorganized from three to four squadrons.^[12][13] The 415th was activated at Lincoln Air Force Base as the fourth squadron of the 98th Bombardment Wing.^[1] The alert commitment was increased to half the wing's aircraft in 1962 and the four squadron pattern no longer met the alert cycle commitment, so the squadron was inactivated on 1 January 1962.^[1]

The second predecessor of the flight was activated in March 1989 by Air Force Systems Command at Edwards Air Force Base, California, as the 6515th Test Squadron and assigned to the 6510th Test Wing. The squadron assumed the McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle testing mission, evaluating modifications prior to them being implemented for operational aircraft. In 1992, as the Air Force eliminated MAJCON (four-digit) units, the 6515th was consolidated with the 415th as the 415th Test Squadron The squadron was inactivated in 1994^[1] and its testing mission was assumed by the 419th Flight Test Squadron.^{[citation needed]}

The squadron was reactivated as the 415th Flight Test Flight in 2001 as a Northrop T-38 Talon functional check flight organization at Randolph Air Force Base.^[1] The squadron participates in a program designed to extend the service life of the Air Force's fleet of T-38C Talon aircraft through the year 2020. In addition to modifying the propulsion system, the program also involves an upgrade to the plane's avionics. This upgrade is designed to improve the training capabilities of the T-38 and provide one configuration for all training roles. Once completed, the program will make it easier for pilot trainees to transition from the T-38 to a front-line fighter or bomber aircraft.^[14]

Air Education and Training Command is the lead command responsible for sustainment and modernization of T-38s in the Air Force inventory. The T-38 System Program Office at the Ogden Air Logistics Center at Hill Air Force Base, Utah, provides primary field support for the aircraft and has operational control of the flight, while Air Force Reserve Command maintains administrative control.^[14]

415th Bombardment Squadron

• Constituted as the 25th Reconnaissance Squadron (Heavy) on 28 January 1942

Activated on 3 February 1942

Redesignated 415th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 22 April 1942

Redesignated 415th Bombardment Squadron, Heavy on 1 July 1943

Inactivated on 3 July 1945

• Redesignated 415th Bombardment Squadron, Medium on 11 August 1958

Activated on 1 September 1958

Inactivated and discontinued on 1 January 1962

• Consolidated with the 6515th Test Squadron as the 6515th Test Squadron on 1 October 1992^[1]

415th Flight Test Flight

• Designated as the 6515th Test Squadron and activated on 10 March 1989
• Consolidated with the 415th Bombardment Squadron on 1 October 1992

Redesignated 415th Test Squadron on 2 October 1992

Redesignated 415th Flight Test Squadron on 1 March 1994

Inactivated 1 October 1994

• Redesignated 415th Flight Test Flight on 24 September 2001

Activated in the Reserve on 1 October 2001^[1]

• 98th Bombardment Group, 3 February 1942 – 3 July 1945
• 98th Bombardment Wing, 1 September 1958 – 1 January 1962
• 6510th Test Wing (later 412th Test Wing), 10 March 1989
• 412th Operations Group, 1 October 1993 – 1 October 1994
• 622d Flight Test Group, 1 October 2001
• 413th Flight Test Group, 1 October 2003 – present^[1]

• Consolidated B-24 Liberator, 1942–1945
• Boeing B-47 Stratojet, 1958–1961
• McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle, 1989–1994^[1]
• Northrop T-38 Talon, 2001–present^[3]

Award streamer	Award	Dates	Notes
	Distinguished Unit Citation	August 1942-17 August 1943	North Africa and Sicily, 415th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Distinguished Unit Citation	1 August 1943	Ploesti, Romania, 415th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Air Force Outstanding Unit Award	1 January 2013–31 December 2014	415th Flight Test Flight[15]

Campaign Streamer	Campaign	Dates	Notes
	Air Offensive, Europe	31 July 1942–5 June 1944	415th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Air Combat, EAME Theater	31 July 1942–11 May 1945	415th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Egypt-Libya	31 July 1942–12 February 1943	415th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Tunisia	12 November 1942–13 May 1943	415th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Sicily	14 May 1943–17 August 1943	415th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Naples-Foggia	18 August 1943–21 January 1944	415th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Anzio	22 January 1944–24 May 1944	415th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Rome-Arno	22 January 1944–9 September 1944	415th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Central Europe	22 March 1944–21 May 1945	415th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Normandy	6 June 1944–24 July 1944	415th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Northern France	25 July 1944–14 September 1944	415th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Southern France	15 August 1944–14 September 1944	415th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	North Apennines	10 September 1944–4 April 1945	415th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Rhineland	15 September 1944–21 March 1945	415th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Po Valley	3 April 1945–8 May 1945	415th Bombardment Squadron[1]

• List of United States Air Force test squadrons

Notes

Citations

 This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

• Deaile, Melvin G. (2007). The SAC Mentality: The Origins of Organizational Culture in Strategic Air Command 1946–1962. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
• Dorr, Robert F. (2000). B-24 Liberator Units of the Fifteenth Air Force. Combat Aircraft. Vol. 21. Botley, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-081-1.
• Dorr, Robert F. (2002). B-29 Superfortress Units in World War Two. Combat Aircraft. Vol. 33. Botley, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-285-7.
• Maurer, Maurer (1987). Aviation in the U.S. Army, 1919-1939 (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, United States Air Force. ISBN 0-912799-38-2. LCCN 87012257. OCLC 15661556. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556.
• Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Rogers, Edith (June 1945). "The AAF in the Middle East: A Study of the Origins of the Ninth Air Force, USAF Historical Study No. 108" (PDF). Assistant Chief of Air Staff Intelligence, Historical Division. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
• Schake, Col Kurt W. (1998). Strategic Frontier: American Bomber Bases Overseas, 1950–1960 (PDF). Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian University of Science and Technology. ISBN 978-8277650241. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
• Schultz, Duane (2008). Into the Fire: Ploesti, the Most Fateful Battle of World War II. Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing. ISBN 978-1594160776.